Depression and Risk Factors Among Iowa Farmers

SUMMARY

Previous studies have reported high rates of depression and suicide for farmers compared to other occupations. From a representative sample of 390 Iowa farmers in the Iowa Farm Family Health and Hazard Survey, we found that 12.1? of Iowa principal farm operators had depressive symptoms based on a cut-off point of 16 on a standardized questionnaire for depressive symptoms (the CES-D Scale). A weighted multiple logistic regression model yielded the following risk factors for depressive symptoms: had legal problems (adjusted odds ratio = 7.35, 95? confidence interval = 3.09-17.48); not married (3.89, 1.10-13.73); sentimental value loss (2.96, 1.03-8.54);substantial income decline (2.91, 1.67-5.06); and decline in general health assessment compared with the excellent health group [very good and good group (3.39, 0.82-14.06) and fair and poor group (5.41, 1.89-15.43)].     

Pesticide poisoning and depressive symptoms among farm residents

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study presented is to evaluate the association between pesticides and depressive symptoms among a population exposed to chemicals as a result of agricultural use. Chronic sequelae of acute pesticide poisoning from organophosphate compounds may include anxiety and depression. In some states, farmers have been reported to have higher rates of depression than other population groups. Little work has been done to describe the effects of exposure to organophosphate compounds and depressive symptoms among the farming population. METHODS: Data for this study came from a cross sectional survey of farmers and their spouses conducted in an eight county area in northeastern Colorado. Personal interviews were conducted with the study participants. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale. Pesticides applied on the farms were assessed using self-reported questionnaires. Conditional logistic regression was used to model the relationship between depression and pesticide-related illness in a stratified analysis. RESULTS: Between 1992-1997, 761 individuals were enrolled in this cross sectional survey. Adjusting for a number of potential confounders, the odds ratio for depression associated with pesticide-related illness was 5.87 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.56-13.44]. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to pesticides at a high enough concentration to cause self reported poisoning symptoms was associated with high depressive symptoms independently of other known risk factors for depression among farm residents.     

Sociodemographic predictors of antenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms among women in a medical group practice

OBJECTIVE: Data are scarce regarding the sociodemographic predictors of antenatal and postpartum depression. This study investigated whether race/ethnicity, age, finances, and partnership status were associated with antenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms. SETTING: 1662 participants in Project Viva, a US cohort study. DESIGN: Mothers indicated mid-pregnancy and six month postpartum depressive symptoms on the Edinburgh postpartum depression scale (EPDS). Associations of sociodemographic factors with odds of scoring >12 on the EPDS were estimated. MAIN RESULTS: The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 9% at mid-pregnancy and 8% postpartum. Black and Hispanic mothers had a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms compared with non-Hispanic white mothers. These associations were explained by lower income, financial hardship, and higher incidence of poor pregnancy outcome among minority women. Young maternal age was associated with greater risk of antenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms, largely attributable to the prevalence of financial hardship, unwanted pregnancy, and lack of a partner. The strongest risk factor for antenatal depressive symptoms was a history of depression (OR = 4.07; 95% CI 3.76, 4.40), and the strongest risk for postpartum depressive symptoms was depressive symptoms during pregnancy (6.78; 4.07, 11.31) or a history of depression before pregnancy (3.82; 2.31, 6.31). CONCLUSIONS: Financial hardship and unwanted pregnancy are associated with antenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms. Women with a history of depression and those with poor pregnancy outcomes are especially vulnerable to depressive symptoms during the childbearing year. Once these factors are taken in account, minority mothers have the same risk of antenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms as white mothers.     

Depressive symptoms in Hispanic and non-Hispanic White rural elderly: the San Luis Valley Health and Aging Study

Literature on depression in rural and Hispanic elderly adults is sparse. This report describes the prevalence of depressive symptoms in 1,151 community-dwelling, Hispanic and non-Hispanic White participants in the San Luis Valley Health and Aging Study, conducted in rural Colorado during 1993-1995. The prevalence and odds ratios of high depressive symptoms, defined as a Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score of > or = 16, were calculated. The crude prevalence of high depressive symptoms was 11.4% (95% confidence interval: 9.6, 13.6). Female gender, chronic diseases, dissatisfaction with social support, living alone, and lower income and education were associated with depressive symptoms. There were no ethnic differences in the men. The age-adjusted odds ratio of depressive symptoms in Hispanic women compared with that of non-Hispanic White women was 2.11 (95% confidence interval: 1.32, 3.38). After adjustment for multiple sociodemographic and health risk factors, the odds ratio in Hispanic women was 2.12 (95% confidence interval: 1.19, 3.80). Higher depressive symptoms in Hispanic women varied by acculturation level. The odds ratio in the high acculturation stratum was 1.56 (95% confidence interval: 0.75, 3.27) and in the low acculturation stratum was 2.51 (95% confidence interval: 1.11, 5.70). A lower acculturation level may increase the risk for depression in older Hispanic women.     

