游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣在手背小型缺损创面中的应用

目的探讨应用游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复手背小型缺损创面的临床疗效。方法采用游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣移植修复13例手背小型缺损创面患者。创面面积为3. 7 cm×6. 5 cm～5. 0 cm×7. 8 cm,设计皮瓣面积为4. 5 cm×7. 0 cm～6. 0 cm×9. 0 cm,供区均直接缝合。结果 13例皮瓣全部成活,其中12例顺利成活,l例术后出现静脉危象,经手术探查后皮瓣成活。患者均获得随访,时间10～36个月。皮瓣色泽与周围正常皮肤相似,无臃肿,质地柔软。小腿供区仅存留较小的线状瘢痕。结论腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣血管解剖相对恒定、血供可靠,皮瓣切取较简单,局部损伤小,血管蒂长,皮下脂肪含量较少,应用其修复手背小型缺损创面,可获得满意效果。     

游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣移植修复拇指再造供区

目的探讨游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣移植修复拇指再造供区创面的临床效果。方法采用游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣移植修复12例拇指再造供区创面。缺损面积2. 8 cm×4. 5 cm～5. 0 cm×9. 1 cm,切取皮瓣面积3. 0 cm×5. 0 cm～5. 5 cm×10. 0 cm,皮瓣供区均直接缝合。结果患者均获得随访,时间6～24个月。皮瓣全部成活,质地优良,外观满意。小腿供区切口均一期愈合,仅存留较小的线状瘢痕。结论游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣血管相对恒定、血供可靠,皮瓣切取较简单,供区可直接缝合,是修复拇指再造供区创面较好的选择。     

游离小腿外侧腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复手前臂及足部皮肤缺损

目的介绍游离小腿外侧腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复手前臂及足部皮肤缺损的临床效果。方法以腓动脉应用解剖为基础,术前超声多普勒定位血管蒂,并以此为中心设计皮瓣。皮瓣面积：5cm×9cm-10cm×20cm。2009年10月-2012年5月,应用游离小腿外侧腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复手前臂及足部皮肤缺损17例。结果17例皮瓣及供区植皮全部成活,受区外形及功能满意,小腿功能无影响。结论游离小腿外侧腓动脉穿支皮瓣是修复手前臂及足部皮肤缺损的理想方法。     

游离移植腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复拇甲瓣供区缺损

目的 探讨游离移植腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复拇甲瓣供区缺损的疗效.方法 采用游离移植腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复11例拇甲瓣供区缺损患者.缺损面积2.0 cm×2.0 cm～4.5 cm×3.0 cm.皮瓣设计面积3.0 cm×3.0 cm～5.0 cm×3.5 cm.小腿皮瓣供区直接缝合.结果 患者均获得随访,时间2～10...     

小腿穿支皮瓣游离移植修复前足皮肤缺损

目的 探讨小腿穿支皮瓣游离移植修复前足部皮肤软组织缺损的方法. 方法 2010年1月至2012年12月,游离穿支皮瓣移植修复前足部皮肤软组织缺损11例,其中男9例,女2例,年龄33 ～ 62岁,平均43岁.创面面积5 cm×3 cm～11 cm×6 cm,均伴有骨质、肌腱外露.其中腓动脉穿支皮瓣7例,胫后动脉穿支皮瓣4例. 结果 所有皮瓣均顺利成活.随访3 ～ 24个月,平均13个月,皮瓣质地、外观良好,无需二次手术修薄. 结论 小腿穿支皮瓣质地良好不臃肿,穿支血管稳定可靠,修复前足皮肤软组织缺损的良好选择.     

腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复小腿中上段软组织缺损

目的 探讨应用腓肠内侧动脉穿支血管皮瓣带蒂转移修复小腿中上段皮肤软组织缺损的临床效果. 方法 2006年5月至2012年8月,对小腿中上段皮肤软组织缺损患者26例,创面面积为5 cm×3 cm～12cm×8cm.均应用同侧腓肠内侧动脉穿支血管皮瓣带蒂转移修复.皮瓣前内界为胫骨的内后缘,后外侧界为小腿后正中纵轴线,以腘皱褶中点至内踝中点连线为轴设计皮瓣,皮瓣面积为6 cm×4 cm～13 cm×9 cm. 结果 术后26例皮瓣全部成活.术后随访6～18个月,皮瓣质地柔软,富有弹性,不臃肿,供区无明显功能障碍,行走时步态基本正常. 结论 应用腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣带蒂转移修复小腿中上段皮肤软组织缺损临床效果佳,该皮瓣血供丰富,血管解剖恒定,皮瓣质地良好,供区无明显功能障碍,故不失为修复小腿中上段皮肤软组织缺损的一种较好的选择.     

