Malnutrition in patients with AIDS

Malnutrition is a frequent problem in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. The origin of malnutrition in patients with AIDS may be multifactorial. The primary mechanisms include disorders of food intake, alterations in intermediary metabolism, and nutrient malabsorption. Attention to the problems of malnutrition in patients with AIDS is of paramount importance because the timing of death in these patients may be more closely related to degree of body cell mass depletion than to any specific underlying infection. Nutritional support can improve nutritional status in selected patients, and repletion of body cell mass may be associated with functional improvement. Early assessment, attention to nutritional requirements, and prompt intervention can minimize wasting and replete body cell mass. This article examines the evidence for malnutrition in patients with AIDS, reviews the studies of nutritional support, and presents an approach to the management of malnutrition in AIDS.     

Cardiovascular risk in patients with treated familial hypercholesterolaemia and patients with severe hypertriglyceridaemia.

A study was performed to determine the morbidity and mortality from ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) and severe hypertriglyceridaemia (pretreatment plasma triglyceride greater than 5 mmol/l). Twenty-nine (38%) of 76 patients with FH and 8(44%) of 18 patients with hypertriglyceridaemia had evidence of IHD. Over a mean follow-up period of 5.5 years, 2 patients with hypertriglyceridaemia died but there were no deaths in patients with FH. This contrasts with earlier reports which showed a high mortality in FH patients. The lower mortality may be due to improved treatment and consequent lower levels of cholesterol.     

Genetics in patients with psoriatic arthritis

OBJECTIVES: HLA antigens were studied in 100 Hungarian patients suffered from psoriatic arthritis. Genetic markers for the development of different clinical pattern of the disease and skin disorder were identified. METHODS: Determination of class I and class II antigens was performed by using microlymphocytotoxicity assay. RESULTS: The frequency of HLA-Cw6, HLA-B16 (and its split B-39) and HLA-B27 antigens were significantly higher in psoriatic arthritis patients than in the Hungarian general population. No connection was found between HLA-DR4, DR7, B17 antigens and psoriatic arthritis. The patients were classified according to the subgroups proposed by Gladman. The comparisons between the clinical subgroups revealed a significant association of HLA-B27 with spondylitis (Gladman 4, 5, 6, 7). There was no association between HLA DR4 and polyarticular pattern of the disease (Gladman 3, 7). Psoriasis seemed to be significantly associated only with HLA-Cw6. There was a higher frequency of HLA-B38 in psoriatic arthritis patients with erythroderma.     

帕金森病患者营养不良的研究进展

帕金森病是第二常见神经系统变性疾病。帕金森病患者除常见的运动和非运动症状外,还常伴有营养不良等营养状况方面的症状,但相比于运动症状以及抑郁、焦虑、睡眠障碍等非运动症状,帕金森病患者的营养不良症状并未得到足够的重视。本文从帕金森病患者营养不良发生情况、营养不良发生的危险因素、营养不良的类型、具体缺乏的营养素、饮食习惯以及营养不良的干预措施等方面综述了帕金森病患者营养状况方面的研究现况。     

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with cancer

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States, with most of these deaths taking place in the hospital setting. Discussions on end-of-life care and on cardiopulmonary resuscitation in particular are an important component in the management of patients with cancer. Clinical decision making and respect for patient autonomy dictate that health care providers provide their patients with accurate information on the expected outcomes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. This article reviews those factors that affect the outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with cancer and provides recommendations on obtaining do-not-resuscitate orders in these patients.     

Erectile dysfunction in patients with diabetes

Erectile dysfunction, which is common among men with diabetes, leads to significant reduction in quality of life, and as with other complications of diabetes deserves to be treated on the NHS. This article explores the problem of erectile dysfunction and diabetes and the role of sildenafil, which is likely to be the first choice treatment of patients presenting with erectile dysfunction.     

宫颈锥切术患者的健康教育

目的:探讨健康教育对宫颈锥切术的影响。方法:对30名宫颈锥切术患者进行分组护理,然后对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:观察组护理效果明显优于对照组。结论:宫颈锥切术患者在常规护理的基础上,进行有效的健康教育,可以减少阴道大出血的几率和感染的危险,对提高患者的生活质量、促进患者康复至关重要,临床护理效果良好。     

Psychological comorbidity in patients with cancer

In western industrial nations, cancer is one of the most frequent somatic diseases showing increasing incidence rates. Although the options for medical treatment and the survival rates for most cancer diagnoses have improved over the last few decades, cancer is still a life-threatening illness associated with psychosocial issues, suffering, and distress. Depending on the severity and duration of symptoms, psychosocial distress due to cancer ranges from normal reactions to psychological comorbidity based on ICD classification criteria. In cancer patients, the most frequent psychological diagnoses are adjustment disorders, anxiety, and depression; prevalence rates in the literature show high variations depending on the tumor type studied and the assessment instrument used. Today, standardized and validated screening instruments and diagnostic interviews are available for the screening and assessment of psychosocial distress and psychiatric comorbidity. The screening of psychosocial distress in cancer patients and the assessment of psychiatric disorders are important tasks of modern cancer treatment in order to determine the need for psychosocial counseling and psychooncological treatment.     