Socioeconomic status and the development of depressive symptoms from childhood to adulthood: a longitudinal analysis across 27 years of follow-up in the Young Finns study

We examined two alternative hypotheses on the association between low socioeconomic status (SES) and depressive symptoms: social causation and health selection. The latent growth curve (LGC) approach was used to examine trajectories of change in depressive symptoms over a period of 15 years in a dataset (the Young Finns study) consisting of a nationally representative sample of adolescents and young adults (n = 1613). Depressive symptoms were examined at four examination phases between 1992 and 2007. SES was measured as parental SES childhood (baseline of the study in 1980) and as the participants own SES in 2007 when the participants had reached adulthood and were between 30 and 45 years of age. The level of depressive symptoms was associated (r = −.14) with a slower decrease in symptoms during follow-up. Lower age, male gender, higher parental occupational grade but not parental income and lower negative emotionality in childhood were associated with a lower level of depressive symptoms. Higher age was also associated with a slower decrease in depressive symptoms. A lower level of depression and faster decrease in depressive symptoms were associated with a higher socioeconomic position in adulthood. A similar pattern was found in the relationship between the level of depression and income in adulthood. We concluded that the effect of childhood SES on depressive symptoms diminishes over time, but a higher level of, and especially faster decline of, depressive symptoms predicts the adulthood occupational SES gradient.     

Non-Fatal Agricultural Injuries and Risk Factors Among Colorado Female Farmers

ABSTRACT

Non-fatal agricultural injuries and associated risk factors among female farmers in Colorado were assessed on 485 farms between 1993 and 1995. Risk factors assessed include age, number of years in farming, primary cash crop and annual cash value on farm, depressive symptoms, organophosphates use on farm, having children under 6 years of age, having children worked on farm. On those farms, there were 872 principal operators and spouses interviewed in 1993, 402 were female farmers. Three hundred fifty-nine of those 402 female farmers were re-interviewed in 1994 and 316 of the second year participants were followed up in 1995. A total of 49 (12.1%) of the female farmers reported agricultural work-related injuries between January 1992 and June 1995. Of these, 29 (59.2%) were injured one time, 14 (28.2%) were injured two times, 5 (10.2%) were injured three times, and 1 (2.04%) was injured four times. Injury rates per 200,000 working hours for animal handling, farmstead material handling, crop production, farm maintenance, transport of farm equipments or produce, and other activities were 8.3, 11.4, 5.0, 8.2, 5.4, and 14.5, respectively. Significantly associated with agricultural work-related injuries were depressive symptoms (odds ratio 4.91, 95% confidence interval 1.93, 12.53), more than 30 years experience in agricultural work (odds ratio 4.90, 95% confidence interval 2.06, 11.66), age between 30 and 39 (odds ratio 3.14, 95% confidence interval 1.10, 9.01).     

中国老年居民抑郁症状现状及其影响因素分析

目的 了解我国老年居民抑郁症状的流行现状及其影响因素。方法 采用中国家庭追踪调查（CFPS）2018年最新调查数据,共纳入60岁及以上老年居民7 138人,对不同特征的老年居民抑郁症状进行单因素分析,拟合两水平logistic回归模型探讨影响因素。结果 中国老年居民抑郁症状检出率为30.7%。多水平模型拟合结果表明数据在高水平单位存在聚集性,其层次结构不能忽略。农村户口（OR=1.32,95%CI:1.02~1.70）、女性（OR=1.48,95%CI:1.29~1.69）、未婚（OR=2.69,95%CI:1.44~5.04）、离婚及丧偶（OR=1.99,95%CI:1.70~2.33）、文化程度越低、人均年收入越低的老年居民发生抑郁症状的风险更高（P<0.05）;自评健康状况良好的老年居民发生抑郁症状的风险更低（OR=0.25,95%CI:0.22~0.29）;幸福感得分越高的老年居民发生抑郁症状的风险较低（OR=0.76,95%CI=0.74~0.78）。结论 中国老年居民抑郁情况目前仍十分严峻,抑郁的疾病负担在不断增加,应该采取强有力的干预措施,改善抑郁症状在老年居民中的流行和预防抑郁症的发生。     

