人脐静脉内皮细胞CD40L、MMP-8的分泌及其相互关系和药物干预影响

目的:探讨人脐静脉内皮(HUVE)细胞分化抗原40L(CD40L)、基质金属蛋白酶-8(MMP-8)的分泌及其相互关系和辛伐他汀、厄贝沙坦对其干预影响.方法:分组培养HUVE细胞株ECV-304,加入不同浓度的血管紧张素Ⅱ( AngⅡ),并用不同浓度的厄贝沙坦干预,ELISA法测定细胞培养上清液CD40L和MMP-8的浓度;分组培养ECV-304细胞,加入不同浓度的人重组CD40L因子(r-CD40L),之后再用不同浓度的抗CD40抗体干预,用ELISA法分别测定细胞培养上清液MMP-8的浓度;另分组培养ECV-304细胞,加入不同浓度的r-CD40L并用不同浓度的辛伐他汀和厄贝沙坦干预,用ELISA法测定细胞培养上清液MMP-8的浓度变化.观察AngⅡ 对HUVE细胞CD40L和MMP-8分泌的直接影响及厄贝沙坦的干预作用、CD40和CD40L相互作用对HUVE细胞MMP-8分泌的影响及辛伐他汀和厄贝沙坦的干预作用.结果:体外实验显示,随AngⅡ刺激浓度增加,HUVE细胞CD40L和MMP-8分泌水平增加,且呈浓度和时间依赖性;厄贝沙坦干预后可使AngⅡ刺激作用下降,且呈浓度依赖性;r-CD40L可促进HUVE细胞MMP-8的分泌,且呈浓度和时间依赖性,抗CD40抗体能抑制MMP-8的分泌;辛伐他汀可降低r-CD40L促进HUVE细胞分泌MMP-8的作用,而厄贝沙坦则无显著影响.结论:AngⅡ能明显刺激HUVE细胞CD40L的分泌水平,厄贝沙坦能抑制AngⅡ的上述刺激作用;CD40和CD40L相互作用可促进HUVE细胞MMP-8的分泌增加,辛伐他汀能明显抑制此作用,而厄贝沙坦则无明显抑制作用.     

Analysis of serum soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) in the patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation: platelet is a major source of serum sCD40L

CD40 ligand (CD40L) is expressed not only on activated T cells but also on activated platelets. A soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) is released from the activated T cells and platelets by ill-defined proteolytic process in vitro. It has been reported that sCD40L is elevated in the serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, unstable angina, essential thrombocythemia, and autoimmune thrombocytopenic purupura. However, source of sCD40L in vivo remains to be elucidated. We investigated the serial sCD40L in the serum in patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation and compared with the platelets number and soluble IL2R, which is a marker of activated T cells. The value of sCD40L was well correlated with platelet number or thrombopoiesis. In cases of severe graft vs. host disease with markedly increased sIL2R, sCD40L was not increased in vivo. These results indicate that sCD40L in vivo is released mainly from the platelets or in the process of platelet production but not from the activated T cells.     

Profiles of cytokines produced by CD4-positive T lymphocytes stimulated by anti-CD3 antibody in patients with chronic hepatitis C

Helper T cells (Th) are classified as type 1 (Th1) and type 2 (Th2) according to the cytokines they produce; interferon-γ is produced by Th1, and interleukin-4 by Th2. We counted the circulating CD4-positive Th cells that produce interferon-γ or interleukin-4 with an enzyme-linked immunospot assay. CD4-positive T cells isolated from patients with chronic hepatitis B (n = 10), chronic hepatitis C (n = 16), and healthy subjects (n = 10) were stimulated with anti-CD3 antibody in vitro. The number of interferon-γ-producing Th cells was significantly lower in patients with chronic hepatitis C than in healthy subjects (P = 0.0024), whereas in patients with chronic hepatitis B, the number was similar to that in healthy subjects (P = 0.8530). The number of interleukin-4-producing Th cells was significantly higher in patients with chronic hepatitis C (P = 0.0010) and chronic hepatitis B (P = 0.0089) than in healthy subjects. In chronic hepatitis C, the number of interferon-γ-producing Th cells was increased after incubation of the cells with interferon-α (P = 0.008) or with recombinant interferon-γla (P = 0.024), but not with interferon-β (P = 0.051). The number of interleukin-4-producing Th cells was decreased after incubation with interferon-α (P = 0.0004), with interferon-β (P = 0.003), and with recombinant interferon-γla (P = 0.0004). Changes in the numbers of interferon-γ- or interleukin-4-producing Th cells in vitro were more evident in sustained responders to interferon therapy than in non-responders. These results suggest that Th2 cells are the predominant cell type in chronic hepatitis C, and that their activity may be suppressed by the administration of interferon. (Received May 12, 1997; accepted Dec. 19, 1997)     

