心脏不停跳下先心纠治术的临床分析

目的：探讨心脏不停跳下房室缺修补手术的优点，为心内直视房室缺修补手术提供一种安全可靠的方法。方法：106例房室缺患者，在体外循环心脏不停跳下行心内直视手术。其中室间隔缺损64例，房间隔缺损42例。结果：本组病例术中经过顺利，未出现室颤及空气栓塞。术后无神经系统并发症，于术后10-14d痊愈出院。结论：由于该方法不阻断升主动脉，保持冠状动脉持续血液供应，避免了主动脉阻断造成的心肌缺血缺氧性损害和再灌注损伤，对心肌和神经元保护有利。     

Variable Effects of Physical Training of Heart Rate Variability, Heart Rate Recovery, and Heart Rate Turbulence in Chronic Heart Failure

Background: Heart rate variability (HRV), heart rate turbulence (HRT), and heart rate recovery (HRR), indices that reflect autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity, are outcome predictors in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). It is not clear, however, whether they reflect the same components of ANS activity. No study has examined the effects of physical training (PT) training on HRV, HRT, and HRR in CHF.
Study Objective: To examine the responses of HRV, HRT, and HRR to a PT program in patients presenting with CHF.
Methods: In 41 patients (mean age = 58.7 ± 10.2 years) in New York Heart Association CHF functional classes II or III, and with a left ventricular ejection fraction <40%, HRV, HRT, and HRR were measured before and after 8 weeks of PT.
Results: The training was clinically effective in all patients. Before versus after PT, standard deviation of all normal RR intervals increased from 107 ± 30 to 114 ± 32 ms (P = 0.047), high frequency increased from 210 ± 227 to 414 ± 586 ms²/Hz (P = 0.02), and the low/high frequency ratio decreased from 1.8 ± 1.55 to 1.1 ± 1.2 (P = 0.002). HRT and HRR did not change significantly after PT.
Conclusions: In patients with CHF, the positive effects of PT were limited to HRV indices, which reflect parasympathetic activity, without significantly changing HRR and HRT. These observations indicate that different mechanisms modulate HRV, HRR, and HRT, which provide complementary information regarding ANS activity. The 8-week PT program failed to completely normalize ANS function.     

体外循环心脏不停跳心内直视术

本文旨在介绍可简化心内直视术操作，缩短心肺转流时间的心脏不停跳法。对不停跳法心内直视术的应用机制，优缺点和适应证进行了探讨。     

曲美他嗪对冠心病慢性心力衰竭患者心功能及心率震荡的影响

目的观察曲美他嗪对冠心病慢性心力衰竭患者心功能及窦性心率震荡(HRT)的影响。方法2009 年10 月~2012 年6月经冠脉造影和/或CT血管造影(CTA)证实的73 例冠心病慢性心力衰竭患者,随机分成对照组(n=35)和曲美他嗪组(n=38)。对照组采用常规强心、利尿、扩血管等抗心力衰竭治疗;曲美他嗪组在此基础上给予口服曲美他嗪片。两组分别于服药前和服药3 个月后检查心脏彩色多普勒超声心动图、24 h 动态心电图,测算左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左室舒张末期内径(LVd)以及反映HRT的两个量化指标震荡初始(TO)和震荡斜率(TS)。结果经3 个月治疗,两组LVEF提高,LVd缩小(P<0.01)。曲美他嗪组LVEF改善显著优于对照组(P<0.001)。曲美他嗪组TO和TS均改善(P<0.05),对照组仅TO改善(P<0.05)。曲美他嗪组TO和TS改善均优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论曲美他嗪有助于改善冠心病慢性心力衰竭患者的心功能,改善HRT现象。     

Heart Failure Guidelines and Implications for Surgically Treating Heart Failure

In 2005, the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association released updated guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult, yielding new insights into the progression and treatment of this disease. Perioperative nurses need a working knowledge of these guidelines to provide optimal care when patients require surgical interventions for heart failure. This article provides an overview of the pathophysiology, classifications, and treatments for heart failure. AORN J 90 (December 2009) 874–888. © AORN, Inc, 2009.     