游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复足部鳞状细胞癌切除术后软组织缺损

目的探讨以腓肠内侧动脉穿支血管为蒂的游离皮瓣移植修复足部鳞状细胞癌切除术后软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法 2017年6月至2019年12月,在广州市番禺区中医院手足显微创面修复外科就诊并诊断为足部高分化鳞状细胞癌的慢性创面患者7例,采用同侧肢体腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣游离移植修复其肿瘤切除术后软组织缺损创面,其中男4例,女3例,年龄24～68岁,平均37岁。病灶切除术后创面大小为2.5 cm×5.5 cm～4.0 cm×8.0 cm,皮瓣切取面积3.0 cm×6.0 cm～4.5 cm×10.0 cm,7例皮瓣供区均直接缝合。术后对患者进行定期随访,随访内容包括皮瓣色泽及质地、皮瓣感觉的恢复、行走功能的恢复及供区愈合情况。结果术后7例皮瓣全部成活,1例皮瓣术后出现边缘坏死,经积极换药治疗后,创面愈合。随访时间12～18个月,平均15.1个月。皮瓣质地柔软、富有弹性、不臃肿,足部承重功能良好,供区仅留线形瘢痕,腓肠肌收缩有力,行走时步态正常。皮瓣受区无渗液、窦道、慢性溃疡改变,癌变无复发及淋巴结转移。3例缝接皮神经的足部皮瓣恢复保护性感觉。结论采用游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复足部鳞状细胞癌切除术...     

端侧吻合动脉行游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣移植修复四肢皮肤软组织缺损

目的 探讨端侧吻合动脉行游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣移植修复四肢皮肤软组织缺损的效果.方法 采用端侧吻合动脉行游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣移植修复21例患者四肢皮肤软组织缺损创面.缺损面积2 cm×2 cm～10 cm×7 cm,皮瓣切取面积3 cm×3 cm～11 cm×8 cm.结果 患者均获得随访,时间2～10个月.21...     

三维CT血管造影辅助游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复足部创面的疗效

目的探讨在三维CT血管造影(3D-CTA)辅助下采用游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复足部创面的疗效。方法采用回顾性观察性研究方法。2018年5月—2021年8月, 潍坊市益都中心医院脊柱创伤骨科收治18例符合入选标准的足部软组织缺损患者, 其中男13例、女5例, 年龄19～55岁, 入院时创面面积为4.0 cm×3.0 cm～9.0 cm×8.0 cm。术前采用CT扫描机扫描患者股骨髁上至腓骨中段区域, 将获得的数据提取到Mimics16.0软件并进行分析以确定预选穿支, 然后对预选穿支侧图像数据进行进一步分析并标记腓肠内侧动脉穿支穿出点在小腿区域的体表投影位置。在前述检查的基础上, 按患者足部组织缺损的形状、面积设计并切取皮瓣, 皮瓣切取面积为5.0 cm×4.0 cm～10.0 cm×9.0 cm。将供区直接拉拢缝合或植皮覆盖。观察并比较术前3D-CTA检查下腓肠内侧动脉穿支类型、穿支起始处及穿出点管径、穿支穿出点位置与术中情况是否一致。记录术后皮瓣成活情况。随访时记录患者对创面修复效果的满意度、受区皮瓣的感觉恢复情况、供区创面愈合状况, 以及是否存在对肢体功能有影响的并发症。对数据行...     

游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支肌皮瓣移植修复手足感染性创面

目的探讨应用游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支肌皮瓣修复手足感染性创面的方法和疗效。方法 2017年3月-2019年1月对12例外伤导致的感染性创面应用游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支肌皮瓣修复,以腓肠内侧动脉为血管蒂,血管全部采用端端吻合,皮瓣切取面积5.0 cm×8.0 cm～6.0 cm×15.0 cm,供区11例予以直接美容缝合,1例给予游离植皮。结果 12例肌皮瓣全部成活,2例皮瓣术后远端皮缘坏死,经扩创、换药后愈合,12例获随访2～15个月(平均9个月),皮瓣外观及弹性良好,感觉恢复S3级,供区线性瘢痕。结论腓肠内侧动脉穿支肌皮瓣,血管解剖恒定,血管蒂长,不牺牲主要血管,带腓肠肌的复合组织肌瓣填塞死腔,利于感染控制,是修复感染性创面的有效方法。     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.

