酵母双杂交系统筛选CLN8P相互作用蛋白

目的：应用酵母双杂交系统筛选CLN8P相互作用蛋白质,通过对相互作用蛋白质的筛选及研究,探讨CLN8的功能,为NCL8和NCLs疾病群的发病机制研究提供线索,并为疾病的蛋白质相互作用网络提供资料。方法 应用酵母双杂交技术,以pLexA-CLN8为诱饵质粒筛选人胎脑cDNA文库,得到Leu+LacZ+阳性克隆,进一步进行验证,并对验证后的阳性克隆的外源性片断进行测序及同源性分析。结果 从人胎脑cDNA文库中筛选得到60个Leu+LacZ+阳性克隆;将获得的具有外源性片段的文库质粒与诱饵质粒一对一重新转入酵母体内对相互作用进行验证,共获得阳性克隆22个;对验证后阳性克隆测序并进行同源性分析,共获得不同的候选基因序列10个。结论 应用酵母双杂交系统,共筛选得到10个不同的基因,其编码蛋白与CLN8P有相互作用,可能与NCLs 发病机制相关。     

酵母双杂交系统筛选GATA-1相互作用蛋白质及功能验证

目的 利用酵母双杂交技术从人脑cDNA文库中筛选与人GATA-1相互作用的蛋白质.方法 从人K562细胞中扩增出全长GATA1基因,设计引物将其3段截断体亚克隆入酵母表达载体pDBLeu中,转化至AH109感受态酵母中,利用酵母双杂交技术筛选人脑cDNA文库中与其相互作用的蛋白质,阳性克隆通过回转及免疫共沉淀试验进行验证,利用3xGATA荧光素酶报告基因对相互作用蛋白质进行功能验证.结果 成功构建出酵母诱饵蛋白表达质粒pDBLeu-GATA1(1),pDBLeu-GATA1(2),pDBLeu-GATA1(3),筛到34个阳性克隆,用生物信息学分析及回转验证得到5个与GATA-1相互作用的候选蛋白,通过免疫共沉淀试验进一步验证,获得3个蛋白质能与GATA-1相互作用,分别是ECSIT,EFEMP1和GPS2.荧光素酶试验表明这3个蛋白质均能对GATA1的转录活性产生影响,证实它们之间的相互作用具有影响GATA1转录的功能.结论 应用酵母双杂交技术及免疫共沉淀试验,从人脑cDNA文库中成功获得3个与GATA-1相互作用并对其转录活性具有调节作用的蛋白质,为研究GATA1蛋白质的功能提供了新的线索.     

应用酵母双杂交技术筛选与RANK蛋白新基序IVVY相互作用的蛋白

目的: 应用酵母双杂交技术筛选小鼠巨噬细胞中与核因子κB受体激活因子(RANK)蛋白上新基序IVVY相互作用的蛋白,以探寻RANKL/RANK系统中介导破骨细胞形成的RANK下游新信号转导蛋白。方法: 应用GAL4酵母双杂交系统3,构建仅包含编码新基序⁵³⁵IVVY⁵³⁸ 的一小段RANK的cDNA片段为诱饵质粒pGBKT7-IVVY,并与巨噬细胞cDNA文库质粒pGADT7-library共转化AH109酵母,筛选与RANK蛋白新基序IVVY相互作用的蛋白,通过回复性杂交实验验证其可靠性,并对阳性克隆进行测序和基因同源性分析。结果: 筛选出4个可能与IVVY基序有相互作用的蛋白,包括Ring1和YY1结合蛋白(RYBP)、ATP结合盒、E2F转录因子和热休克蛋白8,其中表达RYBP的阳性克隆出现频率高、速度快。结论: 应用酵母双杂交技术成功地筛选出4个可能与IVVY基序相互作用的候选蛋白,其中RYBP可能性最大。     

酵母双杂交技术筛选并回转验证在胞内与PML-C结构域相互作用的蛋白

目的 利用酵母双杂交技术在活细胞内筛选并回转验证与PML-C结构域相互作用的蛋白质.方法 通过诱饵质粒pGBKT7-PML-C,利用酵母双杂交系统从白血病细胞cDNA文库中筛选与PML-C结构域相互作用的蛋白质.结果 利用酵母双杂交技术筛选到43个能与PML-C结构域相互作用的克隆;经进一步的归类与酵母回转试验得到9个阳性克隆.结论 在细胞内PML-C结构域能与多种蛋白质有相互作用.中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶(neutrophil elastase,NE)介导的急性早幼粒细胞白血病的发生可能与这些相互作用所致的生物学功能改变有关.     