Histamine-related reactions in patients with byssinosis

The purpose of the study was to analyze the mechanism of histamine action in histamine-dependent reactions of neutrophils and lymphocytes in patients with byssinosis and chronic asthmatic bronchitis under cotton and flax dust effect. The appraisal of histamine content in blood serum, receptor/histamine distribution of lymphocyte and neutrophil subpopulations (rosette-forming double and triple reactions), determination of histamine modeling effect on lymphocyte-neutrophil cooperation in the inhibition reaction of leukocyte migration revealed that under cotton dust effect neutrophils and the complement system were involved into the histamine liberation process in byssinosis patients, lymphocytes were most likely not involved into the process. Flax dust-affected histamine reactions were not so distinct: lymphocyte and neutrophil reactivity in byssinosis patients did not exceed the standards. Patients with chronic asthmatic bronchitis had high blood concentration of histamine and experienced some changes in cells' migration characteristics. It was assumed that primarily nonimmune mechanisms of histamine liberation and activation of the complement system were involved into byssinosis pathological process in patients exposed to cotton and flax dust effect. In patients with chronic asthmatic bronchitis there occurred all 3 activation mechanisms of biologically active substances, i.e., allergic and nonantigenic ways of histamine liberation and activation of the complement system.     

大疱性类天疱疮患者感染分析

目的探讨大疱性类天疱疮患者的感染情况,并分析诱发感染的相关危险因素,为临床治疗提供参考。方法对杭州市第三人民医院收治的大疱性类天疱疮患者116例临床资料进行回顾性分析,所有患者均根据病情轻重程度选取个体化治疗方案,以糖皮质激素治疗为主,并积极给予其他相关治疗;观察并记录患者的转归及感染情况,分析感染率与年龄、性别、血白蛋白水平、病情严重程度的关系。结果 116例患者中,病情缓解110例,缓解率为94.83%,不详者5例,死亡1例,病死率为0.86%;重症患者缓解率(83.33%)明显低于中轻症患者(100.00%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);116例患者中,发生感染25例,感染率为21.55%;其中细菌感染24例,感染率为20.69%;真菌感染4例,感染率为3.45%;感染部位包括皮肤感染19例,肺部感染3例,败血症2例,尿路感染3例,口腔感染4例;其中合并2种感染2例(中症1例,重症1例),合并3种感染2例(均为重症);共分离出病原菌31株,主要病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和白念珠菌,分别占35.48%、19.35%、16.13%、12.90%;患者感染率与病情程度及血白蛋白水平有关,血白蛋白水平较低者感染率(35.29%)大于血白蛋白水平较高者(15.85%);重症大疱性类天疱疮感染率(44.44%)大于中症(11.48%)、轻症(10.53%)患者。结论大疱性类天疱疮患者合并感染发病率较高,感染率与病情程度和血白蛋白水平有明显相关性;病原菌以金黄色葡萄球菌最为常见,在临床工作中,要重视此类患者的皮肤护理及感染防控。     

Tuberculosis in patients with HIV infection

Tuberculosis is a clear example of infection that requires cellular immunity for its control. The spread throughout the world of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) resulted in its interaction with tuberculosis altering the descending curve of the latter disease in some developed countries, and brought an aggravation of the problem in other countries with few economic and health resources and where tuberculosis was endemic. HIV increases the risk of reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection and accelerates progression after infection or reinfection; on the other hand, TB aggravates the prognosis of patients infected with HIV. This article sets out the differential aspects in the clinical manifestations of TB amongst populations with and without HIV infection; we also comment on some special characteristics in the treatment of tuberculosis in HIV patients. With the exception of primary cutaneous infections produced by accidental inoculation and infantile lymphadenitis, the majority of the cases of disease due to non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) affect patients with certain predisposing factors. In the case of patients with AIDS, the deep immunological disorder provoked by HIV brings a particular susceptibility to suffering invasive disease due to certain NTM, principally M. avium complex and M. kansasii.