结直肠癌术后复发处理的探讨

１９９０年３月－１９９３年８月作者为４６例结直肠癌术后复发进行再次手术。再次手术与初手术相隔时间为６－８０个月，平均３４．４个月。其中单纯局部复发占３４．７８％，单纯远处转移１３．０４％，局部复发伴远处转移５２％。再次手术能切除病变者３６例，切除率７８．２６％。切除后存活时间５－４１个月，中位存活１７个月，２６例至今尚存活。手术死亡２例，手术死亡４．３５％，其中１例死亡与手术无关。作者指早期发现复     

局部切除治疗下段直肠癌

１９８５年以来，作者对１４例下段直肠癌行局部切除。除１例外均根冶性切除。全部病变均在齿状线上方５ｃｍ以内。８例为溃疡型，６例为广基息肉型。１３例为高分化腺癌，１例为中分化腺癌。９例侵犯粘膜下层（Ｔ１），５例侵犯固有肌层（Ｔ２）。３例行粘膜下包括浅肌层切除，１１例为全层盘状切除。手术均经肛门入路。４例Ｔ２术后辅助放行４０～４５Ｇｙ。１１例随访２年以上，唯一１例２年内复发者为Ｔ２行姑息切除者。局部切除作为下段直肠癌的根治性手术仅适应于一小部分早期分化好的腺癌；对老年或全身情况不耐受大手术，或拒绝结肠造口者亦可作为姑息手术。如严格掌握局部切除的适应证，其疗效可与其他根治手术相等。     

胃肠道间质瘤

为分析胃肠道间质瘤（ＧＳＴ）的临床特点，对我院近８年来收治的３９例ＧＳＴ患者进行了回顾性分析。结果显示：本组病例平均发病年龄为４６岁，男２１例，女１８例。发生部位分布为：胃１５例（３８．５％），小肠１７例（４３．６％），十二指肠４例（１０．３％），结肠３例（７．７％）。３９例均经外科手术治疗，病理组织学显示良性３１例（７９．５％），不确定型５例（１２．８％），恶性３例（７．７％）。最常见的临床症状为胃肠出血，其中１０％的患者需紧急手术治疗。随访时间平均３年，随访期间６例患者死亡，３例死于与肿块无关的心脑疾患，７例复发，其中５例远处转移。７例局部复发或远处转移患者经再次或多次手术，配合化疗，４例存活或带瘤存活０．５～８年。结果表明：对此类肿瘤，手术宜扩大切除，术后密切随访。对复发或远处转移的病人，不要轻易放弃治疗，应持积极态度，经多次姑息切除，并辅以化疗，可望延长病人生存期。     

大肠癌肝转移的特点及外科治疗原则

结肠、直肠癌姑息性切除的原因，约半数以上是因为肝转移，其次是腹膜种植，淋巴结转移及局部浸润仅占少数。１　大肠癌肝转移的特点１．１　原发灶的部位和肝转移Ｍｏｒｒｉｓ等人报道３３８例结肠、直肠癌的手术，发现４９例（１４．５％）有肝转移，认为以升结肠癌转移率最高。Ｇｏｌｉｇｈｅｒ报道，直肠癌肝转移率最低，只占１１．５％。我们通过９８０例大肠癌手术发现的２５５例肝转移病例分析，认为升结肠、横结肠、乙状结肠部位的癌肝转移率较高；降结肠、直肠部位的癌肝转移率较低（表１）。这可能是升结肠癌多呈溃疡型，不易导…     

男怀直肠癌切除术后性功能障碍分析

对２５例男性直肠癌切除术后性功能进行调查，平均年龄为４２．５岁，Ｍｉｌｅｓ手术１８例，性欲减退８例（４４．４％），勃起障碍１１例（６１．１％），射精障碍１３例（７２．２％）。Ｄｉｘｏｎ手术７例，怀欲减退１例（１４．３％），勃起障碍１例（１４．３％），射精障碍２例（２８．６％）。认为手术损伤盆腔神经是造成术后病人性功能障碍的直接和主要因素。防治着急在于术中完整地保护植物神经，注意剥离层次和切除范围。     

经尿道前列腺电切治疗前列腺癌(附47例报告)

