尺桡骨旋转截骨治疗大龄分娩性臂丛神经损伤前臂旋前挛缩畸形

目的 评价尺桡骨旋转截骨术治疗分娩性臂丛神经损伤(产瘫)肘挛缩后遗症的价值.方法 2007年8月至2009年10月,对13例产瘫肘后遗症前臂旋前挛缩并发桡骨小头脱位的患儿,行前臂尺桡骨旋前截骨手术.术后以旋前位置角度的改善作为前臂功能的评价标准.结果 术后随访时间为6～16个月,平均8个月.术后前臂均处于旋前30.位,功能及外观获得改善.结论 尺桡骨旋转截骨矫形手术在产瘫肘挛缩后遗症的治疗中具有一定的应用价值.     

旋转截骨矫形手术在分娩性臂丛损伤治疗中的应用

目的　评价肱骨及桡骨旋转截骨术治疗分娩性臂丛损伤(产瘫)肩肘后遗症的价值。方法　1999年8月至2000年12月,对8例产瘫肩肘后遗症患儿（肩关节外旋挛缩2例,内旋挛缩1例,前臂旋后挛缩并发桡骨小头脱位5例）施行肱骨内旋截骨、外旋截骨、及前臂旋前截骨等手术,并经术后3～16个月(平均8个月)的随访。术后肩关节功能采用Mallet评分、前臂功能采用旋前位置角度的改善作为评价标准。结果　2例行肱骨内旋截骨者,1例按Mallet评分,术前术后的改变为肩外展3→3,外旋4→4,手到颈后4→3,手到背2→4,手到嘴2→4;另1例因感染及螺钉断裂致骨不连行内固定手术后尚在康复中。1例行肱骨外旋截骨者,按Mallet评分,术前术后改变为肩外展2→3,外旋2→4,手到颈后2→3,手到背4→3,手到嘴2→3。5例行桡骨旋前截骨者,术后前臂均处于旋前30°位置,功能及外观均获得改善。结论　肱骨及桡骨旋转截骨矫形手术在产瘫肩肘挛缩后遗症的治疗中具有一定的应用价值。     

手术治疗先天性尺桡骨融合9例临床研究

目的:探讨先天性尺桡骨融合前臂极度旋前,不能旋后的手术治疗效果。方法:对1994年3月～2004年3月我院收治的9例先天性尺桡骨融合患者,进行桡骨远端截骨术联合尺骨近端截骨术,术后随访36个月,观察患者前臂旋转状况。结果:术前9例患者前臂均极度旋前85°,不能旋后,术后36个月后,患者3例前臂旋前5°旋后5°,6例旋前5°,旋后15°,术前及术后随访患者前臂旋后功能有统计学差异(P<0.01)。结论:先天性尺桡骨融合患者行桡骨远端截骨联合尺骨近端截骨术可以改善患者前臂的旋后功能,术后无并发症,疗效显著。     

融合部旋转短缩截骨治疗儿童先天性上尺桡骨融合

目的 探讨融合部旋转短缩截骨治疗儿童先天性上尺桡骨融合的疗效.方法 回顾性分析采用融合部旋转短缩截骨治疗的儿童先天性上尺桡骨融合13例(14侧肢体),男10例、女3例;年龄2～7岁,平均3.5岁.前臂旋前畸形50°～90°,平均82.1°.患侧手不能完成端碗进食、护理个人卫生、转动球形门把手、开锁、伸手接物等日常动作,手臂外观异常.均行融合部旋转短缩截骨治疗,取肘后Boyd切口,松解尺桡骨近端骨间膜,融合部截骨短缩0.5 cm,旋转前臂至中立位或旋后10°～20°位对合截骨端,以克氏针固定.8～16周截骨端骨性愈合后取出内固定.结果 融合部旋转短缩截骨后前臂固定于中立位或旋后10°～20°位,前臂旋前畸形平均矫正90.7°.未出现前臂缺血性挛缩及切口感染,截骨处愈合顺利.术后患肢外观改善,患儿可完成端碗进食、护理个人卫生等日常动作,生活质量改善,家属和患儿对手术效果满意.全部患者获得随访,随访时间14～88个月,矫正角度无丢失.结论 融合部旋转短缩截骨治疗先天性上尺桡骨融合能够改善外观和患肢功能,术后肢体发生缺血挛缩的风险低.     