山东省青少年抑郁现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解山东省青少年的抑郁现状及其影响因素,为青少年抑郁预防和干预提供科学的理论依据。方法 采用自编的基本信息调查表和流调中心抑郁自评量表（CES-D）,以分层整群随机抽样的方法抽取山东省835名青少年进行问卷调查。应用单因素检验和多因素logistic回归分析模型分析青少年抑郁的保护因素和危险因素。结果 山东省青少年CES-D平均得分为（17.35±11.25）分,抑郁检出率为48.7%,可能有抑郁症状的青少年检出率为12.7%（102人）,肯定有抑郁症状的青少年检出率为36.0%（共290人）。多因素logistic回归分析显示,学习成绩差（OR=1.57,P=0.031）、感觉课程难度难（OR=3.91,P=0.039）、家庭不和睦（OR=1.74,P=0.021）、权威型教育方式（OR=1.84,P=0.010）、社会关系差（OR=2.39,P=0.023）、不能获得帮助（OR=3.16,P<0.001）、内向型性格（OR=1.66,P=0.013）、心理健康差（OR=33.31,P<0.001）是山东省青少年抑郁的危险因素。结论 山东省青少年抑郁检出率较高,需要高度关注。学习成绩差、感觉课程难度难、家庭不和睦、权威型教育方式、社会关系差、不能获得帮助、内向型性格、心理健康差的青少年更容易出现抑郁症状。应定期开展心理健康状况筛查,采取综合措施进行预防和干预,降低抑郁等心理问题的发生。     

Structural Equation Modeling of the Relationships Between Pesticide Poisoning,Depressive Symptoms and Safety Behaviors Among Colorado Farm Residents

Abstract

Purpose: To use structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the theory that a past pesticide poisoning may act as a mediator in the relationship between depression and safety practices. Depression has been associated with pesticide poisoning and was more strongly associated with safety behaviors than workload, social support or health status of farm residents in a previously published report.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey of farmers and their spouses was conducted in eight counties in northeastern Colorado. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to identify symptoms most correlated with risk factors for depression and safety practices. SEM was used to examine theoretical causal models of the relationship between depression and poor health, financial difficulties, a history of pesticide poisoning, and safety practices.

Results: Exploratory factor analysis identified three factors in the CES-D scale. The SEM showed that poor health, financial difficulties and a history of pesticide poisoning significantly explained the depressive symptoms. Models with an excellent fit for the safety behaviors resulted when modeling the probability that the pesticide poisoning preceded depression, but no fit was possible when reversing the direction and modeling depression preceding pesticide poisoning.

Conclusions: Specific depressive symptoms appeared to be significantly associated with pri marily animal handling and farm machinery. The order of events, based on SEM results, was a pesti cide poisoning preceding depressed mood in relation to safety behaviors.     

童年期虐待经历和体力活动与安徽医学专科生抑郁症状的关联

目的 分析童年期虐待经历和体力活动与抑郁症状的关联,为抑郁症状的预防与干预提供了依据。方法 本研究在2019年11至12月抽取了安徽2所医学专科院校一、二年级在校为研究对象,采用“问卷星”平台进行问卷调查,最终有7 534名医学专科生纳入研究。使用儿童期虐待问卷、国际体力活动简版问卷以及抑郁自评量表分别对医学专科生童年期虐待经历、体力活动以及抑郁症状资料收集。通过多因素logistic回归模型,分析童年期虐待经历和体力活动的不同水平与抑郁症状的关联。结果 医学专科生抑郁症状的检出率为16.1%,男生抑郁症状检出率为19.6%,高于女生的14.9%（P值＜0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析显示,调整混杂因素后,有童年期虐待经历（OR = 4.01,95%CI:3.17～5.08）和低体力活动水平（OR = 1.44,95%CI:1.20～1.74）均与医学专科生抑郁症状风险增加有关（P值均＜0.05）。与无童年期虐待经历和高体力活动水平相比,无童年期虐待经历和低体力活动水平（OR = 2.08,95%CI:1.03～4.20）,有童年期虐待经历和低体力活动水平（OR = 7.18,95%CI:4.05～12.71）、有童年期虐待经历和中体力活动水平（OR = 5.22,95%CI:2.97～9.18）、有童年期虐待经历和高体力活动水平（OR = 5.11,95%CI:2.88～9.08）均与医学专科生抑郁症状风险增加有关（P值均＜0.05）。结论 童年期虐待经历和低体力活动水平均与医学专科生抑郁症状存在正向关联,适当增加体力活动可能有利于缓解童年期虐待经历对医学专科生抑郁症状的影响。     