为解除前列腺癌所致的膀胱出口梗阻，对４７例前列腺癌病人行睾丸切除术及采用经尿道前列腺电切（ＴＵＲＰ）治疗。平均随访２．８年。结果：电切前列腺组织１７．１±６．６ｇ，手术前后对比，国际前列腺症状评分（ＩＰＳＳ）由２３．６±５．５降至８．９±２．０，最大尿流率由６．２±３．０提高至１４．５±４．４ｍｌ／ｓ，前列腺体积由５４．６±１５．０降至２８．１±６．１ｍｌ。６例电切彻底者最后切除前列腺标本仍有前列腺癌组织。术后未发现有血行转移。认为ＴＵＲＰ是前列腺癌的姑息性治疗措施，不会引起血行转移，但电切不彻底，术后前列腺体积缩小是抗雄激素治疗结果     

非典型性局限性肺切除术

目的探讨非典型性局限性肺切除术的临床应用价值。方法总结１９８９年至１９９６年３５例４６次非典型性局限性肺切除术（应用超声刀）的经验,随访０．５～７年（平均２９．３个月）。结果无手术及近期死亡。肺良性病变１６例,无复发及远期合并症。原发性肺癌５例,术后２年和１．５年死亡２例,余３例生存至今（分别超过４、２．５和１．５年）。肺转移瘤１４例（其中１０例为两肺多发性转移瘤）,手术２４次,共切除病变２１６个;１、３、５年生存率分别为７８５％、５０％和２１４％。结论非典型性局限性肺切除术的优点在于既能切除肺组织深部病变和多发病变,又能保存更多的肺组织,可作为常规肺切除术的补充,扩大肺外科的治疗范围     

浸润其他器官及局部复发结、直肠癌的手术治疗

目的：探讨浸润其他器官及局部复发大肠癌手术治疗的效果及手术治疗的要点。方法：回顾性分析本院１９７５年～１９９８年收治的浸润其他器官及局部复发大肠癌的局部浸润情况及合并切除率,直接法统计生存率。结果：①联合切除情况： １１６６例结肠癌中属Ｄｕｋｅｓ Ｄ期者１２３例,占１０．６％,行联合切除者４１例,占全部病例的３．５％,Ｄｕｋｅｓ Ｄ期病例的３３．３％;２ ３５６例直肠癌中属Ｄｕｋｅｓ Ｄ期者３０５例占１２．９％,行联合切除者１１７例,占全部病例的５．０％,Ｄｕｋｅｓ Ｄ期病例的３８．３％。②４１例结肠癌病人合并切除后的５年生存率为５３．８％。③１１７例直肠癌病人合并全盆腔器官切除者２７例,５年生存率为３３．３％（９／２７）,９０例联合部分器官切除后病人的５年生存率为４６．７％（４２／９０）。结论：对浸润其他器官及局部复发大肠癌病人,不论初发或复发,只要病人全身条件具备,应积极采用手术治疗的方法,对延长病人的生存期有重要意义。     

多原发大肠癌67例临床分析

目的　探讨多原发大肠癌发病率、病理及临床特点、诊断及治疗方法。 方法　对６７ 例多原发大肠癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。 结果　６００ 例结直肠癌中，有同时多原发癌４７ 例（７８ ％ ） ，异时多原发癌２０ 例（３３ ％ ） 。多原癌伴息肉者３１ 例（４６ ％ ） ，其中１７ 例为息肉癌变（１２ ％ ） ，本组手术根治切除５４ 例，姑息切除５ 例，造口５ 例，仅探查者３ 例。术后１０ 年生存率６２ ％ ，８ 年生存率７３ ％ ，５ 年生存率６７ ％ 。 结论　利用纤结镜作术前、后检查，术中注意仔细探查，是提高本病发现率的重要手段；首次手术彻底切除癌与癌前病变是提高术后生存率的重要因素。     

残胃复发癌的诊断与外科治疗

目的　探讨残胃复发癌的早期诊断和术前切除率的估计。方法　回顾性分析自１９８５ 年２ 月至１９９８ 年４ 月２２ 例残胃复发癌进行手术治疗的资料。结果　根治性切除６ 例（２７－３％ ）,姑息性切除７ 例（３１－８ ％） ,残胃空肠吻合４ 例（１８－２ ％） ,空肠造瘘２ 例（９－１％ ）,单纯探查３ 例（１３－６％ ）,无手术死亡。单纯探查和减状手术患者平均生存期分别为６ 个月和１１－４ 个月;切除的１３ 例中随访９ 例,５ 例分别于１ 年、２ 年、３ 年（２ 例）和５ 年内死亡。４ 例健在,分别满１ 年、２ 年（２ 例） 和３ 年。结论　影响残胃复发癌早期诊断的主要原因是医患对本病早期症状认识不足。对于术后数月或数年又出现上腹不适,疼痛等症状或大便潜血试验持续阳性者特别要警惕,尽早作胃镜检查及其他检查以明确诊断。术前估计残胃复发癌能否行手术切除,主要依据首次手术的基本情况和本次Ｂ超、ＣＴ检查结果等诸因素的综合分析。     

