Hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects of Daraesoon (Actinidia arguta shoot) in animal models of diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

The primary objective of the treatment of diabetes mellitus is the attainment of glycemic control. Hyperglycemia increases oxidative stress which contributes to the progression of diabetic complications. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects of Daraesoon (Actinidia arguta shoot) in animal models of diabetes mellitus.

MATERIALS/METHODS

Rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes received an oral administration of a starch solution (1 g/kg) either with or without a 70% ethanol extract of Daraesoon (400 mg/kg) or acarbose (40 mg/kg) after an overnight fast and their postprandial blood glucose levels were measured. Five-week-old C57BL/6J mice were fed either a basal or high-fat/high-sucrose (HFHS) diet with or without Daraesoon extract (0.4%) or acarbose (0.04%) for 12 weeks after 1 week of adaptation to determine the effects of the chronic consumption of Daraesoon on fasting hyperglycemia and antioxidant status.

RESULTS

Compared to the control group, rats that received Daraesoon extract (400 mg/kg) or acarbose (40 mg/kg) exhibited a significant reduction in the area under the postprandial glucose response curve after the oral ingestion of starch. Additionally, the long-term consumption of Daraesoon extract or acarbose significantly decreased serum glucose and insulin levels as well as small intestinal maltase activity in HFHS-fed mice. Furthermore, the consumption of Daraesoon extract significantly reduced thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and increased glutathione levels in the livers of HFHS-fed mice compared to HFHS-fed mice that did not ingest Daraesoon.

CONCLUSIONS

Daraesoon effectively suppressed postprandial hyperglycemia via the inhibition of α-glucosidase in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Chronic consumption of Daraesoon alleviated fasting hyperglycemia and oxidative stress in mice fed a HFHS diet.     

Lotus leaf alleviates hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in animal model of diabetes mellitus

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of lotus leaf on hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in animal model of diabetes. Inhibitory activity of ethanol extract of lotus leaf against yeast α-glucosidase was measured in vitro. The effect of lotus leaf on the postprandial increase in blood glucose levels was assessed in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. A starch solution (1 g/kg) with and without lotus leaf extract (500 mg/kg) was administered to the rats after an overnight fast, and postprandial plasma glucose levels were monitored. Four-week-old db/db mice were fed a basal diet or a diet containing 1% lotus leaf extract for 7 weeks after 1 week of acclimation to study the chronic effect of lotus leaf. After sacrifice, plasma glucose, insulin, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (CHOL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-CHOL, and blood glycated hemoglobin levels were measured. Lotus leaf extract inhibited α-glucosidase activity by 37.9%, which was 1.3 times stronger than inhibition by acarbose at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL in vitro. Oral administration of lotus leaf extract significantly decreased the area under the glucose response curve by 35.1% compared with that in the control group (P < 0.01). Chronic feeding of lotus leaf extract significantly lowered plasma glucose and blood glycated hemoglobin compared with those in the control group. Lotus leaf extract significantly reduced plasma TG and total CHOL and elevated HDL-CHOL levels compared with those in the control group. Therefore, we conclude that lotus leaf is effective for controlling hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in an animal model of diabetes mellitus.     

Quercetin attenuates fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia in animal models of diabetes mellitus

The objective of this study was to investigate the hypoglycemic effects of quercetin (QE) in animal models of diabetes mellitus (DM). A starch solution (1 g/kg) with and without QE (100 mg/kg) or acarbose (40 mg/kg) was orally administered to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats after an overnight fast. Postprandial plasma glucose levels were measured and incremental areas under the response curve were calculated. To study the effects of chronic feeding of QE, five-week-old db/db mice were fed an AIN-93G diet, a diet containing QE at 0.08%, or a diet containing acarbose at 0.03% for 7 weeks after 1 week of adaptation. Plasma glucose and insulin, blood glycated hemoglobin, and maltase activity of the small intestine were measured. Oral administration of QE (100 mg/kg) or acarbose (40 mg/kg) to STZ-treated rats significantly decreased incremental plasma glucose levels 30-180 min after a single oral dose of starch and the area under the postprandial glucose response, compared with the control group. QE (0.08% of diet) or acarbose (0.03% of diet) offered to db/db mice significantly reduced both plasma glucose and blood glycated hemoglobin compared to controls without significant influence on plasma insulin. Small intestine maltase activities were significantly reduced by consumption of QE or acarbose. Thus, QE could be effective in controlling fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels in animal models of DM.     

Inhibitory activity of Euonymus alatus against alpha-glucosidase in vitro and in vivo

The major goal in the treatment of diabetes mellitus is to achieve near-normal glycemic control. To optimize both fasting blood glucose and postprandial glucose levels is important in keeping blood glucose levels as close to normal as possible. α-Glucosidase is the enzyme that digests dietary carbohydrate, and inhibition of this enzyme could suppress postprandial hyperglycemia. The purpose of this study was to test the inhibitory activity of methanol extract of Euonymus alatus on α-glucosidase in vitro and in vivo to evaluate its possible use as an anti-diabetic agent. Yeast α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of methanol extract of E. alatus were measured at concentrations of 0.50, 0.25, 0.10, and 0.05 mg/ml. The ability of E. alatus to lower postprandial glucose was studied in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. A starch solution (1 g/kg) with and without E. alatus extract (500 mg/kg) was administered to diabetic rats by gastric intubation after an overnight fast. Plasma glucose levels were measured at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 min. Plasma glucose levels were expressed in increments from baseline, and incremental areas under the response curve were calculated. Extract of E. alatus,which had an IC₅₀ value of 0.272 mg/ml, inhibited yeast α-glucosidase activity in a concentration-dependent manner. A single oral dose of E. alatus extract significantly inhibited increases in blood glucose levels at 60 and 90 min (p<0.05) and significantly decreased incremental response areas under the glycemic response curve (p<0.05). These results suggest that E. alatus has an antihyperglycemic effect by inhibiting α-glucosidase activity in this animal model of diabetes mellitus.     

