努力提高对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的警觉及诊治水平

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)或阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)是一种慢性睡眠呼吸疾病,是近年来呼吸疾病临床和研究的新领域。其特征是睡眠状态中反复发生上气道完全或不完全阻塞,伴有间断的低氧血症或合并高碳酸血症、睡眠结构紊乱等,主要临床症状是睡眠过程中打     

提高和规范阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的诊治工作

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征 (ｏｂｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｖｅｓｌｅｅｐａｐｎｅａｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ ,ＯＳＡＳ)亦称为阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征 (ｏｂｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｖｅｓｌｅｅｐａｐｎｅａ/ｈｙｐｏｐｎｅａｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ ,ＯＳＡＨＳ)是一种慢性睡眠呼吸疾患 ,是近年来呼吸疾病临床和研究的新领域。其特征是睡眠状态中反复发生上气道完全和 (或 )不完全阻塞 ,伴有间断的低氧血症或合并高碳酸血症、睡眠结构紊乱等。主要有睡眠过程中打鼾、呼吸暂停或自觉憋醒、晨起头痛、日间嗜睡、疲劳、记忆力下降和性欲降低等临床症状。ＯＳＡＨＳ…     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与高血压

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（OSAS）是指睡眠时上气道塌陷阻塞引起的以睡眠过程中反复出现呼吸暂停和或低通气,导致反复低氧血症和高碳酸血症,伴打鼾、睡眠结构紊乱、白天嗜睡为特征的睡眠呼吸紊乱性疾病。长期暴露于这种疾病,可引起高血压、脑卒中、冠心病、心律失常、糖耐量异常、认知功能障碍等,OSAS多与肥胖、脂质代谢紊乱、高血压等并存,     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与高血压关系的研究进展

睡眠呼吸暂停综合征是一种睡眠时呼吸停止的睡眠障碍.最常见的原因是上呼吸道阻塞,经常以大声打鼾、身体抽动或手臂甩动结束,主要以睡眠中反复发作的呼吸暂停或低通气导致的低氧血症及高碳酸血症为特点.主要分为中枢型、阻塞型及混合型,其中以阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)最为常见,是多种全身性疾病的危险因素,肥胖、年纪大、肌肉松弛的人群高发.多导睡眠图(PSG)是诊断此病的金标准,量化指标是呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)及夜间最低血氧饱和度.研究表明,OSAS常与高血压、冠心病、脑卒中等疾病并存[1],这一现象受到越来越多的心脑血管专家的关注.值得指出的是,流行病学及临床研究证实OSAS与高血压之间存在密切因果关系[2-4].本文主要就阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)与高血压的关系进行综述.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征对糖、脂代谢的影响

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)是以睡眠中上气道反复塌陷为特征的睡眠呼吸疾病。睡眠中频繁发生呼吸气流中断或减少,出现间歇性低氧或伴高碳酸血症、胸内压异常波动、睡眠结构     

应重视急性冠脉综合征的危险因素——睡眠呼吸暂停

睡眠呼吸暂停是指睡眠过程中由于上气道完全或部分阻塞和(或)呼吸中枢驱动降低导致呼吸暂停,从而产生慢性间歇性低氧、二氧化碳潴留、反复胸腔内压增大、反复微觉醒、睡眠结构异常、白天嗜睡、记忆力下降、自主神经功能紊乱等变化的一种全身性疾病.睡眠呼吸暂停包括阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)和中枢性睡眠呼吸暂停(CSA),临床上以OSA最为常见.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的鉴别诊断

