The arterial blood supply of the pancreas: a review: IV. The anterior inferior and posterior pancreaticoduodenal aa., and minor sources of blood supply for the head of the pancreas. An anatomical review and radiologic study

The present article is the fourth part of a comprehensive review of the arterial blood supply of the pancreas and completes the study of the arterial vascularization of the pancreatic head dealing with the anterior inferior and posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal aa. and with some minor sources of blood supply not involving the classical system of the pancreaticoduodenal arches. The aim of this review is to summarise the anatomical studies, starting from Haller’s reports, and to supply, as far as possible with original material, angiographic evidence for the classic anatomical concepts. For this purpose, 1015 selective angiographs (celiac trunk and its branches, superior mesenteric a.) were taken from the angiographic archives of the Institutes of Radiology of Siena, Rome (Catholic University), and Perugia. These demonstrated the anterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal a., present in most instances, as arising from the inferior pancreaticoduodenal a., from a common trunk with the posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. and the 1st jejunal a., from the 1st jejunal a. or from the superior mesenteric a.; on the other hand, the posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. was more variable, originating from the inferior pancreaticoduodenal a., from a common trunk with the anterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. and the 1st jejunal a., from the superior mesenteric a., from the dorsal pancreatic a., or from a right accessory hepatic a. coming from the superior mesenteric a. In addition, minor branches to the head of the pancreas arose from the gastroduodenal a., the dorsal pancreatic a., the common hepatic a. and the inferior right phrenic a. Other origins of the inferior pancreaticoduodenal aa. previously reported, but not angiographically detectable with certainty, as well as further minor sources of blood supply to the head of the pancreas, have been listed. The differing opinions regarding the incidence of the various ways the inferior pancreaticoduodenal aa. arise are discussed and an attempt is made to explain the variability of the vascular anatomy of the pancreatic head on embryologic grounds.     

胰头与十二指肠的血供关系及其临床意义

目的　了解胰头及十二指肠的血管走行,为在DPPHR术中如何保护十二指肠的血供及是否行Kocher操作提供更多的形态学资料。 方法　随机选取40具尸体,充分解剖暴露肠系膜上动脉、胃十二指肠动脉及胰十二指肠前后动脉弓,对供应十二指肠的动脉及伴行的静脉行径进行仔细观察和记录。 结果　在97.5%的标本中（n=39）, 胰十二指肠后动脉弓及伴行的静脉均位于胰后筋膜内;在90%的标本中（n=36）, 胰十二指肠下前动脉及伴行的静脉走行于胰十二指肠沟内,易于保留;在个别标本中（10%, n=4）, 没有完整的胰十二指肠前动脉弓;其中1例标本（2.5%,n=1）,没有完整的胰十二指肠后动脉弓,但供应十二指肠的动脉及其伴行静脉仍位于胰后筋膜内。 结论　DPPHR手术的关键在于保留胰十二指肠后动脉弓,同时尽可能地保留部分胰十二指肠前动脉弓,而Kocher操作有利于保护胰十二指肠后动脉弓;在个别标本中,没有完整的胰十二指肠前动脉弓,此时施行DPPHR可能伤及十二指肠血供,导致手术失败。     

Anatomical study of the pancreas in the house musk shrew (Suncus murinus), with special reference to the blood supply and innervation

To examine the macroscopic structure, blood supply, and innervation of the pancreas in the house musk shrew (Suncus murinus), we performed gross anatomical dissection and whole-mount immunostaining of the autonomic nerve of Suncus pancreases based on neurofilament protein (NFP) immunoreactivity. The adult Suncus pancreas is clearly separated into right and left lobes that are not fused. The right lobe of the Suncus pancreas is located in the dorsum of the duodenum and to the right of the common bile duct independently. The right lobe is supplied by branches of the superior mesenteric artery, and is innervated by branches that originate from the superior mesenteric plexus and run along the arterial branches of the superior mesenteric artery. The left lobe occupies 9/10 of the entire pancreas and is located to the left of the common bile duct. It is supplied mainly by branches of the splenic and common hepatic arteries, and is innervated by branches that originate from the celiac plexus and run along the splenic and common hepatic arteries. According to previous studies on the blood supply and innervation of the human pancreas, the right and left lobes of the Suncus pancreas correspond to the pancreatic parts derived from the ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds. The current results suggest that the Suncus pancreas is a suitable experimental model for studying the development of the human pancreas.     

An anomalous right gastroepiploic artery arising from the superior mesenteric artery

During a routine dissection, the right gastroepiploic artery was found to arise from the superior mesenteric artery. The gastroduodenal artery ran in front of the common bile duct and descended along the posterior surface of the head of the pancreas (posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery). The enlarged pancreatic branch arising from the superior mesenteric artery mainly supplied the anterior surface of the head of the pancreas and then continued to become the right gastroepiploic artery. This route seemed to be formed due to the lack of a connection between the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery and the common trunk of the anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal and right gastroepiploic arteries.     