可卡因苯丙胺调节转录肽相互作用蛋白的筛选

目的寻找可卡因苯丙胺调节转录肽(CART)受体或与其相互作用的蛋白。方法建立大鼠脑cDNA文库,以CART为诱饵,应用细菌双杂交方法筛选与CART相互作用的蛋白。结果成功构建大鼠脑pTRG-cDNA文库及诱饵质粒pBT-CART41-102。文库容量为3.37×106,重组率98.5%。筛选约5.01×106个共转化克隆,证实为阳性克隆93个,全部DNA测序。经生物信息学方法分析得到stathm in等6个可能与CART相互作用的蛋白,并得到可能与CART相互作用的未知新蛋白,它们与22个已知膜蛋白或受体有短的极相似片段。结论CART可能与stathmin等6个已知蛋白相互作用,并可能与一些未知蛋白相互作用,这些未知蛋白与22个膜蛋白或受体有短的相似保守结构。     

应用酵母双杂交系统筛选人胃黏膜上皮组织SHIP2的相互作用蛋白

目的通过酵母双杂交系统筛选人胃黏膜上皮组织标准均一化cDNA文库,寻找与含Src同源蛋白2肌醇-5-磷酸酶2(SHIP2)相互作用的蛋白。方法利用酵母双杂交系统,以SHIP2的P1(SH2+5-Ptase)和P2(PRD+SAM)段作为诱饵蛋白,筛选出人胃黏膜上皮组织均一化cDNA文库中与SHIP2相互作用的蛋白,并通过免疫共沉淀法进行验证。结果挑选出39个阳性克隆,经测序比对分析,回复性杂交,免疫共沉淀试验验证,最终确定一个与SHIP2相互作用的蛋白抗增殖蛋白1(prohibitin1/PHB)。结论酵母双杂交系统筛选人胃黏膜上皮组织SHIP2的相互作用蛋白PHB。     

丙型肝炎病毒非结构蛋白NS4B肝细胞结合蛋白基因的筛选与克隆

目的筛选并克隆人肝细胞cDNA文库中与丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)非结构蛋白4B(NS4B)相互作用蛋白的基因,明确其具体作用机制。方法应用酵母双杂交系统3,将多聚酶链反应(PCR)法扩增的HCVNS4B基因连接入酵母表达载体pGBKT7中构建诱饵质粒,转化酵母细胞AH109并在其内表达,然后与转化了人肝cDNA文库质粒pACT2的酵母细胞Y187进行配合,在营养缺陷型培养基和Xα半乳糖(Xαgal)上进行双重筛选阳性菌落,提取阳性酵母菌落的质粒转化大肠埃希菌,接种在氨苄西林LB平板上,选择生长菌落,提取质粒酶切鉴定,测序并在GenBank中进行生物信息学分析。结果成功克隆出HCVNS4B基因并在酵母细胞中表达,与肝文库配合后选出既能在4缺(SD/TrpLeuAdeHis)培养基又能在铺有Xαgal的4缺培养基上生长,并变成蓝色的真阳性菌落5个,序列分析显示,筛选到的肝细胞蛋白编码基因参与细胞代谢、生物氧化、生长调节等多种生物学过程。结论成功克隆出HCVNS4B蛋白与肝细胞相互作用蛋白,为进一步研究NS4B蛋白的功能,阐明HCV致病的分子生物学机制提供了新线索。     