窦性心率震荡评估冠心病病人预后的价值研究

目的观察冠心病（CHD）病人窦性心率震荡（HRT）的特征,明确其对CHD病人发生心脏不良事件的预测价值。方法选择年龄、性别相匹配的CHD病人（CHD组）和健康体检者（对照组）各60例,均进行24 h心电图（Holter）检查,对2组HRT的2个指标：震荡初始（TO）和震荡斜率（TS）进行比较。并对CHD病人进行6-12个月跟综随访,了解心脏不良事件（心肌再梗死、再发心绞痛、恶性心律失常、心脏猝死）的发生情况。结果与对照组比较,CHD组TO增高,为（1.08±0.27）%vs（0.18±0.33）%,TS减小,为（3.12±0.87）ms·RRI^-1vs（6.51±0.63）ms·RRI^-1（均P〈0.05）;CHD组中不良事件组TO高于非不良事件组,TS低于非不良事件组（均P〈0.05）。结论CHD病人HRT减弱,而发生心脏不良事件的病人HRT减弱更严重。HRT可作为CHD病人预后的一个评估指标。     

Changes in Heart Rate, Heart Rate Variability, and Heart Rate Turbulence during Evolving Reperfused Myocardial Infarction

Depressed cardiac parasympathetic activity is associated with electrical instability and adverse outcomes after myocardial infarction (MI). Heart rate turbulence (HRT), reflecting reflex vagal activity, and heart rate variability (HRV), reflecting tonic autonomic variations are both reduced in the subacute phase of MI. However, the evolution of these components of cardiac autonomic control between subacute and chronic phase of MI has not been defined. We prospectively studied 100 consecutive patients with a recent first MI with ST-segment elevation, who underwent successful direct percutaneous coronary interventions. Beta-adrenergic blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors were administered according to the state-of-the-art medical practice guidelines. HRT and HRV were measured from 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings 10 days and 12 months after the index MI. There was no significant difference in mean RR interval between the subacute and chronic phase of MI (875 ± 145 versus 859 ± 122 ms). Indices of HRV increased significantly during the observation period (SDNN: from 88.8 ± 26.8 to 116.0 ± 35.7 ms, P < 0.001; SDNNi: from 37.9 ± 15.9 to 46.0 ± 16.3 ms, P < 0.001; SDANN: from 79.6 ± 34.7 to 105.6 ± 35.4 ms, P < 0.001). In contrast, there were no significant changes in indices of HRT (turbulence onset: from −0.008 ± 0.022 to −0.012 ± 0.025%; turbulence slope: from 7.78 ± 5.9 to 8.06 ± 6.8 ms/beat). In contrast to reflex autonomic activity, there was a significant recovery of tonic autonomic activity within 12 months after MI. These different patterns of recovery of reflex versus tonic cardiac autonomic control after MI need to be considered when risk stratifying post-MI patients.     

扩张型心肌病与冠心病心衰患者心脏结构和左室功能对比分析

目的 对扩张型心肌病（DCM）与冠心病（CHD）心衰患者心脏结构和功能特点进行分析，为临床提供鉴别诊断以及评价预后的依据。方法 将72例患者分成扩张型心肌病组（DCM组，n=38）和冠心病心衰组（cHD组，n=33）进行超声心动图检查，获得心脏结构和功能的多项参数。结果DCM组左房内径（LAD）、舒张末期室间隔厚度（IVS）、左室后壁厚度（LVPW）、左室内径（LVD）、右室内径（RVD）和左室射血分数（EF）、左室短轴缩短率（FS）、二尖瓣一室间隔间距（EPSS）与CHD组比较均有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。DCM组的二尖瓣返流（MR）程度均明显高于CHD组。DCM组以弥漫性室壁运动障碍为其特征，CHD组则多表现为节段性的室壁运动异常。结论 超声心动图检查能为DCM与CHD心衰患者的鉴别诊断以及评价预后提供有力的依据。     

浅低温心脏不停跳心内直视手术215例临床分析

目的：总结215例浅低温体外循环下不停跳心内直视手术的临床应用经验。方法：215例行心脏不停跳心内直视手术病例,并行循环者阻断上下腔静脉而不阻断升主动脉,不使用心脏停跳液;逆行灌注者,阻断升主动脉后经冠状静脉窦逆行持续灌注机器氧合血,鼻咽温度在（33±1）℃,均在心脏空跳下完成心内直视手术。结果：心脏手术完毕后顺利停机,术后血液动力学平稳,低心输出量综合征发生率低,无1例发生神经系统并发症及空气栓塞,早期死亡率0．93％（2／215）。结论：浅低温体外循环下不停跳心内直视手术技术安全可行,是一种接近生理状态的心肌保护方法,可应用于绝大部份心内直视手术。     

