Effects of sales promotion on smoking among U.S. ninth graders

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between tobacco marketing efforts and daily cigarette smoking by adolescents. DESIGN: This was a longitudinal study of uptake of smoking on a daily basis with smoking data from the Monitoring the Future project. Diffusion modeling was used to generate expected rates of daily smoking initiation, which were compared with actual rates. Study data were from a national survey, administered annually from 1978 through 1995. Between 4,416 and 6,099 high school seniors participated per year, for a total of 94,652. The main outcome measure was a deviation score based on expected rates from diffusion modeling vs actual rates of initiation of daily use of cigarettes by ninth graders. Annual data on cigarette marketing expenditures were reported by the Federal Trade Commission. RESULTS: The deviation scores of expected vs actual rates of smoking initiation for ninth graders were correlated with annual changes in marketing expenditures. The correlation between sales promotion expenditures and the deviation score in daily smoking initiation was large (r = 0. 769) and statistically significant (P = 0.009) in the 1983-1992 period. Correlations between sales promotion and smoking initiation were not statistically significant in 1978-1982. Correlations between advertising expenditures and smoking initiation were not significant in either period. CONCLUSIONS: In years of high promotional expenditures, the rate of daily smoking initiation among ninth graders was higher than expected from diffusion model predictions. Large promotional pushes by cigarette marketers in the 1980s and 1990s appear to be linked with increased levels of daily smoking initiation among ninth graders.     

Comparison of attitudes towards breakfast by Turkish fourth graders living in Turkey and Germany

The purpose of this article is to identify and compare Turkish fourth graders attitudes towards breakfast living in Turkey and Germany. A sample group of 882 Turkish students enrolled in fourth grade in Hamburg (Germany, N=422) and Konya (Turkey, N=460) were surveyed. Independent t-tests, chi(2) test and Pearson product-moment correlations were used. More students living in Turkey had breakfast and had enough time before going to school (P<0.01). Students living in Turkey reported that eating breakfast affected them positively (P<0.01). Students living in Germany reported that eating breakfast made them feel tired (P<0.01). The consumption of breakfast cereal (P<0.05) and fruit juice (P<0.01) that had not been consumed widely in Turkey increased in Germany. Students who eat breakfast also eat lunch (r=0.296 and -0.236, P<0.01, students living in Turkey and Turkish students living in Germany, respectively). Nutrition education programs in primary schools may change Student's attitudes about breakfast and offering a breakfast programme in schools may greatly improve breakfast consumption rates.     

早餐频率与糖尿病前期的关联性分析

目的 探讨成人早餐频率与糖尿病前期的关系。方法 本研究对象来源于天津人群慢性炎症与健康促进队列研究的28 092名受试者,平均年龄（41.7±11.8）岁,男性占52.0%;糖尿病前期采用美国糖尿病协会的标准定义。早餐频率收集于自我报告的调查问卷。使用多重logistic回归分析评估早餐频率与糖尿病前期的关系。结果 男女糖尿病前期患病情况分别为5 072（34.71%）、3 041（22.56%）。调整混杂因素后,男女糖尿病前期早餐频率的比值比（95%CI）分别为:0～3次/周:1.00（参考组）、4～6次/周:0.92 (0.78, 1.07)和7次/周:0.83 (0.72, 0.95)（χ2趋势= 9.5505,P = 0.002）和0～3次/周:1.00（参考组）、4～6次/周:1.05 (0.84, 1.32）和7次/周:0.91 (0.76, 1.11）（χ2趋势= 2.8897,P = 0.089）。结论 糖尿病前期的患病率随每周吃早餐的频次升高而降低。     

The combination of daily breakfast consumption and optimal breakfast choices in childhood is an important public health message