The role of carcinoembryonic antigen for the detection of recurrent disease following curative resection of large-bowel cancer

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: During recent years, a discussion about cost-effectiveness and importance of follow-up evaluation after curative resection of large-bowel cancer has developed. It is not known whether the determination of carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) plays a crucial role in the early detection of recurrent disease. PATIENTS/METHODS: We conducted an analysis of the prospective follow-up database of 1321 patients after curative resection of colorectal cancer in our institution between 1990 and 1998 to evaluate the role of CEA in the early detection of recurrent disease. RESULTS: Of the 1321 patients included in our study, 306 developed recurrent disease following curative resection (23.2%). These patients with recurrent disease were divided into: Group I. No pre-operative CEA determination/insufficient follow-up (n=47; 15.4%). Group II. No elevation of CEA with primary cancer (n=156; 51.0%): (IIa) elevation with recurrent disease (n=62); (IIb) no elevation at any time point (n=53); and (IIc) role of CEA not completely elucidated (n=41). Thirteen patients of group II underwent curative relapse surgery (8.3%). Group III. Elevated CEA with primary cancer (n=103; 33.7%): (IlIa) no increase with recurrent disease (n=21); (IIIb) increase with other symptoms of recurrent disease (n=45); and (IIIc) increased values as an early symptom of recurrent disease (n=37). Sixteen patients of group III underwent curative relapse surgery (15.5%). In patients after relapse surgery, recurrent disease developed again after a median time of 12 months (mean 17.9+/-3.8 months). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that 2.8% of all patients (12.1% of patients with recurrent disease) who underwent curative resection of colorectal cancer profit from follow-up CEA determinations. With careful observation of CEA kinetics, 6.2% (n=82) of all patients or 26.8% of patients with recurrent disease could profit from routine follow-up CEA determinations. In 9.5% of patients with recurrent disease, curative resection of relapse was achieved and these patients remained disease free for a median time of 12 months. Regular CEA measurements remain an important part of routine patient care after curative resection of colorectal cancer.     

老年复发性结直肠癌的外科治疗

目的探讨外科手术治疗老年复发性结直肠癌的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析第二军医大学长海医院2000年1月至2009年6月间收治的24例老年复发性结直肠癌患者（直肠癌复发14例,结肠癌复发10例）的临床和随访资料。结果24例患者中男14例,女10例;年龄（76．9±5.3）岁。单纯局部复发15例,局部复发伴远处转移9例。予以根治性切除术15例,姑息性切除术8例：另外1例因腹腔广泛转移并累及十二指肠和胆总管而行腹腔开关术．术后接受胆总管支架置入术并化疗。7例患者（29．2％）术后出现并发症,包括肠梗阻1例,肺部感染1例,尿路感染1例,切口感染2例,腹部切口裂开1例,切口脂肪液化1例;无围手术期死亡病例。全组患者中位生存时间6个月,其中R0切除组中位生存时间33个月,1、3、5年生存率分别为71．4％、28．6％和14．3％：姑息性切除组中位生存时间为3个月,1年生存率为0;两组生存差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论只要术前认真评估病情和重视围手术期处理,对于老年复发性结直肠癌患者予以积极的根治性切除仍可获得满意疗效。     

Benefits of colonoscopic surveillance after curative resection of colorectal cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The authors determined the usefulness of routine colonoscopy after colorectal cancer surgery. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Some studies suggest benefit to colonoscopy in the routine follow-up of patients with colorectal cancer who are resected for cure, whereas other studies show no benefit. METHODS: Chart review was conducted for 290 patients who underwent curative resection for colorectal cancer between 1967 and 1991 at a colorectal surgeon's practice. Colonoscopy was performed every 6 months during the first year, then every 1 to 2 years, or when intercurrent symptoms appeared. RESULTS: Overall, 31 patients (10.7%) developed recurrent disease, which increased as a function of stage (C2 > B2 > A), with a median time to diagnosis of 20 months. Of these 31 recurrences, 14 (45.2%) were solely local (of whom 12 were asymptomatic); 17 (54.8%) involved distant disease. Nine locally recurrent patients were able to undergo curative resection. Of 19 symptomatic patients, only 3 (15.8%) were amenable to curative resection. Six patients (2.1%) developed a metachronous second primary colorectal cancer, of whom four (66.7%) were asymptomatic, and five (83.3%) were able to undergo curative resection. Overall, because of surveillance colonoscopies, 13 asymptomatic patients (4.5%) had curative resection for localized recurrent disease or a metachronous second primary cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Colonoscopy is a useful modality in the early detection of recurrent and metachronous disease after colorectal cancer, increasing the potential for curative resection and improved survival.     