Heart Rate Variability in Isolated Rabbit Hearts

The presence of heart rate variability (HRV) in patients with cardiac denervation after heart transplantation raised our interest in HRV of isolated, denervated hearts. Hearts from seven adult white ELCO rabbits were transferred to a perfusion apparatus. All hearts were perfused in the working mode and in the Langendorff mode for 20 minutes each. HRV was analyzed in the frequency domain. A computer simulated test ECG at a constant rate of 2 Hz was used for error estimation of the system. In the isolated, denervated heart, HRV was of random, broadband fluctuations, different from the well-characterized oscillations at specific frequencies in intact animals. Mean NN was 423 ± 51 ms in the Langendorff mode, 406 ± 33 ms in the working heart mode, and 500 ms in the test ECG. Total power was 663 ± 207 ms², 817 ± 318 ms², and 3.7 ms², respectively. There was no significant difference in any measure of HRV between Langendorff and working heart modes. The data provide evidence for the presence of HRV in isolated, denervated rabbit hearts. Left atrial and ventricular filling, i.e., the working heart mode, did not alter HRV, indicating that left atrial or ventricular stretch did not influence the sinus nodal discharge rate.     

厄贝沙坦联合通心络治疗冠心病心力衰竭的临床观察

目的：评价厄贝沙坦片和通心络胶囊联合治疗冠心病心力衰竭的疗效及安全性。方法：采用随机对照。治疗组30例给予通心络胶囊3粒、每日3次,联合厄贝沙坦片150mg每日1次,对照组31例给予常规强心、利尿、扩血管疗法。4周后评估心力衰竭的主要症状、左室射血分数（LVEF）及毒副作用。结果：两组疗效近似。结论：通心络胶囊加厄贝沙坦片治疗冠心病心力衰竭疗效满意,无明显的毒副作用。     

Permanent Cardiac Pacing After Open Heart Surgery: Congenital Heart Disease

A retrospective review of 6,004 patients who underwent open repair of congenital heart defects revealed that 132 patients (2.2%) required permanent cardiac pacing postoperatively. The indications for pacing were early atrioventricular (AV) block in 55%, late onset AV block in 31%, and sick sinus syndrome in 14%. A ventricular septal defect (VSD) was the most common congenital anomaly present alone or in association with other lesions in 67% of the patients. Atrial surgery accounted for 21% of the patients requiring pacing. Ten-year patient survival was found to be 66% (+/- 6%). Thirty-five percent of the deaths were sudden and unexpected, presumably due to an arrhythmia. Reoperation for pacing system failure has occurred too frequently (12% per year). The most common causes for reoperation were battery failure (44%) and exit block (25%).     

Heart Rate Turbulence in Chagas Disease

RIBEIRO, A.L.P., et al. : Heart Rate Turbulence in Chagas Disease. Heart rate turbulence (HRT) quantifies the biphasic response of the sinus node to ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) and is a powerful electrocardiogram related risk predictor. VPCs are frequent in Chagas disease, a potentially lethal illness, and can hamper the analysis by conventional methods of autonomic heart control. The aim of the study was to examine HRT in patients with Chagas disease. Chagas disease patients and healthy controls (group   0, n = 11   ) without other diseases were submitted to a standardized protocol, including electrocardiogram, echocardiography, and 24-hour Holter monitoring. Chagas disease patients were divided according to their left ventricular systolic function: normal (group   1, n = 103   ) and reduced ejection fraction (group   2, n = 23   ). Two HRT indices, turbulence onset (TO) and turbulence slope (TS), were calculated and compared among groups after adjustment for covariates like the prevalence of VPCs and the mean heart rate. Chagas disease patients had significantly altered TO (group 1: −0.0186, group 2: −0.0126) and TS (group 1: 10.844, group 2: 7.870) values in comparison with controls (TO − 0.0256, TS 19.829);   P < 0.001   for both comparisons. In conclusion, HRT data may be useful in the electrocardiographic analysis of autonomic heart control in Chagas disease. Its prognostic value remains to be determined. (PACE 2003; 26[Pt. II]:406–410)     

体外循环先天性心脏病纠治术对心率变异性的影响

目的探讨体外循环心内直视手术创伤对心脏自主神经系统的影响。方法观察30例先天性心脏病房、室间隔缺损患者行心内修补术术前、术中及术后7d的心率变异性变化。结果术中及术后4d内低频(LF)、高频(HF)和总频(TP)较术前明显下降(P＜0.05),术中体外循环结束时达最低值(P＜0.01),术后第7天恢复接近至术前水平,总体表现为一个缓慢上升的趋势。结论心脏手术、体外循环、低温、主动脉阻断及药物因素可导致心率变异性下降,而术后心脏自主神经系统的恢复是一个缓慢的过程。     