Trajectory and socioeconomic predictors of depression in a prospective study of residents of New York City

PURPOSE: Past research has demonstrated the high prevalence of depression in the general population. However, few longitudinal studies have characterized the patterns of depression in a large, representative sample of the general population. We monitored symptoms of depression and assessed the factors associated with changing symptoms of depression in a population-based cohort over a 30 month period. METHODS: Using telephone surveys, we recruited 2752 adult residents of New York City in 2002. Persons were re-contacted after baseline for telephone interviews at 6 months, 18 months, and 30 months. RESULTS: Among study participants, symptoms of depression were common, often resolved within 6 months, but tended to recur. Participants with a past history of depressive symptoms were more at risk of later developing depression, even if they were asymptomatic at baseline. Factors significantly associated with subsequent symptoms included less social support at baseline, income below a threshold of $50,000, life stressors, poor health, and being separated. Lower levels of social support and lifetime stressors were only significantly associated with symptoms in participants with multiple episodes of depression. The influence of recent stressful events was also higher among participants with multiple episodes of depression. CONCLUSION: In the general population depression has a good immediate prognosis but a recurring nature. Poor physical health and low levels of social support appear to increase the risk of later episodes of depression. The influence of social risk factors may be greater for persons with higher susceptibility to depression.     

The relative contributions of hostility and depressive symptoms to the income gradient in hospital-based incidence of ischaemic heart disease: 12-Year follow-up findings from the GLOBE study

There is evidence to support the view that both hostility and depressive symptoms are psychological risk factors for ischaemic heart disease (IHD), additional to the effects of lifestyle and biomedical risk factors. Both are also more common in lower socioeconomic groups. Studies to find out how socioeconomic status (SES) gets under the skin have not yet determined the relative contributions of hostility and depression to the income gradient in IHD. This has been examined in a Dutch prospective population-based cohort study (GLOBE study), with participants aged 15–74 years (n = 2374). Self-reported data at baseline (1991) and in 1997 provided detailed information on income and on psychological, lifestyle and biomedical factors, which were linked to hospital admissions due to incident IHD over a period of 12 years since baseline. Cox proportional hazard models were used to study the contributions of hostility and depressive symptoms to the association between income and time to incident IHD. The relative risk of incident IHD was highest in the lowest income group, with a hazard ratio of 2.71. Men on the lowest incomes reported more adverse lifestyles and biomedical factors, which contributed to their higher risk of incident IHD. An unhealthy psychological profile, particularly hostility, contributed to the income differences in incident IHD among women. The low number of IHD incidents in the women however, warrants additional research in larger samples.     

Income and recurrent events after a coronary event in women

Strong evidence supports the existence of a social gradient in poor prognosis in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). However, knowledge regarding what factors may explain this relationship is limited. We aimed to analyze in women CHD patients the association between personal income and recurrent events and to determine whether lifestyle, biological and psychosocial factors contribute to the explanation of this relationship. Altogether 188 women hospitalized for a cardiac event were assessed for personal income, demographic factors, lipids, inflammatory markers, cortisol, creatinine, lifestyle and psychosocial factors, i.e. alcohol consumption, smoking habits, body-mass index, depressive symptoms, anxiety, vital exhaustion, availability of social interaction, hostility and anger-related characteristics and were followed for cardiovascular death and recurrent acute myocardial infarction (AMI). During the 6-year follow-up 18 patients deceased and 31 experienced cardiovascular death or non-fatal AMI. After adjustment for confounders, patients with medium and high income had lower risk for recurrent events relative to those with low income (HR (95% CI): 0.38 (0.15-0.97) and 0.39 (0.17-0.93), respectively). Controlling for smoking reduced by 12.8% the risk for recurrent events associated with high versus low income, while adjusting for depression decreased the risk for middle versus low income by 13.5%. Anger symptoms explained 16.7% of the risk for recurrent events associated with middle versus low income and 10.2% of the risk for high versus low income. We suggest that in women with CHD low income is associated with recurrent events and that smoking, depressive symptomatology and anger symptoms may contribute to the explanation of this relationship.     