酵母双杂交技术筛选小鼠脑cDNA文库中鼠巨细胞病毒即刻早期蛋白M122相互作用蛋白的研究

目的 应用酵母双杂交技术筛选小鼠脑cDNA文库中与鼠巨细胞病毒即刻早期蛋白M122相互作用的宿主因子,为进一步研究巨细胞病毒的致病机制奠定实验基础.方法将诱饵质粒pGBKT7-M122转化酵母菌AH109,Western blot检测诱饵蛋白在酵母细胞中的表达.阳性重组AH109菌株与小鼠脑cDNA文库进行配合,在色氨酸、亮氨酸、组氨酸和腺嘌呤缺陷培养基(SD/-Trp/-Leu/-His/-Ade)和铺有Ⅹ-α-gal的SD/-Trp/-Leu/-His/-Ade平板上进行筛选,提取阳性酵母菌质粒,转化大肠杆菌后提取质粒测序,对测序结果进行序列比对和分析.将阳性文库质粒与诱饵质粒共同转化酵母AH109感受态细胞,重新验证其在酵母中的相互作用,同时阳性文库质粒与空载体pGBKT7亦被用同样的方法转入AH109感受态细胞,以排除阳性文库质粒的自激活作用.结果筛选出与M122蛋白相互作用的21种已知基因编码的蛋白质和3种未知基因编码的蛋白,其中21种已知蛋白分别为:突触融合蛋白8(syntaxin 8,Stx8)、磷酸葡萄糖变位酶2(phosphoglucomutase 2,Pgm2)、Shaker型电压依赖性钾通道的β1亚单位(potassium voltage-gated channel,shaker-related subfamily,beta member 1,Kcnab1)、19型胶原蛋白(collagen,type ⅪⅩ,alpha 1,Col19a1)、古蛋白1(archain 1,Arcn1)、胞嘧啶核苷酸激酶(cytidylate kinase,Cmpk)、热休克蛋白DnaJ同系物A亚家族成员1[DnaJ(Hsp40)homolog,subfamily A,member 1,Dnaja1]、Na+、K+ATP转运酶β3亚单位(ATPase,Na+/K+ transporting,beta 3 polypeptide,Atp1b3)、SH3结构域GRB2样相互作用蛋白1[SH3-domain GRB2-like(endophilin)interacting protein 1,Sgip1]、锚蛋白重复域17(ankyrin repeat domain 17,Ankrd17)、无义介导的mRNA 降解因子Smg-7同系物(Smg-7 homolog,nonsense mediated mRNA decay factor,Smg7)、精子相关抗原9(sperm associated antigen 9,Spag9)、FK506结合蛋白1A(FK506 binding protein 1a,Fkbp1a)、MYST组蛋白乙酰转移酶4[MYST histone acetyltransferase(monocytic leukemia)4,Myst4]、透明质酸和蛋白多糖连接蛋白1(hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1,Hapln1)、自噬相关蛋白3(autophagy-related 3,Atg3)、精氨酸/色氨酸富集的剪切因子5(splicing factor,arginine/serine-rich 5,Sfrs5)、C3HC型锌指蛋白(zinc finger,C3HC-type containing 1,Zc3hc1)、硫氧还蛋白相关的跨膜蛋白1(thioredoxin-related transmembrane protein 1,Txndc1)、接头蛋白复合物AP-1亚单位(adaptor protein complex AP-1,gamma 1 subunit,Aplg1)和Cul1蛋白(cullin 1,Cul1).回返验证实验进一步证实这些蛋白与M122蛋白能够在酵母细胞AH109发生相互作用,但Aplg1和Cul1被证实具有自激活作用.结论 筛选到的其中19种已知基因编码的蛋白可能与巨细胞病毒的致病机制相关,但仍需进一步的验证.     