The arterial blood supply of the pancreas: a review. V. The dorsal pancreatic artery. An anatomic review and a radiologic study

The present article is the fifth part of a comprehensive review on the arterial blood supply of the pancreas and deals with the dorsal pancreatic artery. The aim of this review is to summarise the anatomic studies, starting from Haller’s reports, and to supply, as far as possible with original material, angiographic evidence for the classic anatomic notions. For this purpose, the overall research was carried out by studying 1015 selective angiographies (celiac trunk and its branches, superior mesenteric artery) taken from the angiographic archives of the Institutes of Radiology of Siena, Rome (Catholic University), and Perugia. Angiographically, the authors could demonstrate the dorsal pancreatic artery, present in most instances, as arising from the splenic artery, common hepatic artery, superior mesenteric artery or celiac trunk and accessory right hepatic artery as coming from the superior mesenteric artery. Variations in the course and length of the dorsal pancreatic artery were demonstrated as well as some collateral branches. The authors underline the discordant opinions still existing regarding the incidence of the different ways the dorsal pancreatic artery arises, and discuss its uncertain embryologic development and surgical relevance.     

胰腺外科学分段的解剖学基础及其意义

目的：为胰腺外科学分段提供解剖学基础。方法：在６４具灌注标本和４具铸型标本上观察胰内动脉分布、吻合。结果：头由胰十二指肠上动脉和胰十二指肠下动脉供血；颈为一乏血管区；体和尾由胰背动脉、胰支、胰大动脉和胰尾动脉供血。结论：全部胰腺可分为左侧段和右侧段     

胰腺供血动脉64层螺旋CT成像研究

目的:探讨64层螺旋CT动脉血管造影对胰腺动脉的显示能力。方法:应用64层螺旋CT对80例健康查体者行胰腺动脉血管造影检查,应用最大密度投影法(MIP)重建胰腺供血动脉。结果:胰腺供血动脉胰十二脂肠上前动脉(ASPDA)、胰十二脂肠上后动脉(PSPDA)、胰十二脂肠下前动脉(AIPDA)、胰十二脂肠下后动脉(PIPDA)、胰背动脉(DPA)、胰横动脉(TPA)、胰大动脉(PMA)、胰前动脉弓(AAA)、胰后动脉弓(PAA)在MIP图像上的显示率分别为100%(80例)、100%(80例)、98%(78例)、95%(76例)、95%(76例)、83%(60例)、90%(72例)、43%(34例)、35%(28例)。结论:64层螺旋CT胰腺动脉血管成像是一种简便、快速、无创显示胰腺供血动脉检查手段,MIP多角度三维重建能准确显示胰腺供血动脉解剖与变异。     

Hepatopancreatic arterial ring: bilateral symmetric typology in human celiaco-mesenteric arterial system

The celiac and mesenteric arterial system including the left gastric, splenic, common hepatic, and superior mesenteric arteries shows various types of origins, courses, ramifications and anastomoses. In order to explain the various expressions of this system, we have proposed a typological model, in which celiacomesenteric arteries develop as paired or bilaterally symmetrical primordial vessels originated from the anterior aspect of the aorta, and these vessels anastomose each other with longitudinal and horizontal pathways. Here, we report 3 unusual cases characterized by arterial rings, formed by the left gastric, left accessory hepatic, proper hepatic, anterior pancreaticoduodenal, and dorsal pancreatic arteries. The dorsal pancreatic and anterior pancreaticoduodenal arteries are located to the right and left of the embryonic pancreas developing in the dorsal mesentery, respectively. Such hepatopancreatic arterial rings simultaneously containing right and left elements can only be explained using our typological model, in which the concept of paired arteries or bilateral symmetry is introduced.     

Anatomo‐radiological patterns of pancreatic vascularization,with surgical implications: Clinical and anatomical study

The pancreas receives multiple arterial sources that should be considered in patients undergoing pancreatic surgery. The aim of this study is to describe pancreatic vascularization and to explore the anatomical basis of postoperative complications. Ten specimens from unembalmed cadavers, including the retroperitoneal vessels and organs and spleen, were injected with acrylic resins to obtain vascular casts. Thirty computed tomography angiographies (CTA) of subjects with no pancreatic pathology (mean age 70.9 years) were also analyzed. A paucivascular area at the neck of the pancreas was apparent in all vascular casts. At CTA: (1) the transverse pancreatic artery, the only artery running from the cervicocephalic to the somatocaudal segment, was visible in 76.9% of cases; (2) the splenic artery was suprapancreatic in 66.7% and intrapancreatic with a tortuous course in 33.3%; (3) the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery was visible in 100% of cases, the anterior superior pancreatico‐duodenal artery in 92.6%, the anterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery in 73.1%, the posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery in 86.4%, the dorsal pancreatic artery in 65.4%, the great pancreatic artery in 73.1%, and the pancreatic arteries to the body and caudal pancreatic arteries in 96.2%. Our study demonstrated great individual variability of the pancreatic vasculature, which can be explored by CTA and could be relevant to surgical procedures. Clin. Anat. 30:614–624, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

