活体肝移植的几点关键外科技术

目的：探讨活体肝移植的几点关键外科技术。方法：2001年1月至2002年3月底,实施活体肝移植11例,其中左半肝8例,左外叶1例,成人右半肝2例;根据术前CT、血管造影和术中B超确定肝切除线,超声电刀离断肝实质,经门静脉灌注原位获取。受体手术采用保留腔静脉的全肝切除。移植肝原位植入,肝静脉重建采用扩大成型吻合技术,显微技术吻合肝动脉,胆道重建采用端端吻合,置“T“管引流。结果：11例供体术后顺利康复出院,未发生严重并发症。11例受体中,1例发生肝动脉血栓形成需再次肝移植,1例因不可逆转的严重排斥反应,于术后72d死亡。10例受体康复出院,肝功能、铜氧化酶恢复正常。结论：活体肝移植对供体是相对安全的。管道重建技术是活体肝移植的重要环节。术前、术中了解供体的解剖变异并正确处理,可降低并发症发生率。     

活体肝移植术后胆管并发症的处理与预防

目的 探讨活体肝移植术后胆管并发症的防治.方法 84例活体肝移植,成人56例.小儿28例;良性终末期肝病66例,肝细胞肝癌18例.供受体胆管端端吻合重建50例,供体肝管与受体肝管端端和胆总管端侧吻合重建1例,供体肝管与受体肝管和胆囊管吻合1例,供体胆管与受体空肠Roux-en-Y吻合重建32例,所有胆管莺建后均置入4Fr或6Fr内支架管从受体胆总管前壁或空肠袢肓端侧肠壁引出体外.结果 术后发生胆管并发症24例,发生率为28.5%,胆管胆管吻合与肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合胆漏发牛率差异显著(8.3%νs16.7%,P＜0.05).胆管胆管吻合与肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合胆管狭窄发生率差异显著(50%νs 16.7%,P＜0.05).单支胆管与多支胆管发生胆管并发症差异湿著(20.8%νs 79.2%,P＜0.05).胆漏者保守治疗治愈4例,再次手术治疗治愈4例;胆管狭窄内镜下球囊扩张和鼻胆管引流治疗治愈4例,好转2例,再次手术胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合治疗治愈6例,经皮肝脏穿刺胆管狭窄球囊扩张治疗支架管引流治疗好转4例.该组资料无因胆管并发症死亡病例.结论 良好的胆管血供和吻合技术,选择恰当的胆管重建方式,是降低活体肝移植术后胆管并发症的重要措施.     

活体肝移植中肝动脉的处理

目的 探讨活体肝移植中动脉重建技术及肝动脉变异的处理,减少肝动脉并发症.方法 行活体肝移植11例,其中右半肝5例、左半肝2例、左外叶1例、供体(右半肝+左半肝)3例,供受体术前均行肝动脉造影明确肝动脉的解剖及变异,肝动脉均采用显微外科技术重建.结果 肝动脉变异2例,1例右半肝供体副肝右动脉来源于肠系膜上动脉,1例左半肝供体副肝左动脉来源于胃左动脉.4例行双动脉重建,肝动脉吻合时间25～76 min,无肝动脉血栓形成、狭窄等并发症.受体并发症3例.结论 术前明确肝动脉的解剖及变异,选择合适的吻合部位,应用精细的显微外科技术重建肝动脉,能有效降低活体肝移植中动脉并发症的发生.     