应用酵母双杂交系统筛选E2F1相互作用蛋白

目的:应用酵母双杂交系统从人正常胃黏膜细胞的cDNA文库中筛选E2F1转录因子的相互作用蛋白。方法:以pGBKT7-E2F1为诱饵质粒筛选人正常胃黏膜细胞的cDNA文库,得到阳性克隆,反复验证,并对验证后的阳性克隆进行测序及同源性分析。结果:从人正常胃黏膜细胞的cDNA文库中筛选得到20个阳性克隆,经测序和同源性分析,筛除假阳性克隆,最终得到18个不同的候选基因序列。其中,17个为可知基因序列,它们分别是:组织蛋白酶B、SIVA1、干扰素调节因子7、鸟苷酸激酶1、ATP酶抑制因子1、核糖体蛋白SA、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂1 mRNA结合蛋白、精氨琥珀酸合酶1、卵泡抑素类似物3、金属硫蛋白2A、内质网钙结合蛋白1、WNT1可诱导信号通路蛋白2、CDC42 效应蛋白1、可溶性半乳糖凝集素结合蛋白1、中胚层发育候选2、外切酶体成分7和含EGF腓骨蛋白样胞外基质蛋白 1,尚有一未知基因片段。结论:应用酵母双杂交系统成功筛选出18种E2F1相互作用蛋白,为进一步探讨E2F1影响胃癌细胞生物学行为的分子机制奠定了基础。     

利用酵母双杂交技术筛选与NMDA受体亚型NR2D相互作用的蛋白质

目的利用酵母双杂交技术,寻找可能与谷氨酸受体亚型NR2D存在相互作用的蛋白,为探讨NR2D蛋白在神经系统退行性改变中的作用提供依据。方法应用Clontech GAL4酵母双杂交系统,构建包含NR2D细胞内C末端的c DNA片段为诱饵质粒,筛选人脑c DNA文库;随机挑取部分阳性克隆,通过回复性杂交实验验证其可靠性,分离阳性克隆进行测序和生物信息学分析。结果筛选出6种与NR2D可能存在相互作用的蛋白,包括神经细胞膜糖蛋白(Glycoprotein M6B,GPM6B)、精脒/精胺N1-乙酰基转移酶1(Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1,SAT1)、乳酸脱氢酶B(Lactate dehydrogenase B,LDHB)、α-突触核蛋白(α-synuclein,SNCA)、淀粉样蛋白β前体蛋白结合家族B成员1和2(Amyloid beta(A4)precursor protein-binding,family B,member1(Fe65),APBB1;Amyloid beta(A4)precursor protein-binding,family B,member 2,APBB2。结论初步探讨了NR2D蛋白的功能及与其可能发生互作的蛋白,为进一步研究谷氨酸的兴奋性毒性参与神经系统退行性改变的机制奠定了实验基础。     

Reduced incorporation of the influenza B virus BM2 protein in virus particles decreases infectivity

BM2 is the fourth integral membrane protein encoded by the influenza B virus genome. It is synthesized late in infection and transported to the plasma membrane from where it is subsequently incorporated into progeny virus particles. It has recently been reported that BM2 has ion channel activity and may be the functional homologue of the influenza A virus M2 protein acting as an ion channel involved in viral entry. Using a reverse genetic approach it was not possible to recover virus which lacked BM2. A recombinant influenza B virus was generated in which the BM2 AUG initiation codon was mutated to GUG. This decreased the efficiency of translation of BM2 protein such that progeny virions contained only 1/8 the amount of BM2 seen in wild-type virus. The reduction in BM2 incorporation resulted in a reduction in infectivity although there was no concomitant decrease in the numbers of virions released from the infected cells. These data imply that the incorporation of sufficient BM2 protein into influenza B virions is required for infectivity of the virus particles.     

Influenza B virus BM2 protein is an oligomeric integral membrane protein expressed at the cell surface

The influenza B virus BM2 protein contains 109 amino acid residues and it is translated from a bicistronic mRNA in an open reading frame that is +2 nucleotides with respect to the matrix (M1) protein. The amino acid sequence of BM2 contains a hydrophobic region (residues 7-25) that could act as a transmembrane (TM) anchor. Analysis of properties of the BM2 protein, including detergent solubility, insolubility in alkali pH 11, flotation in membrane fractions, and epitope-tagging immunocytochemistry, indicates BM2 protein is the fourth integral membrane protein encoded by influenza B virus in addition to hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and the NB glycoprotein. Biochemical analysis indicates that the BM2 protein adopts an N(out)C(in) orientation in membranes and fluorescence microscopy indicates BM2 is expressed at the cell surface. As the BM2 protein possesses only a single hydrophobic domain and lacks a cleavable signal sequence, it is another example of a Type III integral membrane protein, in addition to M(2), NB, and CM2 proteins of influenza A, B, and C viruses, respectively. Chemical cross-linking studies indicate that the BM2 protein is oligomeric, most likely a tetramer. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of the TM domain of the BM2 protein with the sequence of the TM domain of the proton-selective ion channel M(2) protein of influenza A virus is intriguing as M(2) protein residues critical for ion selectivity/activation and channel gating (H(37) and W(41), respectively) are found at the same relative position and spacing in the BM2 protein (H(19) and W(23)).     