Surgery for recurrent pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the outcome of patients who underwent surgery for recurrent pancreatic cancer. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Recurrence of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma occurs in up to 80% of pancreatic cancer patients within 2 years of a potential curative resection because, in most cases, occult (local and/or distant) micrometastases are present at the time of the initial resection. METHODS: Thirty patients were operated for recurrent pancreatic cancer between October 2001 and April 2005. Median time between the initial resection and recurrence was 12.0 months. While 15 patients were resected, 15 patients either underwent palliative bypass or only exploration. Prospectively recorded data were analyzed retrospectively. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier estimation and log-rank test. RESULTS: The overall median survival of patients with recurrent disease was 29.0 months. After the first reresection/exploration for recurrent disease, the median survival was 11.4 months. There was a tendency of increased median survival in the group of patients undergoing resection (17.0 months) compared with the bypass/exploration group (9.4 months), although this difference was not significant (P = 0.084). In addition, patients with a prolonged interval (>9 months) from resection to recurrence were more likely to benefit from reresection compared with patients with recurrence within 9 months (median survival 17.0 vs. 7.4 months; P = 0.004). The in-hospital morbidity and mortality rate of resected patients was 20% and 6.7% compared with 13.3% and 0% of patients who underwent only exploration/palliative bypass. CONCLUSION: Resection for recurrent pancreatic cancer can be carried out safely. Further studies are required to address the question whether a subgroup of patients might actually benefit from this procedure.     

Results of the surgical therapy in advanced colorectal cancer

INTRODUCTION: In every 7th patient with colorectal cancer tumor has already spread beyond intestinal wall into surrounding organs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 01. 01. 1990 and 31. 12. 1998 763 patients with colorectal cancer were treated at our surgical department. 166 patients (23 %) presented with tumor contiguous or adherent to adjacent organs (cT4). RESULTS: In most cases tumor was localized in colon (109 patients, 66 %), in 57 patients (34 %) tumor was found in rectum. Potenzial curative resection (R0) was possible in 67 patients (40 %). 66 patients (40 %) had microscopic (R1) or gro beta residual disease (R2) and in 33 patients only palliative surgery was possible. Extended resection of adjacent organs was performed in 97 % in the group with curative resection. 11 patients (8 %) died after multivisceral resection. The 5-year survival for curative resection was 57 %, for patients with microscopic or gro beta residual disease 9 months and for palliative surgery only 4 months. CONCLUSION: Optimistic longterm results in advanced colorectal cancer can only be achieved after curative resection. After incomplete resection or palliative surgery median life expectancy is extremely poor.     

高龄结直肠癌外科治疗体会(附38例报告)

目的:探讨70岁以上高龄结直肠癌的临床特点及外科治疗原则.方法:回顾性分析38例经手术和病理证实的70岁以上高龄结直肠癌患者临床资料.结果:所有38例患者均行手术治疗,其中27例(71.1%)属根治性切除,7例姑息性切除,4例行结肠造口术.总切除率为89.5%.无手术死亡病例.获随访23例(60.5%).总的2年和5年生存率分别为90.1%和51.4%.结论:对高龄结直肠癌患者应采取个体化治疗方案,原则是尽可能行肿瘤根治性切除,根治性切除仍是目前治疗高龄结直肠癌患者行之有效的方法.通过手术预防或解除梗阻,以提高患者生活质量和生存率.依靠现代外科手术技术的进步,围手术期的正确处理以及现代营养支持治疗,可以有效提高手术成功率、降低死亡率和合并症的发生.     

直肠癌根治术后局部复发83例临床分析

目的总结直肠癌根治术后局部复发的原因及疗效。方法回顾性分析83例直肠癌根治术后局部复发患者的临床资料,根据对局部复发的治疗方法,分为根治手术组（A组）34例,姑息手术加放疗组（B组）28例,单纯放疗组（C组）21例。结果中位生存期A、B、C组分别为28、18和10个月。A、B、C组3、5年生存率分别为58.8%、28.5%、19.0%和35.3%、3.6%、0%。结论直肠癌术后应密切随访,以便早期诊断局部复发,及时给予以手术为主的综合治疗。     

Pulmonary resection for metastases from colorectal cancer: factors influencing prognosis. Twenty-year experience.