Farmers are at risk for anxiety and depression: the Hordaland Health Study

AIMS: To examine whether, and why, farmers and non-farmers differ regarding levels of anxiety and depression. METHODS: The study encompassed 17 295 workers age 40-49 years, including 917 farmers, from the population-based Hordaland Health Study 1997-99 (HUSK). Levels of anxiety and depression were assessed by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-A and HADS-D, respectively). Self-reported information on various work-related factors, demographics, lifestyle and somatic health problems was included. The main analytical methods were univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA)/Kruskal-Wallis test, chi(2)/Fisher's exact test and logistic regression. RESULTS: Compared with non-farmers, farmers had higher levels and prevalences of depression, particularly the male farmers, who also had higher anxiety levels. Among men, farmers reported longer work hours, lower income, higher psychological job demands and less decision latitude compared with non-farmers. Farmers had physically heavier work and a lower level of education than non-farmers. Generally, the differences were largest between full-time farmers and non-farmers. Differences in anxiety and depression levels between male full-time farmers and non-farmers could be explained by the farmers' longer work hours, physically harder work and lower income. CONCLUSIONS: Farming is associated with increased levels of anxiety and increased levels and prevalences of depression. As regards depression, preventative measures and screening for cases in need of treatment should be strongly considered.     

职业应激与抑郁症状关系的性别差异

目的 探讨职业应激与抑郁症状关系的性别差异.方法 采用横断面研究设计和问卷调查方法对13家企业5338名工人进行调查,采用抑郁自评问卷调查抑郁症状,采用工作内容问卷和付出-回报失衡模式问卷调查职业应激.结果 调查对象抑郁症状检出率为31.8％,其中男性抑郁症状检出率为33.8％,女性抑郁症状检出率为27.7％,差异有统计学意义(x2=19.62,P＜0.01).男性工作心理需求、躯体需求、工作控制、付出、内在投入、负性情感评分高于女性,社会支持、回报、工作满意感评分低于女性,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).有抑郁症状者的工作心理需求、躯体需求、付出、内在投入、负性情感评分均高于无抑郁症状者,工作控制、社会支持、回报、工作满意感、正性情感评分低于无抑郁症状者,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).男性抑郁症状者的工作心理需求、躯体需求、工作控制、内在投入、负性情感评分高于女性抑郁症状者,社会支持、回报、工作满意感评分低于女性抑郁症状者,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).男性以及男性抑郁症状者的工作紧张和付出-回报失衡指数＞1者、高需求低控制和高付出低回报者的比例大于女性以及女性抑郁症状者.在心理需求和躯体需求方面,女性高需求低控制者发生抑郁症状的风险是低需求高控制者的2倍,略高于男性(OR值分别为2.04和2.17).男女高付出低回报者发生抑郁症状的风险是低付出高回报者的2.70倍.性别与工作紧张以及付出-回报失衡与抑郁症状无交互作用.结论 男女抑郁症状检出率以及与职业应激关系的差异可能是因为男女经历的工作中社会心理因素的差异造成的,工作中社会心理因素与性别对抑郁症状可能无交互作用.     

Risk Factors for Prenatal Depressive Symptoms Among Hispanic Women

Prior studies of risk factors for depressive symptoms during pregnancy are sparse and the majority have focused on non-Hispanic white women. Hispanics are the largest minority group in the US and have the highest birth rates. We examined associations between pre and early pregnancy factors and depressive symptoms in early pregnancy among 921 participants in Proyecto Buena Salud, an ongoing cohort of pregnant Puerto Rican and Dominican women in Western Massachusetts. Depressive symptoms were assessed by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (mean = 13 weeks gestation) by bilingual interviewers who also collected data on sociodemographic, acculturation, behavioral, and psychosocial factors. A total of 30% of participants were classified as having depressive symptoms (EPDS scores > 12) with mean + SD scores of 9.28 + 5.99. Higher levels of education (college/graduate school vs. <high school: RR = 0.60, 95% CI 0.41–0.86), household income (P _trend = 0.02), and living with a spouse/partner (0.80; 95% CI 0.63–1.00) were independently associated with lower risk of depressive symptoms. There was the suggestion that failure to discontinue cigarette smoking with the onset of pregnancy (RR = 1.32; 95% CI 0.97–1.71) and English language preference (RR = 1.33; 95% CI 0.96–1.70) were associated with higher risk. Single marital status, second generation in the U.S., and higher levels of alcohol consumption were associated with higher risk of depressive symptoms in univariate analyses, but were attenuated after adjustment for other risk factors. Findings in the largest, fastest-growing ethnic minority group can inform intervention studies targeting Hispanic women at risk of depression in pregnancy.     