二例成人间双活体供肝移植的手术重建技巧

目的探讨成人间双活体供肝移植的手术重建技巧。方法2例成人患者,1例原发病为乙型肝炎后肝硬化、巨块型肝癌,接受其2位姐姐的左半肝移植,移植物与受者体重比(GR/WR)为1.5%,移植于原肝位置左侧的左半肝,其肝左静脉、门静脉分别于受者的肝左静脉、门静脉左支端端吻合,胆肠吻合方式重建供肝胆道;移植至右侧的左半肝,沿矢状位旋转180°,其肝左静脉、门静脉分别与受者的肝右静脉、门静脉右支端端吻合,左肝管与受者的肝总管端端吻合。另1例原发病为乙型肝炎后肝硬化,接受其母亲的右半肝移植,但由于供肝存在大泡状空泡变性,且供、受者的体重差较大,为能满足患者的生理需要,故该例同时行尸体左半肝移植,GR/WR为1.2%,右半肝的肝右动脉、肝右静脉分别于受者的同名血管端端吻合,其门静脉与受者的门静脉右支端端吻合,右肝管与受者的肝总管端端吻合;左半肝的肝左静脉、门静脉及肝动脉分别与受者的肝左静脉、门静脉左支及脾动脉端端吻合,胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合方式重建供肝胆道。结果除母亲供者术后3d出现短暂乳糜漏,经对症治疗11d后痊愈外,供者无其它并发症发生。2例患者术后恢复良好,未发生排斥反应及全身感染,现已随访10个月以上,肝功能正常,均恢复正常工作和生活。结论成人间双活体供肝移植可为受者提供更大的肝脏,又可减少供者的风险,但手术操作复杂,需要对供、受者的条件进行充分评估后施行。     

成人间活体右半肝移植术中变异门静脉右支切取与重建技术

目的 探讨成人间活体右半肝移植术中变异门静脉支(APVB)切取与重建的技巧.方法 2002年1月至2007年4月,共实施70例成人间活体右半肝移植.术前肝脏血管三维CT成像显示供肝动脉及静脉走向,70例右半供肝中有9例门静脉分支变异,其中7例为Ⅱ型变异,2例为Ⅲ型变异.除1例供者行狭窄桥状连接单口切取APVB外,其余8例均采用供者优先的原则即距门静脉主干2～3mm处双口切断APVB.Ⅱ型变异中有2例双口切取其右前、右后支成形为一个开口后与受者门静脉主干吻合,4例右前、右后支分别与受者门静脉左、右支吻合,1例行右前、右后支间狭窄桥状组织连接单口切取后与受者门静脉主干单口吻合.Ⅲ型变异中有1例双口切取其右前、右后支分别与受者门静脉支双口吻合,1例双口切取后行新型的U形血管移植物间置与受者门静脉主干单口吻合.结果 9例受者均无门静脉狭窄或血栓、肝动脉狭窄或血栓以及肝静脉流出道狭窄等血管并发症发生.1例供者术后3 d并发门静脉血栓,手术取栓及门静脉壁修补成形后痊愈.新型的U形血管移植物间置重建术后通畅,无并发症发生.结论 成人间活体右半肝移植术中采用供者优先的原则双口切取APVB、双口吻合重建以及新型的U形血管间置等门静脉重建技术是安全可行的,未增加手术难度,且临床效果良好.     

MSCT血管成像在活体肝移植供体评价中的应用

目的评价多层螺旋CT血管成像(MSCTA)在活体肝移植供体中的临床应用价值。方法对14例活体肝移植供体行MSCT检查．运用最大密度投影(MIP)和容积重建(VR)两种后处理方法．3例增加CPR,重建肝脏血管。结果14例供体中7例供体有8支重要的肝脏变异血管：3支肝动脉变异、3支肝静脉变异和2支门静脉变异。结论在活体肝移植供体评价中MSCTA是一种无创性的、可靠的检查方法．有较高的临床应用价值。     

原位肝移植术中动脉重建及术后并发症的防治

目的探讨原位肝移植肝动脉重建技术及其并发症的影响因素和防治。方法回顾性分析31例原位肝移植的临床资料,分析肝动脉重建及其并发症的影响因素,以及肝动脉并发症的防治。结果31例受体肝动脉均无变异。活体肝移植中供体肝动脉2例存在变异,其中1例副肝左动脉来源于胃左动脉,移植前肝左动脉、副肝左动脉成形后取供体的大隐静脉搭桥,与肝固有动脉与胃十二指肠动脉汇合处吻合;1例副肝右动脉来源于胃十二指肠动脉,行双动脉吻合。1例活体双供体肝移植行双动脉吻合;1例再次肝移植行腹主动脉搭桥;受体肝动脉直径<3mm6例,3～5mm17例,≥5mm8例。肝动脉吻合时间为23～70min,平均(31.46±9.07)min。术后32d发生肝动脉狭窄1例,行狭窄处球囊扩张后放置动脉支架,术后随访4个月肝功能及肝动脉血流良好,其余术后观察2～7个月均无肝动脉血栓形成及其他动脉并发症。结论重视引起肝动脉并发症的诸多因素,应用显微外科技术进行精细的肝动脉吻合,适当使用抗凝药物,能有效降低肝移植术后的肝动脉并发症;及时有效地处理肝动脉并发症能明显提高肝移植患者的生存率。     

