HPLC法测定GNG型中药抽出机制备黄芩汤剂的稳定性

目的研究GNG型中药抽出机制备的黄芩汤剂的稳定性.方法采用HPLC法以黄芩苷为对照品,十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为固定相,甲醇-水-磷酸(47:53:0.2)为流动相;检测波长为280 nm.结果:在2周内黄芩汤剂中黄酮类化合物含量在79.3%～99.1%的范围,黄芩苷含量降至96.3%.结论GNG型中药抽出机制备的黄芩汤剂低温存放2周,其有效成分稳定;本法简便、快捷,结果准确,可推广至其它中药汤剂的质量分析试验.     

HPLC法测定GNG型中药抽出机制备黄芩汤剂的稳定性

目的 研究GNG型中药抽出机制备的黄芩汤剂的稳定性。方法 采用HPLC法以黄芩苷为对照品，十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为固定相，甲醇-水-磷酸(47：53：0．2)为流动相；检测波长为280nm。结果：在2周内黄芩汤剂中黄酮类化合物含量在79．3％～99．1％的范围，黄芩苷含量降至96．3％。结论 GNG型中药抽出机制备的黄芩汤剂低温存放2周。其有效成分稳定；本法简便、快捷。结果准确，可推广至其它中药汤剂的质量分析试验。     

两种方法制备黄连解毒汤中小檗碱含量的比较

目的：探讨高温煎煮对黄连解毒汤中小檗碱含量的影响。方法：建立黄连解毒汤汤剂中小檗碱的高效液相色谱法(HPLC)含量测定法，比较GNG中药抽出机煎煮法与常压直火煎煮法制备的黄连解毒汤汤剂中小檗碱含量的差异。结果：GNG中药抽出机制备的黄连解毒汤汤剂中小檗碱含量明显小于常压直火煎煮法，两者有显著差异。结论：含小檗碱成分的中药不适合采用GNG中药抽出机煎煮制备。     

黄芩配方颗粒的质量控制

目的:以标准汤剂为基准,探讨黄芩配方颗粒的质量控制方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法同时测定黄芩配方颗粒黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素和汉黄芩素4个化学成分的峰面积和指纹图谱,并计算这4个化学成分的含量和转移率等,与标准汤剂相关结果进行对比研究。结果:实验室制备的黄芩配方颗粒化学成分含量与标准汤剂差异无显著性,均在标准汤剂可接受范围内,即黄芩苷含量为5.32%~9.88%,汉黄芩苷含量为1.01%~1.87%,黄芩素含量为0.20%~0.38%,汉黄芩素含量为0.06%~0.12%,并且指纹图谱相似度均大于0.9。结论:本研究报告的基于标准汤剂的质量控制方法科学、易于操作,可为黄芩配方颗粒的应用研究和产业发展提供参考依据。     

高效液相色谱法测黄芩颗粒剂中黄芩苷的含量

目的　建立一种黄芩颗粒剂中黄芩苷的含量测定方法。 方法 　黄芩颗粒剂用 70 %乙醇 3 0 min超声提取黄芩苷 ,经稀释后作为供试品溶液。采用 HPL C法测定黄芩苷的含量 ,YWG—C1 8反相柱 ,4.6mm× 2 5 0 mm( 5 μm) ,甲醇 -水 -磷酸 ( 4 7∶ 5 3∶ 0 .2 )为流动相 ,检测波长 λ=2 80 nm。结果 　黄芩苷在 0 .14 8～ 2 .96μg范围内 ,线性关系良好 ,回归方程 Y=2 2 18.47+2 999870 .0 7X,r=0 .9997。加样平均回收率为 98.68%,RSD=2 .60 %。 结论 　该方法简单 ,灵敏度高 ,测定结果准确稳定 ,可作为黄芩颗粒剂的质量控制方法。     

