面动脉黏膜肌皮瓣修复舌及口底肿瘤切除后缺损疗效观察

目的探讨采用面动脉黏膜肌皮瓣修复舌及口底肿瘤切除后缺损的临床疗效。方法 2011年1 月—2016年1 月,采用面动脉黏膜肌皮瓣修复肿瘤切除后引起舌及口底组织缺损24例。其中男16例,女8例;年龄38~70岁,平均55岁。病程1周~6个月,平均4个月。缺损部位:口底4例,舌15例,口底舌腹5例。其中口底鳞癌2例,口底腺样囊性癌2例,舌鳞癌14例,舌腺样囊性癌1例,口底舌腹鳞癌5例。肿瘤切除后舌及口底缺损范围为4 cm×3 cm~8 cm×7 cm。切取面动脉黏膜肌皮瓣位于原发灶同侧3例,对侧21例(其中5例因缺损面积较大采用面动脉黏膜肌皮瓣及颏下肌岛状皮瓣共同修复)。面动脉黏膜肌皮瓣切取范围5 cm×4 cm~5 cm×5 cm,颏下肌岛状皮瓣切取范围4 cm×3 cm~5 cm×4 cm。结果术后所有皮瓣全部成活,无局部坏死发生。供区出现伤口裂开5例,经局部伤口清洗处理后愈合;余19例供受区创面Ⅰ期愈合。24例患者均获随访,随访时间8个月~5年,平均2年4个月。术后面部无明显畸形,无口底漏。术后16例出现面神经下颌缘支损伤临床表现,3个月后恢复正常。所有患者术后出现张口受限,1年后20例恢复正常,4例仍有张口2指受限。患者进食、吞咽、语言等功能均无影响。结论面动脉黏膜肌皮瓣手术简便、整复效果理想、皮瓣成活率较高、供区损伤少、术后护理简单、术后无需制动,适宜于舌及口底缺损修复。     

颈阔肌肌皮瓣修复口腔癌术后组织缺损

目的探讨颈阔肌肌皮瓣修复口腔癌术后组织缺损的方法及可行性。方法2003年3月~2004年6月,应用颈阔肌肌皮瓣修复舌、口底、颊、咽侧壁及软腭缺损15例。其中男12例,女3例,年龄41~77岁。颊癌11例,舌癌1例,口底癌2例,咽侧壁及软腭癌1例。均行病变及颈淋巴根治性切除,缺损范围3.0 cm×3.5 cm~7.0 cm×4.0 cm,应用颈阔肌皮瓣修复软组织缺损,皮瓣范围7.0 cm×3.5 cm~12.0 cm×4.0 cm。结果术后15例皮瓣均成活,肌皮瓣色泽与皮肤相似,外形无异常,张口不受限。术后10~15 d出现颊部皮瘘8例,术后4周二期断蒂修补后完全愈合。随访6~12个月,无舌运动受限等并发症,肿瘤无复发,患者对术后形态及功能均较满意。结论颈阔肌肌皮瓣血运丰富,抗感染力较强,成活率高,是修复口腔组织缺损行之有效的方法,手术方法简便,值得推广。     

包含颈外静脉的颈阔肌肌皮瓣修复口腔癌切除后缺损

目的探讨将颈外静脉包含在颈阔肌肌皮瓣内修复口腔癌切除后缺损的手术方法。方法先形成蒂在颌缘下包含颈外静脉的颈阔肌肌皮瓣，待口腔肿瘤切除后，将肌皮瓣经口底隧道引入口腔修复缺损。结果临床应用17例，肌皮瓣均无血运障碍，100％存活，其中有2例发生口面痿，经换药后痿口完全闭合。结论将颈外静脉包含在颈阔肌肌皮瓣内有助于肌皮瓣血循环的改善和存活率的提高。     

胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣修复口底恶性肿瘤术后缺损的疗效分析

目的：探讨胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣修复口底癌术后缺损的疗效。方法：回顾性分析5例口底癌术后缺损采用胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣进行修复治疗,术后6个月、1年、2年随访。结果：5例中1例肌蒂皮瓣全部成活,3例远端部分发生坏死,肉芽组织生长修复;1例表皮脱落后上皮再生愈合。随访6个月～2年,口底形态及功能恢复良好,舌活动度良好,未见肿瘤复发或淋巴结转移。结论：胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣血供恒定,容易成活,适用于口底缺损的修复。     

颈阔肌肌皮瓣局部转移术的临床应用研究

目的：研究颈阔肌肌皮瓣移位术整复口腔组织缺损的应用解剖、分类,移位术方法及整复效果。方法：2005年4月～2010年9月,采用颈阔肌肌皮瓣修复口腔内舌、颊、下颌,口底部肿瘤切除后软组织缺损19例（男11例,女8例）,年龄36～80岁,平均46岁。颊粘膜癌6例,舌癌5例,下颌牙龈癌5例,口底癌3例。口腔颊部、舌部、下颌,口底区原发病灶切除后组织缺损范围：长5.0～6.0cm,宽4.5～6.5cm。采用病灶同侧颈阔肌皮瓣切取,行组织移位转入口腔内修复软组织缺损。皮瓣切取范围：长9.5cm,宽4.5cm。结果：经用这种组织瓣移位术方法完成的19例皮瓣手术后成活良好,皮瓣收缩不明显,口腔组织创面、张口度、舌运动度等口腔功能恢复良好。放疗后皮瓣维持原形态,无坏死、无萎缩。随访显示皮瓣长期愈合良好,无萎缩,适应口腔环境,皮肤组织粘膜化。供瓣区存在瘢痕,部分患者存在轻度影响头、颈部运动。结论：颈阔肌肌皮瓣血供明确、解剖恒定;邻近口腔组织缺损部位;皮瓣质地、范围适合口腔缺损整复,移位术后皮瓣成活稳定。     