同种原位肝移植肝脉重建技巧

目的：探讨和总结同种原位肝移植术中肝动脉重建技术。方法：回顾性分析我院近一年来所施行18例原位肝移植术中肝动脉重建方式和技巧。结果15例行供受体肝固有动脉端端吻合,2例供体肝总动脉与受体肝固有动脉吻合,1例供体总动脉与受体脾动脉吻合。术后彩色色普勒超声监测显示肝动脉血流通畅,均未发现有血栓菜成或肝动脉狭窄,全部病例未发生胆道并发症。结论：成功的肝动脉重建技术防止肝移植术后肝动脉血栓形成或肝动脉狭窄的关键。     

肝移植中变异肝动脉的处理

目的探讨肝移植中变异肝动脉的保护及重建方法。方法回顾性分析2005年6月至2013年12月进行的340例肝移植的临床资料,着重分析变异肝动脉的保护及重建方法。取修肝过程注意保护变异的肝动脉,变异的肝动脉采用显微缝合技术与供受体腹腔动脉干的分支行端端吻合,术中根据变异动脉的条件,选择管径相互匹配、位置合适的腹腔动脉干的属支进行吻合,其中管径≧3 mm采用连续缝合;3 mm采用间断缝合。术后常规多普勒超声监测肝动脉血流情况,肝素+低分子右旋糖酐抗凝。结果 340例中出现肝动脉变异64例,其中左肝动脉变异33例,来源于胃左动脉20例、腹腔动脉干11例,腹主动脉2例;右肝动脉变异30例,来源于肠系膜上动脉19例,胃十二指肠动脉10例,腹主动脉1例;肝总动脉变异1例,来源于腹主动脉。误扎变异左肝动脉2例,术后出现左肝管缺血坏死2例。结论供肝肝动脉变异率高,取修肝过程中应注意对变异肝动脉的保护,选择供受体合适的腹腔动脉干分支与变异肝动脉吻合是处理肝动脉变异的良好方法。     

活体肝移植的胆道重建技术及并发症分析

目的 探讨活体肝移植的胆道重建方法及并发症防治措施.方法 回顾性分析77例活体肝移植临床资料,其中74例行右半肝移植(带肝中静脉29例,不带肝中静脉45例),左半肝带肝中静脉1例,左外叶切取2例.胆道重建采用胆肠吻合或供肝肝管与受体肝管端端吻合.结果 供肝断面1个胆管开口为54例,多个胆管开口为23例;胆肠吻合2例,胆管端端吻合75例,63例留置T管;术后总体胆道并发症发生率为36.4%(28/77),其中胆漏为10.4%(8/77),胆道狭窄为26.0%(20/77).供肝单支胆道以及单个吻合口术后胆道狭窄的发生率明显低于多支胆道及多个吻合口(P<0.05).8例胆漏病人经过B超指引穿刺引流全部治愈,20例吻合口狭窄病人经T管窦道放置支撑管或通过ERCP进行扩张,肝功能全部或部分好转.结论 活体肝移植供肝切取术中注意对断面胆管血供的保护以及尽可能获得单一的肝管开口可有效减少术后胆道并发症的发生;内镜和放射介入技术是治疗胆道并发症的有效手段.     