Immune electron-microscopy study of the trimeric glycoprotein (CD 103) of hairy cell leukemia using the Ber-ACT8 monoclonal antibody

Summary We describe a method which makes it possible to study the expression of the trimeric glycoprotein (TGP, CD 103) on the surface of hairy cells (HCs) by electron microscopy (e.m.). The monoclonal antibody (mAb) Ber-ACT8 was used to identify the TGP. By testing mucosa of the small intestine, we found that a prefixation incubation with Ber-ACT8 was necessary. After isolation with a density gradient, Ber-ACT8 incubation, and fixation, the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) method was used to make the TGP visible. The HCs showed a clearly discernible stain on their surface, a fairly constant distribution of the TGP, and a very good ultrastructural preservation. This method makes it possible to demonstrate the TGP or other unfixable antigens by e.m.     

成人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病患者CD_4~+CD_(25)~+ T细胞亚群的变化

目的探讨成人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病(LADA)患者外周血免疫调节性CD4+CD25+T细胞亚群的变化及其意义。方法以流式细胞仪检测32例LADA、16例T1DM、25例T2DM及27例正常对照外周血CD4+CD25+、CD3+CD8+T细胞。结果①LADA组外周血CD4+CD25+T细胞低于而CD3+CD8+T细胞高于T1DM组、T2DM组和正常对照组;②LADA患者CD3+CD8+T细胞比例与起病年龄、FC-P、2hC-P呈负相关。结论LADA患者免疫调节性CD4+CD25+T细胞减少,不能有效维持对胰岛自身抗原的耐受;细胞毒性CD3+CD8+T细胞增多从而破坏胰岛β细胞,导致自身免疫性糖尿病的发生和发展。     

Co-expression of CD4 and CD8 associated with elevated interleukin-4 in a cord T cell line derived by cocultivating normal cord leukocytes and an HTLV-II-producing simian leukocyte cell line (Si-IIA)

A new interleukin-2(IL-2)-dependent T cell line, designated CS-IIA, was established by cocultivating normal human cord leukocytes and a lethally X-irradiated HTLV-II-producing simian leukocyte cell line (Si-IIA). CS-IIA showed CD4 dominance during the early culture. However, after addition of IL-2, CS-IIA predominantly co-expressed CD4 and CD8 (69.5%) and also expressed the surface markers CD1^–, CD3⁺, CD19^–, CD25⁺ and HLA-DR⁺. A significantly elevated level of IL-4 (1697 pg/ml) was observed in the culture supernatant from CS-IIA. In addition, the conversion of phenotype from some CD4⁺CD8⁺ cells to CD4⁺CD8^– was demonstrated by the neutralization assay using anti-IL-4 antibody. CS-IIA had a normal human karyotype and was free from Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen and immunoreactive with sera of HTLV-I- or HTLV-II-infected patients and anti-HTLV-1, p19 or p24 mAb. The provirus genome of HTLV-II was detected in this cell line by the polymerase chain reaction combined with a digoxigenin-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. However, electron microscopy of CS-IIA cells revealed no C-type virus particles in the extracellular space. These results indicate that HTLV-II can be transmitted from an HTLV-II-infected simian leukocyte cell line to human cord T lymphocytes and suggest that co-expression of CD4 and CD8 on T cells may be induced by the high level of IL-4, which can mediate CD8 induction on CD4⁺ T cell clones.     

Depletion of CD25^＋CD4^＋T cells （Tregs） enhances the H BV-specific CD8^＋ T cell response primed by DNA immunization