舌骨下肌皮瓣在头颈肿瘤切除术后缺损修复中的应用

目的研究舌骨下肌皮瓣在头颈肿瘤术后缺损修复中的意义和技术要领。方法应用舌骨下肌皮瓣修复头颈肿瘤术后缺损15例，其中前口底缺损3例、侧口底缺损2例、半舌缺损7例、下咽缺损3例，观察皮瓣存活情况及口腔功能恢复和近期原发灶控制情况；以同期单纯半舌切除病例7例为对照，对比舌骨下肌皮瓣半舌缺损修复和单纯半舌切除术后近期舌功能恢复情况。结果皮瓣全部成活14例，皮瓣部分坏死1例、后瘢痕愈合。口底缺损和下咽缺损修复后无吞咽障碍。舌骨下肌皮瓣修复术后近期口腔功能优于单纯半舌切除。结论舌骨下肌皮瓣可用于口底缺损、半舌缺损、小范围下咽缺损的修复。半舌缺损采用舌骨下肌皮瓣修复可改善口腔功能。     

颈阔肌皮瓣重建下咽癌切除后颈段食管缺损

目的解决下咽癌浸及颈段食管手术后食管缺损的修补。方法采用双侧颈阔肌肌皮瓣重建下咽癌切除后颈段食管缺损１１例。肿瘤均已侵及喉和颈段食管，行全咽、全喉及颈段食管切除，永久性气管造口，于颈部两侧分别切取３．５～４ｃｍ×７～１０ｃｍ大小的颈阔肌肌皮瓣，形成管状，与口底及食管吻合。结果术后肌皮瓣全部成活，无１例死亡，２例发生瘘，均治愈，能正常经口进食。结论用颈阔肌肌皮瓣修补下咽癌切除后造成的食管缺损是一个可取的方法，解决了临床一大难题。     

个体化设计的股前外侧复合肌皮瓣修复舌癌根治术后舌及口底缺损

目的 探讨应用个体化设计的游离股前外侧复合肌皮瓣,修复舌癌根治术后舌及口底缺损的效果.方法 2006年至2008年应用个体化设计的游离股前外侧复合肌皮瓣,修复31例舌癌根治术后舌及口底缺损,22例皮瓣的穿支血管类型为肌皮穿支,9例为肌间隙穿支;皮瓣大小为(4～8)cm×(5～10)cm,所携带股外侧肌大小为(2～5)cm×(3～6)cm,血管蒂的长度为(6.81±3.23)cm.结果 31例游离股前外侧复合肌皮瓣手术均获成功,舌外形及功能恢复良好,口底及下颌下区饱满;受区及供区伤口一期愈合,未发现口底瘘、下肢运动和感觉功能障碍等并发症,经1～3年的随访,28例无瘤生存,外观及功能满意,2例因术后出现对侧颈淋巴结转移再次手术;1例术后因远处转移死亡.结论 个体化设计的游离股前外侧复合肌皮瓣具有可重建良好的舌及口底形态,恢复舌功能,供区部位隐蔽和并发症少等优点,是修复舌癌根治术后舌及口底缺损的理想的首选皮瓣.     

面动脉肌皮瓣修复口底缺损

为了观察面动脉肌皮瓣修复口底缺损的临床效果，１９９１年～１９９７年，应用面动脉肌皮瓣２１个，修复口底及邻近组织器官缺损２１例。皮瓣面积最小８ｃｍ×３．４ｃｍ，最大１２．１ｃｍ×５．４ｃｍ。皮瓣转移后供区直接拉拢缝合。术后１９例皮瓣完全成活，２例有局部尖端坏死，换药治愈。详细介绍了面动脉肌皮瓣的应用解剖、设计与操作要点，对该皮瓣的优点和术后面部畸形的预防进行了讨论。认为，面动脉肌皮瓣是修复口底缺损的理想方法。     

应用显微外科技术改良颈阔肌皮瓣的临床应用

目的探讨应用显微外科技术改进颈阔肌皮瓣以修复口腔颌面部缺损的可行性及应用价值。方法以携带肌袖血管蒂的改良颈阔肌皮瓣一期修复口颊部缺损12例，软腭缺损3例，口底缺损1例；同期行颈淋巴结清扫术。结果15例肌皮瓣全部成活，1例肌皮瓣因静脉回流障碍皮瓣远端部分皮肤坏死。修复区手术组织量适中。形态良好，颈部瘢痕不明显。结论应用显微外科技术改良颈阔肌皮瓣不影响血供，肌皮瓣自由度明显改善，适于修复口腔颌面部手术。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.