A new role of neuraminidase (NA) in the influenza virus life cycle: implication for developing NA inhibitors with novel mechanism of action

The entire life cycle of influenza virus involves viral attachment, entry, replication, and release. Previous studies have demonstrated that neuraminidase (NA) is an essential glycoprotein on the surface of influenza virus and that it is responsible for release of progeny virions from the host cell to infect new cells. However, recent studies have also suggested that NA may play other roles in the early stages of the viral life cycle, that is, viral attachment and entry. This review focuses on the new role of NA in the early stages of influenza life cycle and the corresponding development of novel NA inhibitors. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparison of the three large polymerase proteins of influenza A, B, and C viruses

The three large RNA segments of influenza C virus C/JJ/50 were cloned and sequenced, and the deduced amino acid sequences were compared with those of the polymerase (P) proteins of influenza A and B viruses. The coding strategy of the C virus RNA segments is the same as that for the large A and B virus segments as one long open reading frame is present in each segment. RNA segment 1 of influenza C virus encodes the equivalent of the PB2 protein; it has an approximate 25% sequence identity with the corresponding (cap binding) influenza A and B virus PB2 proteins. The PB1 protein of influenza C virus, coded for by segment 2, has an approximate 40% sequence identity with the corresponding proteins of influenza A and B viruses including the Asp-Asp sequence motif found in many RNA polymerase molecules. The PB1 polymerase is thus the most highly conserved protein among the influenza A, B, and C viruses. Although the protein coded for by RNA 3 of influenza C virus shows an approximate 25% sequence identity with the acid polymerase (PA) proteins of the A and B viruses, its sequence does not display any acid charge features at neutral pH. This protein is thus referred to as the P3 (rather than the PA) protein of influenza C virus.     

Cytokine induction in human cord blood lymphocytes after pulsing with UV-inactivated influenza viruses

Mitogenic activity of UV-inactivated influenza viruses in cord blood lymphocytes (CBL), as measured by cytokine release, was investigated. Using prototype viruses of subtype H3N2 (A/Aichi/68), H2N2 (A/Japan/57), and H1N1 (A/Puerto Rico/34) for influenza A virus, and B/Lee/40 for influenza B virus, the results indicated that both Th1 and Th2 cytokines were induced. Stimulation indices were significantly higher for IFNgamma, IL-4 and IL-10 by influenza A viruses than by influenza B virus. Stimulation indices for IL-2 and IL-6 were lower, as these two cytokines were spontaneously released by cord blood lymphocytes in culture. Alignment of the amino acid sequences of the HA for the viruses used in this study indicated that influenza B virus lacked sequence homology to the antigenic sites identified for influenza A virus. Therefore, the antigenic sites may play a role in the mitogenic property, and cord blood lymphocytes could provide a system to compare this property for clinical isolates of influenza virus.     

Influenza B virus PB1 protein; nucleotide sequence of the genome RNA segment predicts a high degree of structural homology with the corresponding influenza A virus polymerase protein

The complete nucleotide sequence of a cloned cDNA copy of the genome RNA segment encoding the influenza B/Lee/40 virus PB1 polymerase protein has been determined. The genome RNA segment is 2368 nucleotides in length and is capable of encoding a polymerase (PB1) protein of 752 amino acids with a calculated mol mass of 84,407 Da. As expected, the protein is highly basic with a net charge of +20 at pH 7.0. Sequence comparison between the influenza A and B virus PB1 proteins reveals that they share 61% amino acid homology. An internal hydrophobic domain and 90% of the proline residues found within the influenza A virus PB1 protein are conserved in the influenza B virus molecule. The influenza A and B virus PB1 proteins share the highest homology yet seen between proteins encoded by these disparate viruses. This remarkable conservation of primary structure argues for severe functional constraint on the evolution of this influenza virus polymerase protein.     