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征 (OSAHS)的患病率并不低 ,但由于呼吸暂停仅发生于睡眠中 ,而患者的白天症状复杂多样 ,缺乏特异性 ,加之不少临床医生对此疾患的认识尚少 ,故误诊、误治十分常见 ,应注意其鉴别诊断。一、应与OSAHS进行鉴别诊断的疾患1.其它睡眠呼吸障碍性疾患 :除OSAHS外 ,因呼吸紊乱引起的睡眠障碍性疾患还包括上气道阻力综合征 (UARS)、睡眠低通气综合征、慢性阻塞性肺疾病 (COPD)患者的睡眠低氧血症、神经肌肉疾病患者的睡眠通气不足、夜间哮喘等。这些患者可能并无典型的睡眠打鼾 ,多导睡眠图 (PSG)也无频发…     

血管内皮功能障碍在OSAHS并发高血压发病机制中的作用

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructivesleepapnea．hypopneasyndrome,OSAHS）是一种常见睡眠呼吸疾病,因睡眠期间反复发生上气道部分或完全阻塞引起呼吸暂停和（或）低通气而导致机体间歇性低氧（intemdttenthypoxia,IH）、高碳酸血症和睡眠结构紊乱。临床上以睡眠打鼾、白天嗜睡及夜尿次数增多等为主表现,患者可合并不同程度的多脏器损害,其中心脑血管系统的损害尤为常见。     

重叠综合征研究概况

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）是一种慢性睡眠呼吸疾患，其特征是睡眠状态中反复发生上气道完全和（或）不完全阻塞，伴有间断的低氧血症或合并高碳酸血症，睡眠结构紊乱等。     

间歇低氧对脂代谢影响的研究进展

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)因夜间睡眠中上呼吸道反复阻塞导致间歇性低氧(intermittent hypoxia,IH)血症、微觉醒、睡眠紊乱,临床主要表现为睡眠鼾声、呼吸暂停和(或)低通气及日间嗜睡。研究表明OSAHS常并发代谢综合征、糖尿病、动脉粥样硬化、冠心病、高血压病等中的1种或     

Glucose and insulin concentration in amniotic fluid and in maternal blood in early and in late pregnancy

Glucose concentration in the amniotic fluid decreases towards the end of gestation, whereas the insulin concentration increases. The ratio between fetal (amniotic fluid) glucose to maternal glucose is reduced by about 50% at the end of pregnancy, whereas the ratio of C peptide is increased four times. The higher glucose concentration in amniotic fluid in early pregnancy could be explained by a lower fetal metabolic rate in the early stage of development and a low insulin activity of the fetus.     

Differentiation pathways in carcinogenesis and in chemo- and radioresistance

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) share many features with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) such as the ability for self-renewal and differentiation. Signaling pathways that are involved in these processes are also involved in chemo- and radioresistance (e.g. Wnt, Notch and Hedgehog pathways). This review is focused on the influence of three important differentiation pathways on carcinogenesis and on chemo- and radioresistance in ESCs and CSCs.     

Nitrite and thiocyanate in the fasting and secreting stomach and in saliva.

The concentrations of nitrite and thiocyanate in fasting and pentagastrin stimulated gastric juice and in saliva have been examined. Nitrite was found in all of 17 samples of fasting gastric juice, mean 4-9 +/- 1-1 muM. Stimulation of gastric secretion with pentagastrin caused no significant change in nitrite concentration. Thiocyanate was detected in all of 21 samples of fasting gastric juice and the difference in concentration between smokers and non-smokers probably reflects similar differences in saliva. In contrast to the nitrite data there was a significant drop in thiocyanate concentration of gastric juice after pentagastrin from 0-9 +/- 0-1 mM to 0-3 +/- 0-04 mM, suggesting a salivary origin for the thiocyanate in gastric juice. Thiocyanate is a powerful catalyst of nitrosation, which, together with small amounts of nitrite and naturally occurring amines could lead to the intragastric formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines and in certain circumstances be a factor in the aetiology of gastric cancer.     