胰头的动脉分布及其临床意义

目的：为胰头和十二指肠的分部切除提供应用解剖学依据.方法：选取9例动脉灌注乳胶的胰头标本和3例胰头铸型标本对胰头的动脉分布进行解剖学观测.结果：胰头的动脉主要来源于前后动脉弓;其内部动脉可分为浅深两层和钩突部动脉.浅层动脉4条,以第1支最粗大;深层动脉主要由后动脉弓最上的3条分支营养,其中第3分支是最主要营养支;乳头动脉为后上动脉第3分支上发出的二级分支;钩突部的内部血供主要来自胰下动脉的下降支;在胰头内部浅深层及钩突部营养动脉间有着丰富的交通支,形成广泛的吻合.结论：胰十二指肠后上动脉在胰头与十二指肠血供中占据十分重要的位置,在术中保护好该动脉是手术成功与否的重要一环.     

胎儿脾动脉（脾外部分）的解剖学观察

本文用30例胎尸,经灌注后进行解剖剥离.在手术放大镜下进行观察,并对脾动脉的分支及侧支循环进行了观察,其结果如下.(1)脾动脉均起于腹腔干并沿胰腺上缘走行,脾动脉发出胰腺支,胃短动脉,胃网膜左动脉,胃后壁动脉,脾叶动脉和脾极动脉.(2)脾动脉的侧支循环十分丰富,脾动脉与胃左动脉,左膈下动脉,胃网膜右动脉,肠系膜上动脉,胰动脉等均有侧支吻合,并且胃网膜左动脉与胃网膜右动脉吻合形成网膜弓.     

The arteries of the pancreas of the dog. An injection–corrosion and microangiographic study

The ramification of the pancreatic arteries, including the lobular vessels, was studied in 36 mongrel dogs by means of plastic injection and corrosion, as well as microangiography. The left pancreatic lobe receives the left cranial pancreatic artery and other smaller branches from the splenic artery, and two to four twigs from the gastroduodenal artery. In addition, it receives very often a branch from the common hepatic artery. Branches arising from the cranial mesenteric artery and from the first jejunal artery may also be found. The right cranial pancreatic artery and the right gastroepiploic artery give branches to the pancreatic angle. The arteries to the right pancreatic lobe arise from the cranial and from the caudal pancreaticoduodenal arteries. The interlobular arteries give origin to the intralobular arteries. The penetration and the distribution of the latter vessels differ in lobules of different shape. The intralobular course may be straight or curved. Branches arise generally at acute angles, forming Y or fork-like patterns, ending into bundles of arterioles.     

Angioarchitecture of the coeliac sympathetic ganglion complex in the common tree shrew (Tupaia glis)

The angioarchitecture of the coeliac sympathetic ganglion complex (CGC) of the common tree shrew ( Tupaia glis ) was studied by the vascular corrosion cast technique in conjunction with scanning electron microscopy. The CGC of the tree shrew was found to be a highly vascularised organ. It normally received arterial blood supply from branches of the inferior phrenic, superior suprarenal and inferior suprarenal arteries and of the abdominal aorta. In some animals, its blood supply was also derived from branches of the middle suprarenal arteries, coeliac artery, superior mesenteric artery and lumbar arteries. These arteries penetrated the ganglion at variable points and in slightly different patterns. They gave off peripheral branches to form a subcapsular capillary plexus while their main trunks traversed deeply into the inner part before branching into the densely packed intraganglionic capillary networks. The capillaries merged to form venules before draining into collecting veins at the peripheral region of the ganglion complex. Finally, the veins coursed to the dorsal aspect of the ganglion to drain into the renal and inferior phrenic veins and the inferior vena cava. The capillaries on the coeliac ganglion complex do not possess fenestrations.     

Surgical and radiological significance of variants of Bühler’s anastomotic artery a report of three cases

Abstract Arterial anastomoses between the celiac trunk (CT) and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) include three variants. 1) The main anastomosis is the gastroduodenal artery (GDA), which is an important branch of the common hepatic artery and anastomoses with branches of the inferior pancreatic duodenal artery, a branch of the SMA. 2) The dorsal pancreatic artery (DPA) is usually a branch of the splenic artery, which anastomoses with the anterior and posterior pancreaticoduodenal arcades via a right transverse branch of the DPA (Kirk’s arcade). 3) A less well known and rarely reported arterial anastomosis between the CT and SMA described by Buhler (1904). Three patients in whom variants of this anastomosis were present on retrospective analysis of three hundred consecutive combined CT and SMA arteriograms are reported. The embryological basis of its development, the surgical and radiological significance of the anastomotic artery are discussed.     