Novel insights into proteolytic cleavage of influenza virus hemagglutinin

The influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) mediates the first essential step in the viral life cycle, virus entry into target cells. Influenza virus HA is synthesised as a precursor protein in infected cells and requires cleavage by host cell proteases to transit into an active form. Cleavage is essential for influenza virus infectivity and the HA‐processing proteases are attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. It is well established that cleavage by ubiquitously expressed subtilisin‐like proteases is a hallmark of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV). In contrast, the nature of the proteases responsible for cleavage of HA of human influenza viruses and low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) is not well understood. Recent studies suggest that cleavage of HA of human influenza viruses might be a cell‐associated event and might be facilitated by the type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs) TMPRSS2, TMPRSS4 and human airway trypsin‐like protease (HAT). Here, we will introduce the different concepts established for proteolytic activation of influenza virus HA, with a particular focus on the role of TTSPs, and we will discuss their implications for viral tropism, pathogenicity and antiviral intervention. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of streptovirudin on influenza viruses type A and B: inhibition of the lipid-linked oligosaccharide synthesis of fowl plague virus

Antibiotics of the streptovirudin complex (SV) inhibited the growth of influenza A and B viruses such as influenza A/fowl plague virus (FPV), strain Weybridge (Hav1 Neq1), influenza A/England 42/72 (H3N2), influenza A/Port Chalmers 1/73 (H3N2), influenza B/Leningrad 235/74, influenza B/Tokyo 7/66, and influenza B/Jamagata in chick embryo cell (CEC) cultures, in permanent canine kidney cells (MDCK), and in suspended fragments of chick embryo chorioallantoic membranes (CAM). As revealed by spectrophotometric turbidity measurements, SV completely inhibited the FPV-induced cytopathic effect (CPE). A 99.99% reduction of infectious virus yield was obtained in one-step growth cycle experiments and in the plaque reduction test. The haemagglutination inhibition titres of influenza viruses in suspended CAM fragment cultures in the presence of SV drugs were also substantially reduced. The incorporation assays indicated that SV exhibited no effect on virus-induced RNA synthesis, but influenced virus maturation by inhibition of lipid-linked oligosaccharide synthesis. A partial protection from infection was found in influenza virus A/England infected mice.     

病毒孔蛋白的基本结构和功能

病毒孔蛋白（ viroporins）是由病毒编码的小分子量的疏水性蛋白,参与了病毒生命周期的不同阶段,对病毒的复制至关重要。文章主要对甲型流感病毒基质蛋白2（M2）、人类免疫缺陷病毒1型病毒蛋白U （Vpu）、丙型肝炎病毒蛋白P7、轮状病毒非结构蛋白4（NSP4）、严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒的结构蛋白（ORF?3a）和中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒小包膜蛋白E,对这几种核糖核酸病毒的病毒孔蛋白基本结构和功能方面进行总结,可以为病毒孔蛋白的基础研究以及相关抗病毒药物的筛选提供参考。     

Internal epidemic influenza virus proteins: isolation and investigation

The internal influenza virus proteins M1 and RNP free from surface protein impurities were isolated from subviral particles (virions free from HA and NA ectomenes). The spikeless particles had no propensity to aggregate in the solution at pH 5.0 as compared with native viruses. The subviral particles of B/Hong Kong/330/01 influenza virus, which belonged to B/Victoria/2/87-lineage, were obtained by proteolytic treatment with the enzyme bromelain under the same conditions as in cases of influenza B viruses of B/Jamagata/16/88 lineage. A chromatographic analysis of the tryptic hydrolyzates obtained for matrix (M1) proteins of A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) influenza viruses revealed differences that were greatest between the protein M1 molecules isolated from influenza viruses of different subtypes of hemagglutinine. These findings suggest there are variations in the structure of this conservative internal viral protein M1 during evolution.