The aim of this study was to investigate the association of breakfast consumption with children’s diet quality and cardiometabolic risk factors. Study sample consisted of 1558 children aged 4–8 years from Cyprus. Breakfast frequency was assessed through a parental questionnaire. Body mass index (BMI), BMI z-scores, waist circumference, blood lipid profile and blood pressure were examined in relation to breakfast frequency consumption. Habitual breakfast consumers’ daily nutrient intake was assessed through a 24-Hour Dietary Recall, according to their breakfast choices. Girls who have breakfast on a daily basis had lower mean BMI and BMI z-score; they were also less likely of having abnormal levels of serum triglycerides, atheromatic index (total cholesterol to high density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio) and diastolic blood pressure after controlling for several confounding factors. Within regular breakfast consumers, of both boys and girls, those having ready to eat cereals had a superior nutrient intake profile. Daily breakfast consumption along with good breakfast choices is an important public health message for Cypriot children.     

Breakfast consumption in UK schoolchildren and provision of school breakfast clubs

Breakfast is known to confer benefits for children, including improvement in nutrient and weight status as well as cognitive performance. Reliable UK‐specific data regarding breakfast consumption patterns in schoolchildren and the provision of breakfast clubs in schools are limited, but are required to inform academics and policy makers alike. The aim of this study was to establish patterns in breakfast consumption in UK schoolchildren and to assess the current provision of breakfast clubs in England. Data were gathered by Childwise in June–July 2011. The large population representative sample included a total of 65 schools (38 primary and 27 secondary), from which 3311 children aged 5–15 years were surveyed at school regarding their breakfast consumption. Data regarding school breakfast club provision were collected from 2087 teachers via the National Foundation for Educational Research omnibus. The results indicated that 86% of children ate something before school (whether at home, on the way to school or at a school breakfast club). Of the remaining 14% of breakfast skippers, a third reported not eating anything until lunch time. The extent of breakfast skipping was higher in girls than boys, and higher in secondary than primary school pupils. Breakfast skipping also varied by UK region, such that the highest levels were evident in Scotland and the North West of England, and the lowest in the East of England. Within secondary schools, breakfast skipping was higher in schools from urban areas and areas of high deprivation. Of the 86% of children who did eat breakfast, 4% reported consuming it at a school breakfast club and a further 4% on the way to school. In contrast, 56% of schools in England were found to be operating a breakfast club at the time of survey, with greater availability at primary compared with secondary school. Overall, the findings suggest that breakfast skipping remains a considerable problem in UK schoolchildren, particularly in adolescents.     

Randomised controlled trial of a brief theory-based intervention promoting breakfast consumption

The present study sought to test the efficacy of a brief theory-based intervention to promote regular consumption of breakfast, and to expand previous results suggesting that the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) can be meaningfully applied to breakfast consumption. A four-armed randomised controlled trial was conducted. Participants (n=349) were allocated to receive either a (1) positively framed attitude intervention, (2) negatively framed attitude intervention, (3) Perceived Behavioural Control (PBC) intervention, or (4) control task. Attitude, subjective norm, PBC and behaviour were measured at baseline and 4-week follow-up. All three interventions employed persuasive communication and an implementation intention task. The intervention did not result in expected increases in breakfast consumption, or in changes in attitude, subjective norm or PBC. However, baseline attitude, subjective norm and PBC predicted 39.3% of baseline intention. Baseline intention in turn predicted 33% of breakfast consumption at 4 weeks. Change in breakfast consumption was predicted by change in attitude, subjective norm, and PBC between baseline and follow-up. Despite a lack of intervention effects, the TPB provided a good model of breakfast consumption over the four-week follow-up period. By expanding on previous work investigating breakfast consumption using the TPB, this study provides further support for the argument that that theory based interventions could result in meaningful increases in breakfast consumption.     