AIM: Persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is characterized by a weak CD8+ T cell response to HBV. Immunotherapeutic strategies that overcome tolerance and boost these suboptimal responses may facilitate viral clearance in chronically infected individuals. Therefore, we examined whether CD25+CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells might be involved in a inhibition of CD8+T cell priming or in the modulation of the magnitude of the 'peak' antiviral CD8+ T cell response primed by DNA immunization. METHODS: B10.D2 mice were immunized once with plasmid pCMV-S. Mice received 500 μg of anti-CD25 mAb injected intraperitoneally 3 d before DNA immunization to deplete CD25+ cells. Induction of HBV-specific CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was measured by S28-39 peptide loaded DimerX staining and their function was analyzed by intracellular IFN-γ staining. RESULTS: DNA immunization induced HBV-specific CD8+ T cells. At the peak T cell response (d 10), 7.1±2.0% of CD8+ T cells were HBV-specific after DNA immunization, whereas 12.7±3.2% of CD8+ T cells were HBV-specific in Treg-depleted mice, suggesting that DNA immunization induced more antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in the absence of CD25+ Treg cells (n = 6, P<0.05). Similarly, fewer HBV specific memory T cells were detected in the presence of these cells (1.3±0.4%) in comparison to Treg-depleted mice (2.6±0.9%) on d 30 after DNA immunization (n - 6, P<0.01). Both IFN-γ production and the avidity of the HBV-specific CD8+ T cell response to antigen were higher in HBV-specific CD8+ T cells induced in the absence of Treg cells. CONCLUSION: CD25+ Treg cells suppress priming and/or expansion of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells during DNA immunization and the peak CD8+ T cell response is enhanced by depleting this cell population. Furthermore, Treg cells appear to be involved in the contraction phase of the CD8+ T cell response and may affect the quality of memory T cell pools. The elimination of Treg cells or their inhibition may be important in immunotherapeutic strategies to control HBV infection by inducing virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in chronically infected subjects.     

日本血吸虫热休克蛋白60通过诱导CD4+CD25+Treg 细胞表达IL?10和TGF?β增强其免疫抑制功能

目的 探讨日本血吸虫热休克蛋白60（SjHSP60）增强小鼠CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞（Treg）免疫抑制功能的可能机制。 方法 采用体外研究探索SjHSP60对Treg细胞功能的影响,通过体外细胞增殖实验检测SjHSP60促进Treg细胞免疫抑制功能增强的途径,利用流式细胞术检测Treg细胞表达IL?10和TGF?β的水平以及Treg细胞Foxp3和CTLA?4表达水平。 结果 体外实验证实,SjHSP60可增强Treg细胞的免疫抑制功能（t = 6.466,P = 0.006）;体外细胞增殖实验表明,SjHSP60刺激后的Treg细胞可通过分泌可溶性细胞因子IL?10（t = 7.363,P = 0.002）和TGF?β（t = 11.262,P = 0）发挥免疫抑制功能;流式细胞术检测显示,SjHSP60刺激后的Treg细胞IL?10（t = 12.367,P = 0）、TGF?β（t = 8.431,P = 0.001）、Foxp3（比例：t = 5.225,P = 0.006;平均荧光强度：t = 8.319,P = 0.001）和CTLA?4（比例：t = 3.518,P = 0.024;平均荧光强度：t = 4.164,P = 0.014）表达水平显著增加。 结论 SjHSP60可通过促进Treg细胞表达IL?10和TGF?β增强其免疫抑制功能,并可能与SjHSP60诱导Treg细胞表达Foxp3和CTLA?4有关。     

Increase in CD95 (Fas/APO-1)-positive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood derived from patients with autoimmune hepatitis or chronic hepatitis C with autoimmune phenomena

BACKGROUND: The expressions of CD95 (Fas/APO-1) and Bcl-2 are determinants of apoptosis in normal lymphocytes, and abnormalities in their expressions might contribute to the induction of autoimmunity. In this study, we examined the expressions of CD95 and Bcl-2 on freshly isolated T and B cells from patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) or chronic hepatitis C associated with autoimmune phenomena (CH-C(AI)). METHODS: The CD95 and Bcl-2 expressions within CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and CD19+ B cell subsets were analysed by two-colour flow cytometry. RESULTS: The surface expression of CD95 was significantly high in both the CD4+ T and CD8+ T cell subsets derived from the patients with AIH and those with CH-C(AI), compared with expression in patients with CH-C and normal subjects. The increase in CD95 expression was associated with the phenotypic conversion of naive CD45RO- to primed CD45RO+ CD4+ T cells. Bcl-2 was detected in the vast majority of peripheral T and B cells. There was no significant difference in the percentage of Bcl-2-positive cells in the CD4+ T cell, CD8+ T cell and CD19+ B cell subsets among the patient groups and normal subjects. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that an increase in CD4+ T cells expressing CD45RO and CD95 marks an important subset of AIH and CH-C(AI) patients. These expanded CD95+ CD45RO+ primed T cells most likely reflect a continuous antigen-specific or non-specific activation of T lymphocytes, and/or the persistent presence of activated lymphocytes as a consequence of abnormalities in the peripheral deletion of activated lymphocytes. These persistently activated lymphocytes might play a role in the induction of autoimmunity in AIH and CH-C(AI).     