Anti-malarial efficacy of pyronaridine and artesunate in combination in vitro and in vivo

Pyronaridine is a Mannich base anti-malarial with demonstrated efficacy against drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae. However, resistance to pyronaridine can develop quickly when it is used alone but can be considerably delayed when it is administered with artesunate in rodent malaria models. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of pyronaridine in combination with artesunate against P. falciparum in vitro and in rodent malaria models in vivo to support its clinical application. Pyronaridine showed consistently high levels of in vitro activity against a panel of six P. falciparum drug-sensitive and resistant strains (Geometric Mean IC50=2.24 nM, 95% CI=1.20-3.27). In vitro interactions between pyronaridine and artesunate showed a slight antagonistic trend, but in vivo compared to pyronaridine and artesunate administered alone, the 3:1 ratio of the combination, reduced the ED90 of artesunate by approximately 15.6-fold in a pyronaridine-resistant P. berghei line and by approximately 200-fold in an artesunate-resistant line of P. berghei. Complete cure rates were achieved with doses of the combination above or equal to 8 mg/kg per day against P. chabaudi AS. These results indicate that the combination had an enhanced effect over monotherapy and lower daily doses of artesunate could be used to obtain a curative effect. The data suggest that the combination of pyronaridine and artesunate should have potential in areas of multi-drug resistant malaria.     

Osteoporosis in celiac disease and in endocrine and reproductive disorders

As the increase in lifespan brings to light diseases that were previously not clinically detectable, osteoporosis has become an issue of worldwide significance. The disease is marked by a loss of bone mass; the bones become less dense, fragile and more prone to fracturing. Because it is regulated by endocrine and environmental factors, osteoporosis presents a multifactorial etiopathogenesis, with the genetic component accounting for 70% of an individual variation in bone mass density （BMD）, the principal determinant, with age, of fracture risk. Pathological conditions such as celiac disease （CD） exacerbate the process of bone loss, so that the occurrence of osteoporosis in celiac subjects is of particular note： indeed, the screening of osteoporosis patients for this disease is advisable, since it may be the only sign of undiagnosed CD. An increase in interleukin IL-1β, of the IL-1 system, in the relatives of celiac patients confirms the genetic predisposition to osteoporosis and its presence is evidence of an association between the two conditions. The direct effect on the bones of CD is secondary to poor absorption of calcium and vitamin D. In women osteoporosis is indirectly associated with early menopause and amenorrhea, and it may follow prolonged breast-feeding and frequent pregnancies, while in men it is associated with hypogonadism and GH deficit. These endocrine and non-endocrine factors exert their effects on bones by modulating the RANK/RANK-L/OPG system. An appropriate lifestyle from adolescence onwards, together with early diagnosis of and treatment for CD and primaryand secondary endocrine pathologies are important for the prevention of damage to the bones.     

Salmonellosis in children in developing and developed countries and populations

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The present review addresses recent developments that relate to the clinical management and prevention of childhood salmonellosis in developed and developing countries. RECENT FINDINGS: Invasive disease due to serovar Typhi as well as nontyphoidal salmonellae (NTS) is common in children younger than 5 years old in developing countries, and multidrug resistance is an increasingly difficult problem to manage. A new conjugate vaccine was found to be very effective in preventing typhoid fever in young Vietnamese children and was well tolerated, showing great promise for the future. Antibiotic use in the food animal industry is an important source of disease with multidrug resistant NTS strains in the developed world. Efforts for prevention are aimed at immunization of animals, control of antibiotic use in the food animal industry and careful monitoring of food-borne outbreaks. On the other hand, although the burden of NTS disease in children is far greater in developing countries, especially in tropical Africa, knowledge of even basic epidemiology is lacking. Importantly, it may be that, as spp. acquire increasing resistance, they also acquire increasing virulence that will lead to even greater morbidity and mortality. SUMMARY: Recent developments include a better knowledge of clinical aspects of invasive salmonellosis, an increasing response to the problem of multiple antibiotic resistance (including quinolones), and excellent results from the use of a recently developed conjugate vaccine for typhoid fever in children as young as 2 years old.