Zinc: consumption patterns and dietary recommendations

Two important factors that determine zinc nutriture are the amount of zinc provided by the food supply and the zinc content of the foods individuals eat. The amount of zinc provided by the U.S. food supply has varied between 11 and 13 mg/day/person since the beginning of the century. Currently, it is estimated that the U.S. food supply provides 12.3 mg zinc per person per day. Data from the Food and Drug Administration's Total Diet Study and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Nationwide Food Consumption Survey of Individuals and year-long Beltsville diet study indicate that adult males select diets that contain 90% or more of the 1989 Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for zinc, whereas women select diets that have less than 81% of the RDA for zinc. Zinc densities of the diets for men and women were similar, which suggests that the difference in total zinc intake is attributable to a difference in energy consumption. Consumption patterns that meet the RDA for zinc can be compatible with the recent National Academy of Sciences diet and health recommendations. The dietetic practitioner should encourage consumption patterns that include using zinc-rich foods in the form of poultry and lean meats and low-fat or nonfat dairy products; using grain products and legumes, particularly whole grains, which can make an important contribution to total zinc intake; and increasing physical activity to a moderately active level to increase energy and zinc intake.     

Irregular breakfast consumption in adolescence and the family environment: underlying causes by family structure

Data from the 2002, 2006 and 2010 Scottish Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) surveys were analysed using logistic multilevel regression for outcome variable irregular breakfast consumption (IBC). IBC prevalence in Scotland was higher among young people from reconstituted and single parent families, and particularly single father families. Family characteristics, found previously to be associated with breakfast consumption, such as number of siblings, perceived parenting, parental involvement and family affluence, differed by family structure. Family structure inequalities in IBC existed, also after adjustment for year and child's sex, age, grade and ethnicity. Across all family structures, IBC was more prevalent at the older age groups, among those who had difficult communication with their parents, and where household routines were infrequent. Greater number of siblings and lower family affluence were associated with higher odds of IBC in single mother and both parent families, while having a second home was associated with higher odds in reconstituted households. Fair parenting and being close to at least one parent was associated with reduced odds of IBC in single mother households, while being close to all parents was in single father households. In single mother homes, having a working mother was also positively associated with IBC. Family structure differences should be considered when addressing irregular breakfast consumption in adolescence.     

Benefits of breakfast meals and pattern of consumption on satiety-related sensations in women

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects on satiety-related sensations of seven isoenergetic cereal-based breakfasts and two fruit products (salad and juice) consumed within breakfast or as a midmorning snack. Nine healthy women participated to 11 sessions following a randomized repeated-measures design. Subjects were asked to consume seven breakfasts consisting of a standard beverage and a different cereal-based product, and also fruit salad or apricot juice consumed within breakfast or as a midmorning snack. Satiety, desire-to-eat and perceived characteristics of products consumed were monitored on Visual Analog Scales from 8:30 am until lunch. Ratings registered and areas under the curve of sensations were analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA. All breakfast meals maintained the satiety-related sensations at lunch time higher than basal values. The best satiety control was obtained when the fruit salad was consumed as a midmorning snack. Consequently, regular consumption of breakfast and of whole fruit as midmorning snack may be a valid strategy to achieve appetite control.     

中学生体能状况及其与早餐频次的关联

目的 了解中学生体能状况及其与早餐频次的关联,为改善中学生体能状况提供参考依据。方法 采用随机整群分层抽样法,于2020年9月选取上饶市2 732名初、高中学生作为研究对象,调查中学生吃早餐的频次,同时收集个人基本信息、家庭基本情况和其他生活行为方式,体能测试包括握力、立定跳远、1 min仰卧起坐、坐位体前屈、50 m跑和20 m往返跑项目。采用χ²检验比较不同人口学特征、早餐行为中学生体能的差异,运用Logistic回归分析早餐行为与体能之间的关联。结果 中学生体能不合格检出率为21.5%。不同早餐频次中学生握力、20 m往返跑不合格率差异均有统计学意义(χ²值分别为8.27,13.90,P值均<0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,20 m往返跑是否合格与早餐频次(有时吃、不吃或偶尔吃)均呈正相关(OR值分别为1.51,2.08,P值均<0.05)。结论 中学生低频率早餐行为是20 m往返跑不合格发生的相关因素,学校和家庭应关注中学生早餐消费情况,确保每日营养摄入充足。     