     

Instrumented ligamentotaxis and stabilization of compression and burst fractures of dorsolumbar and mid-lumbar spines

Background:

Controversy continues regarding the best treatment for compression and burst fractures. The axial distraction reduction utilizing the technique employing the long straight rod or curved short rod without derotation to reduce fracture are practised together with short segment posterolateral fusion (PLF). Effects of the early postoperative mobilization without posterolateral fusion on reduction maintenance and fracture consolidation were not evaluated so far. The present prospective study is designed to assess the effectiveness of i) reduction and restoration of sagittal alignment, ii) no posterolateral fusion on the reduced, fractured vertebral body and injured disc, iii) fracture consolidation and iv) the fate of the unfused cephalad and caudal injured motion segments of the fractured vertebra.

Materials and Methods:

The study includes 15 Denis burst and two Denis type D compression fractures between T₁₂ and L₃. The lordotic distraction technique was used for ligamentotaxis utilizing the contoured short rods and pedicle screw fixator. Three vertebrae including the fractured one were fixed. The patients after surgery were braced for ten weeks with activity restriction for 2-4 weeks. The patients were evaluated for change in vertebral body height, sagittal curve, reduction of retropulsion, improvement in neural deficit. The unfused motion segments, residual postoperative pain and bone and metal failure were also evaluated.

Results:

The preoperative and postreduction percentile vertebral heights at, zero (immediate postoperative), at three, six and 12 months followup were 62.4, 94.8, 94.6, 94.5 and 94.5%, respectively. The percentages of the intracanal fragment retropulsion at preoperative, and postoperative at zero, 3, 6 and 12 months followup were 59.0, 36.2,, 36.0, 32.3, and 13.6% respectively.The preoperative and postreduction percentile loss of the canal dimension and at zero, three, six and 12 months were 52.1, 45.0, 44.0, 41.0 and 29% respectively suggesting that the under-reduced fragment was being resorbed gradually by a remodeling process. The mean initial kyphosis of 33° became mean 2° immediately after reduction and mean 3° at the final followup. The fractured vertebral bodies consolidated in an average period of ten weeks (range 8-14 weeks). The restored disc heights were relatively well maintained throughout the observation period. All paraparetic patients recovered neurologically. There were no postoperative complications.

Conclusion:

Instrument-aided ligamentotaxis for compression and burst fractures utilizing the short contoured rod derotation technique and the instrumented stabilization of the fractured spine are found to be effective procedures which contribute to the fractured vertebral body consolidation without recollapse and maintain the motion segment function.     

Principles and Practice of Hemofiltration and Hemodiafiltration

There is growing interest in the convective dialysis therapies, hemofiltration (HF) and hemodiafiltration (HDF). Both require dialysis membranes which are highly permeable to solutes as well as fluid, and in both cases large volumes of ultrafiltration are the condition for convective transport. In HDF the convection is combined with diffusion, and as a consequence, maximum clearance over the entire molecular weight spectrum is achieved. Optimal forms of HDF provide urea clearance 10–15% higher than the corresponding diffusive mode. The larger the solute, the greater is the impact of convection, and β₂-microglobulin (β₂m) levels may be up to 70% reduced. Traditional postdilution HF provides high clearance of medium sized and large molecules. Satisfactory clearance of small solutes requires blood flows in excess of 500 ml/min. With access to practically unlimited volumes of substitution solution through on-line ultrafiltration, predilution HF can now be used. This increases the clearance of small solutes to an acceptable range. For HDF as well as HF, large patient populations consistently treated for longer periods of time are needed to make valid outcome comparisons with other therapies.     

骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因与治疗

目的探讨骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因、报肯治疗的方法与设果。方法对1990年7月～2004年12月间收治的107例骨折不愈台、54例骨折延迟愈合2例先天性胫骨骨不连进行回顾性研究，分析原因，随访治疗结果。18例延迟愈合行保守治疗，本组其他145例行手术治疗，结果除2例先天性胫骨骨不连外，其余161例的成因中均有医源性因素。10例失去随访，153例平均随访17（6-28）个月，骨折均获骨性连接，愈合时间平均10（6-14）个月，肢体功能恢复良好，结论医源性技术缺陷是骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的主要原因，针对各种不同因素进行合理治疗可获得满意效果。     

Recognition and management of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) are catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumours arising from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. These tumours may be identified incidentally, as part of a work-up for multiple endocrine neoplasia or following haemodynamic surges during unrelated procedures. Advances in perioperative management and improved management of intraoperative haemodynamic instability have significantly reduced surgical mortality from around 40% to less than 3%. Surgery is the definitive treatment in most cases and laparoscopic resection where possible is associated with improved outcomes. Anaesthetic management of PPGL cases represents a unique haemodynamic challenge both before and after tumour resection. In this article we describe the physiology of these tumours, their diagnosis, preoperative optimization methods, intraoperative anaesthetic management and management of postoperative complications.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist, and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.