高效液相色谱法测定黄芩颗粒剂中黄芩苷的含量

目的　建立一种黄芩颗粒剂中黄芩苷的含量测定方法。 方法 　黄芩颗粒剂用 70 %乙醇 3 0 min超声提取黄芩苷 ,经稀释后作为供试品溶液。采用 HPL C法测定黄芩苷的含量。YWG-C1 8反相柱 ( ODS) ,4.6mm× 2 5 mm( 5 μm) ,甲醇 -水 -磷酸 ( 4 7∶ 5 3∶ 0 2 )为流动相 ,检测波长 λ=2 80 nm。 结果 　黄芩苷在 0 .14 8～ 2 .96μg范围内 ,线性关系良好 ,回归方程 :Y=2 2 18.47+2 999870 .0 7X,r=0 .9997。加样平均回收率为98.68%,RSD=2 .60 %。 结论 　该方法简单 ,灵敏度高 ,测定结果准确稳定 ,可作为黄芩颗粒剂的质量控制方法     

高效液相色谱法测定Ⅰ号烧伤膏中黄芩苷的含量

目的　建立高效液相色谱法测定 号烧伤膏中黄芩苷的含量。 方法 　以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂 ,甲醇 -水 -磷酸 ( 4 7∶ 5 3∶ 0 .2 )为流动相 ,用于黄芩苷的含量测定。结果 　样品中黄芩苷的线性范围为 2 0 .6～ 10 3 .0 μg·m L- 1 ,r=0 .9999,在此范围内浓度与峰面积线性关系良好 ;黄芩苷的平均回收率为 96.0 %,RSD=2 .5 1%。 结论 　该法操作简便 ,准确 ,分离效果好     

葛根芩连汤饮片汤剂、配方颗粒汤剂中黄芩苷含量比较

目的:比较葛根芩连汤饮片汤剂、配方颗粒汤剂中黄芩苷含量.方法:用高效液相色谱法测定葛根芩连汤中黄芩苷含量.色谱柱:Diamonsil C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm);流动相:甲醇-0.05%磷酸(65:35);流速:1 mL·min-1;柱温:30℃;检测波长:280nm.结果:配方颗粒汤剂中黄芩苷含量为14.69 mg·g-1;饮片汤剂中黄芩苷含量为10.45 mg·g-1.结论:葛根芩连汤配方颗粒汤剂与饮片汤剂的色谱图基本一致,配方颗粒汤剂中黄芩苷含量均比饮片汤剂高.     

黄芩苷滴丸的制备及含量测定

目的:探讨制备黄芩苷滴丸并建立其含量测定方法。方法:采用正交实验法优化最佳制备工艺,以黄芩苷滴丸的溶散时限、圆整度以及拖尾评级为指标来考查滴丸的基质配比、药液温度以及冷却剂温度,以确定黄芩苷滴丸的最佳制备工艺;采用高效液相色谱法测定黄芩苷滴丸中黄芩苷的含量。结果:黄芩苷滴丸滴丸最佳制备工艺为:以PEG4000为基质,药物与基质配比为1∶2,药液温度为80~90℃,冷却剂温度为10℃左右;野黄芩苷与其色谱峰面积线性关系良好,回归方程为y=18320.5x-201.34(r=0.9998),线性范围为12~35mg,试验的精密度、重复性、稳定性以及稳定性均符合要求,可用于半枝莲总黄酮注射液的质量分析。实验测得黄芩苷滴丸中黄芩苷的含量为25mg/g,RSD为0.84%。结论:最佳制备工艺稳定可行,所建立的含量测定方法准确可靠,可用于黄芩苷滴丸制备及质量控制。     

HPLC测定双黄连口服液中黄芩苷的含量

目的 　采用 HPLC法测定双黄连口服液中黄芩苷的含量。方法　采用十八烷基键合硅胶为固定相 ;甲醇∶水∶冰乙酸 ( 60∶ 5 0∶ 1)为流动相 :流速 1.0 m L· min- 1 ;检测波长 2 74nm。 结果 　黄芩苷在 2 5～ 2 2 0μg范围内呈良好线性 ( r=0 .9995 ) ;平均回收率为 10 0 .5 9%,RSD为1.0 2 %( n=9)。 结论 　本法快速准确 ,杂质分离完全 ,重现性好 ,可用于该制剂中黄芩苷的含量测定     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.