Simultaneous and sequential comparisons of food quantity and consumption

Two experiments explored how food-quantity comparisons affect judgments of food quantity and consumption. In Experiment 1, participants viewed drawings of portions of mashed potatoes presented either simultaneously or sequentially and later recalled sizes from memory. The observed biases in memory for size were consistent with previous research on the biases in judgments of the sizes of geometric shapes when shapes were presented simultaneously or sequentially. In Experiment 2, participants viewed two serving bowls of pasta salad presented either simultaneously or sequentially and consumed as much or as little as they wished from the smaller bowl. Consistent with previous findings suggesting that the quantities people consume are inversely related to biases in judgments of quantity, the effects observed in Experiment 1 were flipped in Experiment 2. These results suggest that food consumption is likely to be affected by comparison quantities and the effects of comparison quantities will depend on whether quantities are presented simultaneously or sequentially.     

Family correlates of breakfast consumption among children and adolescents. A systematic review

Regular breakfast consumption can have a multitude of positive health benefits, yet young people are more likely to skip breakfast than any other meal. Given the evidence that dietary behaviours established in childhood and adolescence track into adulthood along with evidence that breakfast skipping increases with age, identifying correlates of children's and adolescent's breakfast behaviours is imperative. The family environment is an important influence on the dietary behaviours of young people, and therefore we systematically reviewed the literature on family correlates of children and adolescent's breakfast consumption. From the 24 papers reviewed, 6 studied children and 19 studied adolescents. Few studies have examined the same specific family correlates of breakfast consumption, limiting the possibilities of drawing strong or consistent conclusions. Research in this area is relatively new and this review has identified areas for further investigation. Parental breakfast eating and living in two-parent families were the correlates supported by the greatest amount of evidence in association with adolescent's breakfast consumption. The results suggest that parents should be encouraged to be positive role models to their children by targeting their own dietary behaviours and that family structure should be considered when designing programmes to promote healthy breakfast behaviours.     

乌鲁木齐市中学生早餐行为调查

目的了解新疆乌鲁木齐市汉族和维吾尔族中学生早餐行为的现状和存在问题,为改善中学生的营养状况提供科学依据。方法采用随机整群抽样方法抽取了乌鲁木齐市4个区的6所汉族中学和4所维吾尔族中学,对学校的每个年级各随机抽取1个班级进行调查,共调查2 054名中学生,其中汉族学生1 167名,维吾尔族学生887名。剔除无效问卷,获得有效问卷1 944份,有效率94.6%。结果汉族中学生认为早餐重要的占91.0%,维吾尔族学生为92.1%;认为早餐重要性排第一、第二的汉族学生占75.4%、18.4%,维吾尔族学生占76.3%、16.2%;汉族中学生每天吃早餐的频率(67.1%)高于维吾尔族学生(61.9%),经检验差异有统计学意义(P0.01);汉族学生早餐充足、质量较好和质量较差的比例分别为29.2%,34.9%,35.4%,维吾尔族学生分别为11.4%,20.8%,62.4%,经检验差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论乌鲁木齐市汉族和维吾尔族中学生的早餐频率、早餐质量还需要加强,要针对不同的问题采取有针对的健康教育,培养其合理科学的饮食行为。     

Stress,breakfast cereal consumption and objective signs of upper respiratory tract illnesses

Recent research has shown that both negative life events and breakfast cereal consumption are associated with the incidence and severity of subjective symptoms of upper respiratory tract illnesses (URTIs) Two studies were conducted to examine whether objective markers of illness were also associated with stress and breakfast cereal consumption. The results from the first study showed that regular breakfast cereal consumption was associated with lower sub-lingual temperatures in volunteers with URTIs. Stress had no effect on temperature. In the second study nasal secretion weight was lower in regular breakfast cereal consumers but was not influenced by stress. These studies suggest that breakfast cereal consumption is associated with reduced illness severity and that this does not reflect stress levels. Further research is now required to determine whether such results are directly due to cereal consumption or reflect correlated attributes, such as other aspects of the diet.     