Comprehensive longitudinal analysis of hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐specific T cell responses during acute HCV infection in the presence of existing HIV‐1 infection

Summary. The aim of this study was to study the development of HCV‐specific T cell immunity during acute HCV infection in the presence of an existing HIV‐1 infection in four HIV‐1 infected men having sex with men. A comprehensive analysis of HCV‐specific T cell responses was performed at two time points during acute HCV infection using a T cell expansion assay with overlapping peptide pools spanning the entire HCV genome Three patients with (near) normal CD4+ T cell counts (range 400–970 × 10⁶/L) either resolved (n = 1) or temporary suppressed HCV RNA. In contrast, one patient with low CD4+ T cell counts (330 × 10⁶/L), had sustained high HCV RNA levels. All four patients had low HCV‐specific CD8+ T cell responses, and similar magnitudes of CD4+ T cell responses. Interestingly, individuals with resolved infection or temporary suppression of HCV‐RNA had HCV‐specific CD4+ T cell responses predominantly against nonstructural (NS) proteins. While the individual with high HCV RNA plasma concentrations had CD4+ T cell responses predominantly directed against Core. Our data show that an acute HCV infection in an HIV‐1 infected person can be suppressed in the presence of HCV‐specific CD4+ T cell response targeting non‐structural proteins. However further research is needed in a larger group of patients to evaluate the role of HIV‐1 on HCV‐specific T cell responses in relation to outcome of acute HCV infection.     

A new serological reaction in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and/or giant cell (temporal) arteritis: deposition of complement C4 and C3 components on rat kidney structures detected by indirect immunofluorescence

Summary Using indirect immunofluorescence deposition of complement C4 and C3 components to rat kidney medullary structures was demonstrated. This serological reaction (C4/C3-IFT) is regularly obtained with fresh sera of patients suffering from active polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and/or giant cell (temporal) arteritis (GCA). Sera of normal controls and of steroid-treated PMR and/or GCA patients in clinical remission have a negative C4/C3-IFT reaction. A positive conversion of the test in steroidtreated patients indicates enhanced disease activity. Because of its technical simplicity, C4/C3-IFT can be routinely used first, as a reliable serological marker in the primary diagnosis of PMR and/or GCA and second, as a sensitive criterion of disease activity in these patients. C4/C3-IFT reactivity is, however, not specific for GCA and/or PMR. Various systemic inflammatory diseases may have a positive reaction as well (e.g., certain viral and bacterial infections, malignant tumors, vasculitides, inflammatory joint diseases of different etiology). Recent experimental findings suggest that C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients' sera mediates an activation of the classical complement pathway resulting in a deposition of C4 and C3 complement components to certain rat kidney structures.     

CCR5 mediates specific migration of Toxoplasma gondii-primed CD8 lymphocytes to inflammatory intestinal epithelial cells

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular parasite, can invade intestinal epithelial cells and elicit a robust Th1 immune response. In this model of intestinal inflammation, CD8(+) intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) secrete transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, which appears necessary for the maintenance of homeostasis in the intestine. However, the mechanism responsible for the IEL migration to the inflamed intestine is still unclear. METHODS: An in vitro coculture cell system was used to quantify the IEL attraction by an infected intestinal epithelial cell line (m-IC(cl2)). We used CCR5-deficient mice to determine which chemokine receptor-chemokine interaction could be responsible for the recruitment of antigen-specific CD8(+) IELs to the small intestine for the promotion of parasite clearance and host recovery. RESULTS: We observed increased expression of several chemokine receptors (CCR1, CCR2, CCR5, CXCR3) in the infected ileum. In particular, CCR5 expression was markedly increased in antigen-primed CD8(+) IELs. Experiments using recombinant chemokines as well as blocking antibodies showed that macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha and MIP-1beta were critical for their homing. CD8(+) IELs isolated from CCR5-deficient mice (CCR5-/-), despite their high production of TGF-beta and overexpression of activation markers, were impaired in their ability to migrate in vitro to the m-IC(cl2) monolayer or in vivo to the inflamed intestine after adoptive transfer. CONCLUSIONS: Our data emphasize the biologic role of CCR5 as an important component in the migration of intraepithelial CD8(+) T cells and the regulation of the inflammatory response following parasite infection.