广州市青年男男性行为者儿童期性虐待经历对抑郁的影响

  目的  了解广州市青年男男性行为者(young men who have sex with men，YMSM)儿童期性虐待(childhood sexual abuse，CSA)经历和抑郁症状的情况，探讨儿童期性虐待对抑郁的影响。  方法  采用方便抽样的方法，在广州市招募在广州居住时间≥3个月，年龄18~24周岁的365名YMSM作为研究对象，通过电子问卷收集调查对象的人口学特征、寻找性伴方式、性取向、CSA经历和抑郁症状等信息。采用χ2检验比较不同特征YMSM的CSA经历和抑郁情况，采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析CSA经历对抑郁的影响。  结果  YMSM中CSA经历和抑郁症状报告率分别为31.51%(115/365)和47.95%(175/365)。初中及以下文化程度(75.00%)以及通过线下寻伴方式(62.22%)的YMSM抑郁症状报告率较高(χ2值分别为7.97，4.19，P值均 < 0.05)。调整了民族、户籍所在地、居住时间、学生、文化程度、个人月收入、性取向、寻伴方式等因素后，多因素Logistic回归模型显示有CSA经历(aOR=1.81，95%CI=1.12~2.93)的YMSM有抑郁症状的可能性高于无CSA经历者。  结论  广州市YMSM有CSA经历和抑郁症状的比例较高，CSA经历是抑郁症状的危险因素。应注重加强对YMSM的心理干预，尤其是有CSA经历的YMSM，从而减少抑郁症状的比例，提高该人群心理健康水平。     

Two-Year Impact of Prevention Programs on Adolescent Depression: an Integrative Data Analysis Approach

This paper presents the first findings of an integrative data analysis of individual-level data from 19 adolescent depression prevention trials (n = 5210) involving nine distinct interventions across 2 years post-randomization. In separate papers, several interventions have been found to decrease the risk of depressive disorders or elevated depressive/internalizing symptoms among youth. One type of intervention specifically targets youth without a depressive disorder who are at risk due to elevated depressive symptoms and/or having a parent with a depressive disorder. A second type of intervention targets two broad domains: prevention of problem behaviors, which we define as drug use/abuse, sexual risk behaviors, conduct disorder, or other externalizing problems, and general mental health. Most of these latter interventions improve parenting or family factors. We examined the shared and unique effects of these interventions by level of baseline youth depressive symptoms, sociodemographic characteristics of the youth (age, sex, parent education, and family income), type of intervention, and mode of intervention delivery to the youth, parent(s), or both. We harmonized eight different measures of depression utilized across these trials and used growth models to evaluate intervention impact over 2 years. We found a significant overall effect of these interventions on reducing depressive symptoms over 2 years and a stronger impact among those interventions that targeted depression specifically rather than problem behaviors or general mental health, especially when baseline symptoms were high. Implications for improving population-level impact are discussed.

     

大学生抑郁症状及其家庭影响因素分析

目的 了解大学生抑郁症状及其家庭影响因素,为大学生抑郁症状防治提供参考依据。方法 选取广州某大学的学生2 519名,采用自编基本人口学和家庭资料问卷、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、家庭关怀指数问卷(APGAR)和简式父母教养方式问卷(s-EMBU-c)进行调查。结果 大学生SDS标准分为(42.23±9.14)分,检出抑郁症状者333例,检出率为13.2%;其中,轻度症状者275人(10.9%),中度53人(2.1%),重度5人(0.2%)。在众多家庭因素中,感知家庭经济一般或较差、家庭功能低、父亲拒绝高、父亲温暖低或中等、父亲过度保护中等或高,是大学生抑郁症状的危险因素(OR＞1,P＜0.05)。结论 主观家庭经济较差、家庭功能低、父亲教养方式不良是大学生抑郁症状发生的危险因素。〖JP〗