Within-day drinking water consumption patterns: results from a drinking water consumption survey

Data currently available on drinking water intakes do not support dietary exposure estimates for contaminants that have acute effects lasting less than 24 h. Realistic exposure estimates for these types of contaminants in drinking water require detailed information on amounts and time of consumption for each drinking occasion during a day. A nationwide water consumption survey was conducted to address how often, when, and how much water is consumed at specific times during the day. The survey was conducted in two waves, to represent two seasons, and the survey instrument consisted of 7-day water consumption diaries. Data on total daily amounts consumed, number of drinking occasions per day, amounts consumed per drinking occasion, and intervals between drinking occasions show larger between-subjects variation than within-subject variation. Statistically significant associations were also observed between drinking water consumption patterns and participants' ages and sex and geographical regions in which these participants live. The number of drinking occasions on a given day varied from 0 to 19, with the majority of respondents reporting 6 or less drinking occasions per day. The average interval between drinking occasions varied from 1 to 17 h, with 57% of the person-days reporting average intervals at least 3 h apart. The mean amount consumed per drinking occasion showed little association with the number of drinking occasions and fluctuated between 8 and 10 oz. To our knowledge, this survey is the only source of information on within-day patterns (i.e., when and how much) of drinking water consumption for a nationally representative sample of the US population. The detailed water consumption data from this survey can be used to support less than 24-h dietary exposure estimates for contaminants in drinking water.     

Repeated consumption of high-fiber breakfasts: effects on postprandial glucose and insulin responses after breakfast and lunch

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of repeated consumption of two high-fiber diets on postprandial glucose and insulin responses. Two mixed-food breakfast meals composed predominantly of either red kidney beans or bran cereal were fed to six healthy young men. The meals provided equivalent levels of digestible carbohydrate, protein, fat, and fiber. Insulin responses measured after breakfast were lower with the bean diet than with the bran cereal diet but higher when measured after a standard lunch. No significant interactions were found between the diets and the length of the time the subjects were on the diets (days 1 vs 7). In comparison to the postprandial responses on day 1 of the diet periods, postprandial responses on day 7 showed reduced glucose and insulin responses to breakfast and reduced insulin responses to lunch. Responses to an oral glucose tolerance test were not affected by repeated consumption of these diets.     

中国汉族大学生体质健康与早餐食用频率的关系

了解中国汉族大学生体质健康与早餐食用频率的关系,为促进大学生体质健康提供干预方法和科学依据.方法 使用2014年全国学生体质与健康调研中47 172名汉族大学生数据,按照《国家学生体质健康标准(2014年修订)》计算学生体质健康综合得分,采用x2检验比较不同特征大学生体质健康的差异.建立Log-binomial模型,探索早餐食用频率对大学生体质健康的影响.结果 22.8%的大学生体质健康不及格.男生(24.7%)、城市学生(25.7%)、每天体育锻炼时间<1 h(23.3%)的体质健康不及格率分别高于女生(20.9%)、农村学生(19.9%)和每天体育锻炼时间≥1h者(20.3%)(x2值分别为101.38,223.33,32.20,P值均<0.01).大学生年龄越高体质健康不及格率越高(x2=425.48,P<0.01).东、中、西部学生的体质健康不及格率分别为21.2%,21.7%和25.1% (x2=84.83,P<0.01).营养状况体重正常者(18.2%)体质健康不及格率明显低于体重过低者(26.0%)和超重/肥胖者(42.6%)(x2=1 660.50,P<0.01).只有53.2%的大学生每天吃早餐,每周早餐食用次数越少,体质健康不及格率越高(x2 =393.50,P<0.01).Log-binomial模型结果显示,与每天吃早餐的学生相比,每周吃3~5次早餐(PR=1.16,95%CI=1.11~ 1.20)、每周吃1~2次早餐(PR=1.34,95%CI=1.28~1.40)、从来不吃早餐(PR=1.43,95%CI=1.32~ 1.53)学生的体质健康不及格风险更高.结论 大学生体质健康与早餐食用频率有关,良好的早餐习惯是健康生活方式的组成部分,有助于促进大学生的体质健康.