复杂先天性心脏病的手术治疗

目的 总结46例复杂先天性心脏病的手术治疗经验。方法 46例复杂先天性心脏病患者，其中室间隔缺损合并右室流出道狭窄5例，合并右室流出道狭窄及肺动脉瓣狭窄3例，合并主动脉瓣关闭不全3例；部分型心内膜缺损合并二尖瓣和三尖瓣不全3例；部分型肺静脉异位引流合并房间隔缺损3例；三尖瓣下移畸形3例；三尖瓣下移畸形合并房间隔缺损和右室发育不良综合征1例;法乐氏四联症9例，法乐氏四联症合并房间隔缺损8例；二尖瓣和主动脉瓣关闭不全2例；完全型肺静脉异位引流2例；完全型心内膜垫缺损3例；三尖瓣闭锁合并房、室间隔缺损和右室流出道狭窄1例。46例患者均在深低温低流量体外循环下行一期矫治术。结果 术后1例完全型肺静脉异位引流和1例法乐氏四联症患者死于低心排出量综合征（4.3％）。其余44例均治愈出院。结论 复杂先天性心脏病手术麻醉、体外循环应平稳，手术操作要精细，手术成功的关键是畸形矫正满意和良好的心肌保护。     

风湿性心脏病合并心衰患者血浆内皮素变化及卡托普利影响

目的：探讨风湿性心脏病合并充血性心力衰竭（RHD－CHF）患者血浆内皮素（ET）含量变化及卡托普利对其影响。方法：检测26例RHD－CHF患者及10位正常人血浆ET含量，并将患者随机分为两组：实验组（n=13)，口服卡托普利18．75－37．5mg/d，连服4－6周；对照组（n=13）服用安慰剂，测两组治疗前后ET浓度。结果：RHD－CHF患者血浆ET含量明显高于正常对照组（P＜0．01），并与心衰严重程度有关。心功能Ⅳ级明显高于心功能Ⅱ、Ⅲ级；口服卡托普利组，血浆ET浓度明显低于对照组（P＜0．05）且低于治疗前水平。结论：ET升高是RHD－CHF患者的病理生理特征之一，ET参与了CHF发病及病理生理过程，卡托普利能抑制上述这种改变。     

Decreased Heart Rate Variability in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure and Chronotropic Incompetence

Heart rate variability was studied in 41 patients (aged 48 ± 12 years) with congestive heart failure secondary to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. All patients underwent a treadmill exercise test and 24-hour Holter ECC monitoring. Chronotropic incompetence was defined as the failure to achieve > 80% of the predicted maximal heart rate response given by 220 – age (years) at peak exercise. Spectral heart rate variability was analyzed from 24-hour Holter ECCs and was expressed as total (0.01–1.00 Hz), low (0.04–0.15 Hz), and high (0.15–0.40 Hz) frequency components. The standard deviation of all normal RR intervals (SDNN) was also computed. Chronotropic incompetence was observed in ten patients. Peak oxygen consumption was significantly lower in patients witb chronotropic incompetence compared with those without chronotropic incompetence. The total (5.11 ± 1.26 In [ms²] vs 6.41 ± 0.92 In [ms²]; P = 0.009) and low (3.38 ± 1.65 In [ms²] vs 5.45 ± 1.34 In [ms²];P = 0.003), but not the high (3.42 ± 1.04 In [ms²] vs 4.00 ± 1.12 in [ms²]; P = 0.249) frequency components of heart rate variability were significantly lower in patients with chronotropic incompetence, although there was no significant difference in mean heart rate (88 ± 20 beats/min vs 86 ± 15 beats/min; P = 0.831) or left ventricular ejection fraction (22%± 10% vs 24%± 10%; P = 0.619). SDNN was also significantly lower in patients with chronotropic incompetence compared witb those without chronotropic incompetence (64 ± 34 ms vs 102 ± 37 ms; P = 0.030). Conclusions: The observation that heart rate variability is significantly decreased in patients with congestive heart failure who have chronotropic incompetence suggests that chronotropic incompetence may relate to an abnormal autonomic influence on the heart in these patients.     

超声检测冠状动脉三支病变者颈动脉硬化

目的：应用超声检测冠心病冠状动脉三支病变者（三支病变）颈动脉斑块及左心功能，方法：选择经冠状动脉造影确诊为冠状动脉三支病变者52例，超声检测其左，右颈动脉及左心功能的变化。结果：斑块位于左侧颈动脉91处，右侧颈动脉78处，32．5％位于颈动脉前壁，67．5％位于后壁。心功能对照组与三支组比较P＜0．01。结论：三支病变者颈动脉班块以硬斑多见，颈动脉分叉处多分，冠脉与颈动脉病变相关密切，心功能已有损害。