OBJECTIVE: We reviewed our experience in the surgical management of 80 patients with colorectal pulmonary metastases and investigated factors affecting survival. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From January 1980 to December 2000, 80 patients, 43 women and 37 men with median age 63 years (range 38-79 years) underwent 98 open surgical procedure (96 muscle-sparing thoracotomy, one clamshell and one median sternotomy) for pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer (three pneumonectomy, 17 lobectomy, seven lobectomy plus wedge resection, six segmentectomy, three segmentectomy plus wedge resection and 62 wedge resection). Pulmonary metastases were identified at a median interval of 37.5 months (range 0-167) from primary colorectal resection. Second and third resections for recurrent metastases were done in seven and in four patients, respectively. RESULTS: Operative mortality rate was 2%. Overall, 5-year survival was 41.1%. Five-year survival was 43.6% for patients submitted to single metastasectomy and 34% for those submitted to multiple ones. Five-year survival was 55% for patients with disease-free interval (DFI) of 36 months or more, 38% for those with DFI of 0-11 months and 22.6% for those with DFI of 12-35 months (P=0.04). Five-year survival was 58.2% for patients with normal preoperative carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) levels and 0% for those with pathologic ones (P=0.0001). Patients submitted to second-stage operation for recurrent local disease had 5-year survival rate of 50 vs. 41.1% of those submitted to single resection (P=0.326). CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary resection for metastases from colorectal cancer may help survival in selected patients. Single metastasis, DFI>36 months, normal preoperative CEA levels are important prognostic factors. When feasible, re-operation is a safe procedure with satisfactory long-term results.     

结直肠癌复发再手术60例报告

目的为探讨结直肠癌术后复发的原因、诊断和术后复发的治疗效果。方法笔者回顾性分析10年间收治的60例结直肠癌术后复发患者的临床资料。结果手术后2年内复发40例(66.7%)。60例中吻合口处复发15例,腹腔、盆腔内复发20例,会阴部复发10例,肝脏转移8例,腹壁切口复发7例。全组患者均再次行手术治疗,其中根治性切除38例,姑息性切除22例。再手术后的1,3,5年生存率根治性切除分别为93.6%,48.8%,36.3%;姑息性切除为54.5%,0,0。结论重视术中无瘤技术、切除足够的肠管、彻底清除淋巴结及其所在的肠系膜、消灭微小转移灶是预防结直肠癌术后复发的主要措施。对复发患者应根据复发部位、病期早晚选择以手术为主的综合治疗方案。     

Long-term survival after curative resection for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Clinicopathologic analysis of 5-year survivors.

OBJECTIVE: The authors reviewed the clinicopathologic characteristics of patients who underwent resection with curative intent for ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas between 1983 and 1989. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Recent studies have demonstrated a reduction in the morbidity and mortality of pancreatic resection and improvement in the actuarial 5-year survival for patients with resected ductal adenocarcinoma. METHODS: Resection with curative intent was performed on 118 of 684 patients (17%) with pancreatic cancer admitted to the authors' institution. Clinical, demographic, treatment, and pathologic variables were analyzed. The original material for all cases was reviewed; nonductal cancers were excluded. RESULTS: The head of the gland was the predominant tumor site (n = 102), followed by the body (n = 9), and tail (n = 7). Seventy-two percent of the patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomies, 15% underwent total pancreatectomies, 10% underwent distal pancreatectomies, and 3% underwent distal subtotal pancreatectomies. Operative mortality was 3.4%. Median survival was 14.3 months after resection compared with 4.9 months if patients did not undergo resection (p < 0.0001). Twelve patients survived 5 years after surgery (10.2% overall actual 5-year survival rate). Three of the tumors were well differentiated, five were moderately differentiated, and four were poorly differentiated. Extrapancreatic invasion occurred in nine cases (75%), and perineural invasion was present in ten cases (83%). Five tumors exhibited invasion of duodenum, ampulla of Vater, and/or common bile duct, and an additional tumor invaded the portal vein. Lymph node involvement by carcinoma was noted in five cases (42%). Six patients remain alive without evidence of disease at a median follow-up of 101 months (range, 82-133 months). Five patients died of recurrent or metastatic pancreatic cancer at 60, 61, 62, 64, and 64 months, respectively. One patient died at 84 months of metastatic lung cancer without evidence of recurrent pancreatic disease. CONCLUSIONS: This paper emphasizes the grim prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Five-year survival cannot be equated to cure. Although pancreatectomy offers the only chance for long-term survival, it should be considered as the best palliative procedure currently available for the majority of patients. This emphasizes the need for the development of novel and effective adjuvant therapies for this disease.