Morphological analysis of the branches of the dorsal pancreatic artery and their clinical significance

The dorsal pancreatic artery (DP), characterized by a course that crosses behind the proximal part of the splenic vein. It is regarded as clinically important, providing essential distribution to the pancreas. However, the origin of the DP is extremely variable and therefore cannot provide a sufficient basis for identifying it. The DPs of 11 cadavers were investigated in terms of origin, course and distribution. A total of 45 branches of the DP are classified into seven types on the basis of course and distribution. One of these seven types was consistently observed among the specimens: it ran to the right, passed behind the superior mesenteric vein and anterior surface of the posterior part of the head of the pancreas, and then distributed to the uncinate process and the posterior part of the head of the pancreas. Variations in the branching pattern of the DP can be explained from the following perspective: the consistent branch (#5) is the stem of the DP, and other branches originate from it. It is advisable for surgeons to pay attention to this consistent branch of the dorsal pancreatic artery when performing a pancreaticoduodenectomy. Clin. Anat. 645–652, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

腹腔镜下活体胃周血管的解剖观察及临床意义

目的 探讨腹腔镜辅助远端胃切除加D2淋巴结清扫术中胃周血管解剖学特点及临床意义。 方法　按照腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌D2切除术的标准化手术步骤,对100例胃癌患者进行腹腔镜下活体胃周血管解剖学观察。 结果　胃周血管虽然存在于不同的平面内,但血液流动的内在联系性使它们围绕胰腺构成了胃周血管网络。在胰尾上缘的胰前间隙,脾动脉第三段可定位胃网膜左血管。在胰颈下缘的胰后间隙,胰腺钩突及十二指肠水平部前方,可定位肠系膜上静脉。在幽门下方与胰头之前的网膜内可定位胃网膜右血管。在胰体上缘的胰后间隙,可定位腹腔干及其分支。胃胰襞、脾胰襞和肝胰襞是分别定胃左动脉、脾动脉和肝总动脉的解剖标志。 结论　胃周血管多存在变异,腹腔镜远端胃癌D2根治术中应以胰腺为中心标志,同时以胃周主要血管及其分叉为参考,“顺藤摸瓜”解剖定位血管。     

Superior mesenteric origin of the proper hepatic artery: embryological and clinical implications

The hepatic arteries are subject to a great deal of anatomical variation, potentially complicating hepatobiliary surgical procedures as well as general gastrointestinal procedures that involve foregut and midgut structures. We report a case of a rare variant of the proper hepatic artery discovered during dissection of an 84-year-old male cadaver. In this individual, the common hepatic artery was absent and the proper hepatic artery was replaced directly to the superior mesenteric artery. The gastroduodenal artery and the right inferior phrenic artery took origin from the celiac trunk. In addition, there was no identifiable right gastric artery. The celiac trunk gave off three branches: the splenic, left gastric, and gastroduodenal arteries. The entire arterial blood supply to the liver, therefore, was derived from the superior mesenteric artery. Patterns of regression of the ventral branches and the partial disappearance of the ventral anastomotic arteries during embryonic development play a major role in the variations of the gut arteries. An intraoperative encounter with this particular variant carries a significant risk of iatrogenic injury with potentially devastating ischemia and necrotic results. Accurate depiction and definition of the hepatic arterial anatomy are crucial. Variations like the one described here underscore the importance of pre-operative imaging and knowledge of the embryological origins of variation.     

Rare case of the inferior mesenteric artery arising from the superior mesenteric artery

The authors observed a variation of the inferior mesenteric artery, which arose from the superior mesenteric artery, in a 69-year-old Japanese male cadaver during dissection in 1984. In this case, no rudiment of the ordinary inferior mesenteric artery could be found on the abdominal aorta. There are few reports of this variation, and an extensive search of the available literature revealed only four cases, including two in Japan. Such a variation had been somewhat inadequately described as an "absence of the inferior mesenteric artery" in the previous reports, but we avoided this terminology, because all of the cases possessed an artery, which, though arising from the superior mesenteric artery instead of the abdominal aorta, had the same branches as a normal inferior mesenteric artery. Consistent with findings observed in the previous cases, the unusual inferior mesenteric artery arose as the first branch of the superior mesenteric artery, with the common trunk of both mesenteric arteries originating from the abdominal aorta at a level at which an ordinary superior mesenteric artery would arise. It is for this reason that we did not adopt another acceptable name, that is, "the common mesenteric artery," for this variation. The variation can be explained as the result of an unusual development of the embryonic artery system, which comprises a number of ventral splanchnic arteries interconnected by longitudinal anastomotic channels to supply the primitive digestive tube.