先天性尺桡骨融合的手术治疗

目的 总结尺桡骨截骨旋转矫形治疗先天性尺桡骨融合的临床经验.方法 自2000年8月-2004年6月共手术治疗先天性尺桡骨融合5例(9侧),对严重畸形(旋前70°～110°)7侧,行尺桡骨截骨旋转矫形术.结果 术后随访时间为18～64个月,平均35个月.截骨处骨折愈合时间平均为6.5周,无矫正丢失,前臂固定于旋前20°～25°的位置,患儿对目前手功能自觉满意.结论 尺桡骨截骨旋转矫形是治疗先天性尺桡骨融合简单而有效的方法.     

超薄钢片置入治疗创伤性尺桡骨融合

目的：置入超薄钢片，防止尺桡骨间骨桥再次形成，改善患者前臂旋转功能。方法：本组共５例创伤后尺桡骨骨性融合病例，切除骨桥后将超薄钢片置入尺桡骨间，防止再次发生尺桡骨融合，以改善患者前臂旋转功能。结果：本组患者随访时间为１８个月～４年，取得了良好效果。前臂旋转功能得到改善：旋前角度改善２５°～４０°，平均３０°；旋后角度改善３０°～６０°，平均４０°。超薄钢片在体内未发现有不良反应。结论：在切除骨桥位置置入超薄钢片，防止了骨桥再次形成，前臂旋转功能得到了改善。超薄钢片在人体内生物相容性好，无不良反应。     

Colles骨折畸形愈合的外科治疗

本文介绍５０例严重移位、畸形愈合Ｃｏｌｌｅｓ骨折，采用桡骨远端截骨取带旋前方肌尺骨骨瓣植骨方法予以矫正。以术后１．５～６个月随访；桡骨远端向背侧移位畸形完全纠正，恢复桡骨下端向掌侧、尺侧倾斜度。１５例合并下几桡关节脱位病例，术后前臂旋转功能基本恢复，“叉样”畸形纠正，腕关节伸屈功能恢复令人满意。     

倒凹形旋转截骨术治疗先天性尺桡骨近端联结

先天性尺桡骨近端骨性联结(congenital radioulnar synostosia)是一种少见的先天性畸形，主要是尺骨和桡骨近端发生骨性联结，使前臂固定在不同角度的旋前位。尺桡骨近端截骨术是目前公认的较好的治疗方法之一，自1987年以来，在传统截骨方法的基础上加以改良，采用倒凹形旋转截骨术治疗先天性尺桡骨近端骨性联结9例，效果良好，现报告如下。     

融合部分离加桡骨旋转截骨治疗儿童先天性上尺桡骨融合

目的观察上尺桡骨融合部分离加桡骨旋转截骨治疗儿童先天性上尺桡骨融合的临床效果。方法 2004年3月至2011年2月,采用融合部分离加桡骨旋转截骨治疗儿童先天性上尺桡骨融合患者14例(15侧肢体),男9例,女5例;年龄3~8岁,平均4.5岁。所有患儿患侧手不能完成使用餐具、扣纽扣、转动门的把手等日常动作。本组病例均行上尺桡骨融合部骨性分离结合桡骨旋转截骨治疗,取肘后Boyd切口,行融合部骨性分离,桡骨中断旋转截骨至前臂中立位或旋后位固定,待截骨端骨性愈合后取出内固定。结果术后前臂旋转畸形平均矫正80.8°,患肢功能得到改善,可完成使用餐具、扣纽扣、转动门把手等日常动作,生活质量得到改善,家属及患儿都满意,全部患者获得随访,随访时间为15~48个月,矫正角度无丢失。结论采用上尺桡骨融合部骨性分离加桡骨旋转截骨治疗儿童先天性上尺桡骨融合,能够改善患肢功能和外观,可早期进行患肢功能锻炼,效果满意。     

改良的AO双骨折复位技术治疗尺桡骨双骨折54例临床观察

目的 探讨改良的AO双骨折复位技术治疗尺桡骨双骨折的疗效.方法回顾性研究使用改良的AO双骨折复位技术治疗尺桡骨双骨折54例.结果获得随访8～26个月,骨折均解剖复位固定,愈合时间3～6个月,平均4.5个月.无畸形愈合及骨不连患者.按照肘关节功能HHS评分标准评定前臂旋转功能,旋前均大于90°,旋后均大于60°,评定结果...     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.