Living Donor Liver Transplantation with Left Liver Graft

Small-for-size syndrome in LDLT is associated with graft exposure to excessive portal perfusion. Prevention of graft overperfusion in LDLT can be achieved through intraoperative modulation of portal graft inflow. We report a successful LDLT utilising the left lobe with a GV/SLV of only 20%. A 43 year-old patient underwent to LDLT at our institution. During the anhepatic phase a porto-systemic shunt utilizing an interposition vein graft anastomosed between the right portal branch and the right hepatic vein was performed. After graft reperfusion splenectomy was also performed. Portal vein pressure, portal vein flow and hepatic artery flow were recorded. A decrease of portal vein pressure and flow was achieved, and the shunt was left in place. The recipient post-operative course was characterized by good graft function. Small-for-size syndrome by graft overperfusion can be successfully prevented by utilizing inflow modulation of the transplanted graft. This strategy can permit the use of left lobe in adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation.     

Surgical management of anatomical variations of the right lobe in living donor liver transplantation

OBJECTIVE: To review the anatomical variations of the right lobe encountered in 40 living liver donors, describe the surgical management of these variations, and summarize the results of these procedures. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Anatomical variability is the rule rather than the exception in liver and biliary surgery. To make effective use of liver segments from living donors for transplantation, surgical techniques must be adapted to the anomalies. METHODS: Donor evaluation included celiac and mesenteric angiography with portal phase, magnetic resonance angiography, and intraoperative ultrasonography and cholangiography. Arterial anastomoses were generally between the donor right hepatic artery and the recipient main hepatic artery. Jump-grafts were constructed for recipients with hepatic artery thrombosis, and double donor arteries were joined to the bifurcation of the recipient hepatic artery. The branches of a trifurcated donor portal vein were isolated during the parenchymal transection, joined in a common cuff, and anastomosed to the recipient main portal vein. Significant accessory hepatic veins were preserved, brought together in a common cuff if multiple, and anastomosed to the recipient cava. The bile ducts were individually drained through a Roux-en-Y limb, and stents were placed in most patients. RESULTS: Forty right lobe liver transplants were performed between adults. No donor was excluded because of prohibitive anatomy. Seven recipients had a prior transplant and five had a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). Arterial anomalies were noted in six donors and portal anomalies in four. Arterial jump-grafts were required in three. Sixteen had at least one significant accessory hepatic vein, and one had a double right hepatic vein. There were no vascular complications. Multiple bile ducts were found in 27 donors. Biliary complications occurred in 33% of patients without stents and 4% with stents. CONCLUSIONS: Anatomical variations of the right lobe can be accommodated without donor complications or complex reconstruction. Previous transplantation and TIPS do not significantly complicate right lobe transplantation. Microvascular arterial anastomosis is not necessary, and vascular complications should be infrequent. Biliary complications can be minimized with stenting.     

Interpostion vein graft in living donor liver transplantation

In adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), right lobe grafts without a middle hepatic vein can cause hepatic congestion and disturbance of venous drainage. To solve this problem, various types of interposition vein graft have been used. OBJECTIVES: We used various types of interposition vein grafts for drainage of the paramedian portion of the right lobe in living donor liver transplantation. METHODS: From June 1996 to June 2003, 37 of 176 patients (128 adults, 48 pediatric) who underwent LDLT received vein grafts for drainage of segments V, VIII, or the inferior portion of the right lobe. RESULTS: In 36 adult cases the reconstruction included the inferior mesenteric vein of the donor (n = 14); cadaveric iliac vein stored at cold (4 degrees C) temperature (n = 5); cryopreserved (-180 degrees C) cadaveric iliac vein (n = 10); cryopreserved cadaveric iliac artery (n = 1 case); donor ovarian vein (n = 1); recipient umbilical vein (n = 3); recipient saphenous vein (n = 1); recipient left portal vein (n = 1); recipient left hepatic vein (n = 1). In a pediatric case with malignant hemangioendothelioma that encased and compressed the inferior vena cava, we used an interposition vein graft to replace the inferior vena cava. CONCLUSION: Various types of interposition vein grafts can be used in living donor liver transplantation. Cryopreserved cadaveric iliac vein and artery are useful to solve these drainage problems.     

