手术复位治疗产瘫肩关节内旋挛缩伴盂肱关节后脱位存在的问题及改进

目的观察肩关节前路松解复位、后路关节囊紧缩及关节孟后路截骨治疗产瘫肩关节内旋挛缩畸形伴肩关节后脱位的临床效果。方法经CT或MRI检查确诊为孟肱关节脱位的7例产瘫并发肩关节内旋挛缩畸形患者，男2例，女5例，年龄1．4～4岁，平均2岁2个月。孟肱关节畸形按照Water的标准进行分型，Ⅳ型5例，Ⅴ型2例。2例行肩关节前路松解复位，肩关节最大外旋位固定6周；5例同时行后路关节囊松解、紧缩及关节孟截骨，将后倾的关节孟向前掀起，取三角形髂骨块植骨，术后行石膏固定4周。结果2例单纯行前路松解复位者术后分别随访48，60个月，Mallent评分分别由术前6分至术后10分；CT及X线平片复查示，肱骨头前脱位，关节孟后侧部分仍后倾。5例同时后路行关节孟截骨，术后随访36～49个月，平均3年4个月，Mallant评分由术前平均5。4分至术后8．6分；经CT及X线平片复查，孟肱关节复位良好，关节孟包容良好，关节孟后倾纠正。结论对于产瘫肩关节内旋挛缩导致的肩关节脱位，前路松解复位、后路关节囊松解、紧缩及关节孟后路截骨，可使脱位的孟肱关节复位并恢复关节孟的包容同时改善其肩关节功能。     

分娩性臂丛神经麻痹后遗肩关节内旋挛缩致盂肱关节畸形的Waters分型

目的对分娩性臂丛神经麻痹(产瘫)后遗肩关节内旋挛缩导致的盂肱关节畸形进行CT或MR检查并按照Waters进行分型,探讨Waters分型与术前肩关节被动外旋角度的相关性。方法33例产瘫后遗肩关节内旋挛缩患儿,男12例,女21例;年龄10个月￣16岁,平均4.5岁。产瘫类型:TassinⅡ型19例,Ⅲ型13例,Ⅳ型1例。在肩关节横断面CT或MRI扫描图像上,按照Friedman的标准测量关节盂的后倾角及肱骨头向后脱位的比率。按照Waters分型标准对盂肱关节的畸形进行分型,同时测量患侧肩关节中立位被动外旋角度,对二者之间的相关性进行统计学分析。结果按照Waters分型标准,33例患儿中Ⅰ型4例,Ⅱ型4例,Ⅲ型7例,Ⅳ型6例,Ⅴ型5例,Ⅵ型7例。Ⅰ、Ⅱ型患儿肩关被动外旋多能超过中立位;Ⅲ、Ⅳ型患儿肩关节多不固定在内旋位,但被动外旋很难超过中立位;Ⅴ、Ⅵ型患儿肩关节多固定在内旋位,被动外旋角度平均>-30°。盂肱关节畸形的程度与肩关节被动外旋受限的角度呈直线正相关。结论Waters分型较准确地提示盂肱关节的畸形程度,盂肱关节畸形越严重其肩关节被动外旋受限越明显。     

产瘫后肩关节内旋挛缩畸形的手术治疗

目的：介绍用肩胛下肌起点剥离术及前路松解术，治疗产瘫后肩关节内旋挛缩后遗症的方法及疗效。方法：对３６例经盂肱角测定、肩关节中立位被动外旋及Ｘ线诊断为肩关节内旋挛缩的患儿，采用肩胛下肌起点剥离或止点延长、关节复位及继发性畸形纠正等手术进行治疗。用Ｍａｌｅｔ评分及Ｇｉｌｂｅｒｔ分级两项定量评价系统来评价术前、术后功能。结果：术后随访半年，３２例有效，有效率为８８．８％。年龄愈小疗效愈佳。４例无效者，３例术前无屈肘功能，提示臂丛上干恢复差；１例肩胛下肌止点切断后未作重建。结论：肩胛下肌起点剥离术或前路松解术，是治疗产瘫后肩内旋挛缩的有效方法，疗效与患儿年龄及臂丛上干的恢复程度密切相关     

大龄产瘫肩关节内旋挛缩畸形的两种术式比较

目的 初步探讨前路软组织松解加肱骨旋转截骨术和单纯肩关节前路松解术治疗大龄产瘫后肩关节内旋挛缩畸形的疗效.方法 1999年8月～2007年1月,对32例大龄产瘫后肩关节内旋挛缩畸形的患者,其中17例采用前路软组织松解加肱骨旋转截骨术,另15例采用单纯肩关节前路松解术.结果 术后随访1～9年,按Mallet评分方法评定:前路软组织松解+肱骨旋转截骨(A组)术后平均得分从术前的8.5分上升到1 1.0分;单纯肩关节前路松解(B组)术后平均得分从术前的7.7分上升到8.7分.按Gilbert分级方法评定:A组术后平均级别由术前的2.0级上升到术后的4.0级;B组术后平均级别由术前的2.0级上升到术后的2.8级.结论 肱骨旋转截骨是治疗大龄产瘫后肩关节内旋挛缩畸形的有效方法.     