成人间活体肝移植肝动脉重建方法和并发症的处理

目的 探讨成人间活体肝移植的肝动脉重建和并发症处理的经验.方法 自2002年1月至2006年7月,共施行50例成人间右半肝活体肝移植.在供受者间肝动脉的重建中,供者右肝动脉与受者右肝动脉吻合24例,与受者肝固有动脉吻合12例,与受者左肝动脉吻合3例,与受者肝总动脉吻合2例,与受者肠系膜上动脉发出的副右肝动脉吻合2例,与受者肝总动脉自体大隐静脉间置搭桥3例.受者腹主动脉与供者右肝动脉自体大隐静脉搭桥2例,用保存的尸体髂血管行受者腹主动脉与供者右肝动脉搭桥2例.供者肝动脉直径1.5～2.5 mm,采用显微外科技术在3.5倍手术放大镜和5～10倍手术显微镜下完成肝动脉重建.结果 50例成人间右半肝活体肝移植中,有2例(4%)分别于术后1d、7d发生肝动脉血栓形成,立即采用自体大隐静脉从肾下腹主动脉至供者右肝动脉搭桥术,恢复供肝血流,痊愈出院.1例术后1.5个月后发生肝动脉血栓形成,随访期无临床症状未行处理.术后和随访期未发现肝动脉狭窄、肝动脉假性动脉瘤等并发症.围手术期未有与肝动脉并发症有关的死亡病例.全部病例获得随访,随访时间2～52个月(中位随访时间9个月),1年实际生存率为92%.结论 选择恰当的肝动脉重建方式和应用显微外科技术可显著降低肝动脉并发症,及时处理肝动脉并发症是保证供肝存活的关键.     

亲属活体单段供肝移植治疗极低体重婴儿胆道闭锁一例

目的 总结亲属活体单段供肝移植治疗极低体重婴儿胆道闭锁的临床经验.方法 受者为出生仅145 d的男婴,身高66 crn,体量3.08 kg,被确诊为胆道闭锁伴肝硬化.供者为患儿母亲,年龄36岁,身高145 cm,体重47 kg.采用改良背驮式原位肝移植术,切取供者Ⅱ段肝组织作为供肝,移植肝体积与受者标准肝体积比值为92.5%,GRWR为5.19%,供肝动脉与受者肝右动脉用供者左侧股外侧浅隐静脉搭桥行端端吻合,受者三支肝静脉经整合后与供肝静脉行端端吻合,供肝胆管与受者空肠行Roux-en-Y吻合.术后监测供、受者生命体征、肝肾功能及出血和凝血状况等,常规抗感染治疗.受者术后采用环孢素A、吗替麦考酚酯及甲泼尼龙的方案预防排斥反应.结果 供肝切取手术历时370 min,术中供者出血150 ml均回输,切取供肝重量为160 g.肝移植手术历时451min,术中受者失血230 ml,输注全血200 ml和红细胞悬液50 m1,无肝期时间为71 min,供肝冷缺血时间为132 min.供者恢复顺利,术后8 d拆线出院.受者术后5 d肝功能基本恢复正常,术后7 d各项化验指标均正常.但术后7和15 d时,受者分别发生肠道吻合口漏各1次,经修补后痊愈.受者于术后35 d出院,出院时体重增加0.3 kg,各方面与同龄婴儿相当.结论 亲属活体单段供肝移植是治疗极低体重患儿终未期肝病的一种可供选择的治疗方法,经充分的术前评估、精细的手术操作及良好的围手术期管理后,手术能取得良好效果.     

Could the use of interposition grafts for arterial reconstruction be avoided by more caudate graft placement in living donor liver transplantation?

One of the major challenges in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is short and small vessels (particularly the hepatic artery), particularly in segmental liver grafts from living donors. In the present study we report an alternative surgical technique that avoids interpositional vessel grafts or tension on the connection by anastomizing the allograft hepatic vein to the recipient inferior vena cava in a more caudate location. From March 2000 to January 2003, 28 patients (11 women/17 men) underwent 28 LDLT. Until June 2001, the preferred technique for hepatic vein anastomosis was end-to-end anastomosis between the allograft hepatic vein and the recipient hepatic vein (HV-HV) (n = 10). Thereafter an end-to-side anastomosis was performed between allograft hepatic vein and recipient inferior vena cava (HV-IVC) (n = 18). The level of venotomy on the recipient vena cava was decided according to the pre-anastomotic placement of the allograft in the recipient hepatectomy site with sufficient width to have an hepatic artery anastomosis without tension or need for an interposition graft during hepatic artery and portal vein anastomoses. Except the right lobe allograft with anterior and posterior portal branches, all portal and hepatic artery anastomoses were constructed without an interposition graft or tension in the HV-IVC group. Only one hepatic artery thrombosis developed in the HV-IVC group. As a result, this technique may avoid both hepatic artery thrombosis and the use of interposition grafts in living donor liver transplantation.     

成人间活体扩大右半肝移植治疗急性肝功能衰竭

目的介绍成人间活体扩大右半肝移植治疗急性肝功能衰竭的临床经验。方法对1例42岁男性急性肝功能衰竭合并肝性脑病Ⅲ期患者行活体扩大右半肝移植治疗。其45岁姐姐为供者,CT评估供者包含肝中静脉的扩大右半肝体积为728．4cm^2（801g）,供肝／受者体重比为1．3％。供肝之肝右、中静脉整形后与受者整形后之肝右静脉行端-侧吻合;供受者门静脉、肝动脉行端．端吻合。供肝胆管整形后与受者胆总管行端-端吻合。结果供、受者手术均成功。供者术后恢复顺利,受者术后8h恢复意识,14d后丙氨酸转氨酶、总胆红素等指标首次下降至正常水平。术后16d曾出现转氨酶明显升高,给予甲泼尼龙1000mg冲击治疗后恢复正常。随访至今,供受者已健康生存8个月,均未出现胆管、肝动脉及静脉回流等并发症。结论扩大右半肝移植在技术上完全可行。能为成人患者提供足够重量的移植物,尤其对于急性肝功能衰竭患者具有重要意义,术前精确的影像学评估,熟练的肝切除和肝移植技术是确保该类手术成功的关键因素。     

Rare Portal Venous Anomaly in a Living Liver Donor: A Case Report

Knowledge of the anatomy of the portal system is essential for safe liver resection. We report a very rare anatomic anomaly of the portal system in a living liver donor. A 24-year-old female living liver donor was found to have anomalies of the portal system on preoperative contrast-enhanced computed tomography. The ventral branch of the right anterior segment arose from the transverse portion of the left portal vein. The gallbladder and round ligament were positioned normally. Intraoperative cholangiography for evaluation of biliary anatomy revealed very low confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts. All the bile ducts from the right lobe merged into the right hepatic duct. A right lobe graft was performed, including the ventral area of the right anterior segment. The portal branch of the ventral area of the right anterior segment could be transected extrahepatically. In the recipient operation, each of the right main portal branches, including the right posterior segment branch and the dorsal branch of the right anterior segment, and the ventral branch of the right anterior segment, were anastomosed to the right and left branches of the portal vein, respectively, of the recipient. The transected right hepatic duct of the graft was anastomosed with the recipient's common hepatic duct. Sixteen years after the liver transplant, the recipient continues to do well and has good portal flow.     

改进成人间活体供肝移植的手术技术

目的研究并改进成人间活体供肝移植的手术技术。方法自2002年1月至2005年8月,施行了16例成人间活体右半供肝移植。手术中改进了技术,包括右肝静脉重建、肝中静脉分支搭桥、肝动脉搭桥及胆道吻合等。结果所有供者均无严重并发症及死亡。移植肝与受者重量比（GRWR）为0．72％～1．24％,其中9例〈1．0％,2例〈0．8％。手术除了采用移植肝的右肝静脉与受者下腔静脉（IVC）直接吻合外,5例加行右肝下静脉重建、5例取自体大隐静脉行肝中静脉分支与IVC间搭桥,保证了右肝流出道通畅。最早手术的2例受者中,1例发生肝静脉吻合口狭窄,另1例发生小肝综合征,最终导致死亡。后阶段手术的14例受者均未发生小肝综合征;发生并发症5例,分别为急性排斥反应、肝动脉栓塞、胆漏、左膈下脓肿及肺部感染;1例再次肝移植后因肺部感染,多器官功能衰竭（MOF）死亡。结论活体供肝移植中采用改进的手术技术,特别是肝静脉流出道重建的方法,可有效避免发生小肝综合征。