产瘫肩关节挛缩后遗症的诊断

目的：对产瘫患儿肩关节功能作定量和定性检查，以明确肩关节功能障碍是因主动肌的无力抑或是拮抗肌和关节囊的挛缩所致。方法：对４０例肩关节功能障碍而肱二头肌肌力达Ｍ３以上的产瘫患儿，采用Ｍａｌｅｔ评分，Ｇｉｌｂｅｒｔ分级，盂肱角测量，肩关节中立位被动外旋，翼状肩胛检查，肌电图及Ｘ线诊断等检查手段，综合评价其肩关节功能。结果：３８例肩关节功能障碍是由于拮抗肌或关节囊挛缩引起，其中内旋挛缩３５例（合并肩关节后关节囊挛缩１４例），肩关节下部挛缩３例。另２例肩外展不能是因主动肌无力所致。结论：产瘫患儿有较好的但不同步的神经恢复是产生各种肩关节挛缩后遗症的主要原因。早期诊断有助于及时治疗和预防肩关节继发性病变的发生     

肩关节后方不稳定

肩关节是人体具有最大活动范围的关节,也是稳定性相对较低的关节。肩关节不稳定通常是指盂肱关节的失稳和半脱位。肩关节后方不稳定(Posteriorshoulderinstability ,PSI)相对较少见,因此诊断和治疗难度较大。它通常表现为复发性肩关节后方半脱位,而急性肩关节后脱位不常见[1 ] 。1　维持肩关节后方稳定的解剖结构1 1　肩关节静力性稳定结构包括:关节囊、盂唇、盂肱韧带、喙肱韧带。在肩关节的旋转中,关节囊的长度、紧张性经历了周期性的变化。关节囊韧带的交替紧张、松弛,导致了“分配负荷效应”(Load -sharigeffect) ,从而满足肩关节运…     

肩关节前向不稳的治疗选择

肩关节是体内最不稳定及最常脱位的关节,肩关节前向不稳是指肩关节前方不稳定引起的肩关节复发性前脱位,一般是由外伤引起.肩关节前向不稳发生的机制是外伤发生脱位后,肱骨头与前下方关节盂撞击导致前下关节囊韧带复合体损伤(Bankart损伤),甚至关节盂骨缺损(骨性Bankart损伤).同时,一些患者也会由于反复的磨损撞击产生肱...     

关节镜下改良弹性固定Latarjet术治疗一例慢性锁定性肩关节前脱位

目的总结关节镜下改良弹性固定Latarjet术治疗1例慢性锁定性肩关节前脱位的经验。方法 2016年7月收治1例因摔伤致右肩疼痛、畸形、活动受限8周的49岁男性患者。伤后曾于外院行肩关节复位,未成功。术前美国肩肘外科协会(ASES)评分22分,肩关节功能Constant-Murley评分37分,疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)8分。影像学检查示右肩关节锁定性前脱位、肩袖损伤、Hill-Sachs损伤。术前诊断右肩关节慢性锁定性前脱位伴肩袖损伤。全关节镜下彻底松解关节盂、肱骨头、肩胛下肌腱周围及肱三头肌止点软组织,关节复位后以改良双袢法弹性固定Latarjet术。结果术后切口Ⅰ期愈合,无重要血管及神经损伤等并发症发生。患者获随访24个月。影像学复查示盂肱关节恢复正常对位关系,无脱位复发。右肩关节功能恢复正常,24个月时ASES评分及Constant-Murley评分均为94分。结论关节镜下改良弹性固定Latarjet术治疗慢性锁定性肩关节前脱位疗效满意。     

单节段前后路联合手术治疗难复性下颈椎脱位

目的 介绍应用短节段固定使难复性下颈椎脱位复位稳定的方法。方法 2003年5月～2004年4月我院采用单节段前后路联合手术治疗难复性下颈椎脱位的患者15例，所有的患者外伤超过4周，有Facet关节交锁，牵引难以复位。我们通过后路关节突松解，棘突间用爱昔康1号线紧缩。前路椎间撑开人工骨植入，AO板内固定。结果 所有患者通过后路关节松解，前路椎间撑开植入人工骨，均得到满意的复位和良好的颈椎序列。结论 通过后路关节松解联合前路椎间撑开复位使颈椎得到复位和序列。     

超声引导肩胛上神经阻滞联合盂肱关节类固醇注射治疗粘连性肩关节囊炎

目的观察超声引导肩胛上神经阻滞联合盂肱关节类固醇注射治疗粘连性肩关节囊炎效果。方法将60例粘连性肩关节囊炎患者随机均分为研究组和对照组。对研究组在常规康复治疗基础上予超声引导肩胛上神经阻滞联合盂肱关节类固醇注射,对照组给予常规康复治疗。于治疗前、治疗2周和4周后评估视觉模拟评分(VAS)、Constant肩关节评分(CSS)和肩部活动范围。结果研究组治疗2周和4周后VAS和CSS较治疗前降低(P均0.01),且均低于对照组同期(P均0.01);2周和4周后肩部前屈、外展、内旋和外旋活动范围均较治疗前增加(P均0.01),且除治疗2周后外旋活动范围外均优于对照组(P均0.01)。治疗后3、6个月,研究组疼痛症状复发率均低于对照组(P均0.05)。结论超声引导肩胛上神经阻滞联合盂肱关节类固醇注射可提高粘连性肩关节囊炎康复治疗效果,减少复发。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.