糖化血红蛋白和糖化白蛋白在 GDM 诊断中的价值

目的：评估血清糖化白蛋白（GA）和糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）在妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）患者早期检测中的作用。方法选择2015年1月1日至12月31日在昔阳县人民医院妇产科进行产前保健检查的单胎孕妇138例（孕期22～24周）,根据美国糖尿病协会（ADA）的建议,以口服75g葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）测定值作为诊断GDM的标准,将138例妊娠妇女分为正常妊娠组100例,GDM组38例,同时测定两组的HbA1c、GA、FGP和OGTT。使用受试者工作特征曲线（ ROC）将HbA1c和GA水平作为GDM的筛查指标进行统计学分析。结果①GDM组HbA1c、GA明显高于正常妊娠组（ t值分别为8．622、7．554,均P＜0．05）;②相比较OGTT,HbA1c和GA的检出率存在差异（χ2值分别为62．490、40．601,均P＜0．05）;③分别应用HbA1c、GA在正常妊娠组中检出8．00％和12．00％可疑血糖异常患者;④ROC曲线分析HbA1c取5．90％,灵敏度为78．90％,特异度为89．00％～94．00％;GA取15．50％,灵敏度为65．80％～68．40％,特异度为66．00％～88．00％。结论 HbA1c在GDM诊断中敏感性高于GA,与OGTT联合对GDM的诊断有重要价值。     

A carotenoid health index based on plasma carotenoids and health outcomes

While there have been many studies on health outcomes that have included measurements of plasma carotenoids, this data has not been reviewed and assembled into a useful form. In this review sixty-two studies of plasma carotenoids and health outcomes, mostly prospective cohort studies or population-based case-control studies, are analyzed together to establish a carotenoid health index. Five cutoff points are established across the percentiles of carotenoid concentrations in populations, from the tenth to ninetieth percentile. The cutoff points (mean ± standard error of the mean) are 1.11 ± 0.08, 1.47 ± 0.08, 1.89 ± 0.08, 2.52 ± 0.13, and 3.07 ± 0.20 μM. For all cause mortality there seems to be a low threshold effect with protection above every cutoff point but the lowest. But for metabolic syndrome and cancer outcomes there tends to be significant positive health outcomes only above the higher cutoff points, perhaps as a triage effect. Based on this data a carotenoid health index is proposed with risk categories as follows: very high risk: <1 μM, high risk: 1-1.5 μM, moderate risk: 1.5-2.5 μM, low risk: 2.5-4 μM, and very low risk: >4 μM. Over 95 percent of the USA population falls into the moderate or high risk category of the carotenoid health index.     

Herbal Infusions as a Valuable Functional Food

Herbal infusions are an underestimated and easy to intake a source of biologically active natural compounds (polyphenols), which, in the dissolved form, are more easily absorbed. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the potential of herbal infusions as a functional food to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia (inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase) and to reduce the effects of increased blood glucose level (antioxidant effect-DPPH, CUPRAC, and Fe²⁺ chelating assays, as well as anti-inflammatory activity-inhibition of collagenase). We showed that polyphenols are present in the examined aqueous herbal infusions (including chlorogenic and gallic acids). Subsequently, our research has shown that herbal infusions containing cinnamon bark, mulberry leaves, and blackberry fruits most strongly inhibit glucose release from complex carbohydrates, and that all herbal infusions can, to different degrees, reduce the effects of elevated blood sugar. In conclusion, infusions prepared from herbal blends could be recommended to prevent type II diabetes.     

One Egg per Day Improves Inflammation when Compared to an Oatmeal-Based Breakfast without Increasing Other Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Diabetic Patients

There is concern that egg intake may increase blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, we have previously shown that eggs reduce inflammation in patients at risk for T2DM, including obese subjects and those with metabolic syndrome. Thus, we hypothesized that egg intake would not alter plasma glucose in T2DM patients when compared to oatmeal intake. Our primary endpoints for this clinical intervention were plasma glucose and the inflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin 6 (IL-6). As secondary endpoints, we evaluated additional parameters of glucose metabolism, dyslipidemias, oxidative stress and inflammation. Twenty-nine subjects, 35–65 years with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values <9% were recruited and randomly allocated to consume isocaloric breakfasts containing either one egg/day or 40 g of oatmeal with 472 mL of lactose-free milk/day for five weeks. Following a three-week washout period, subjects were assigned to the alternate breakfast. At the end of each period, we measured all primary and secondary endpoints. Subjects completed four-day dietary recalls and one exercise questionnaire for each breakfast period. There were no significant differences in plasma glucose, our primary endpoint, plasma lipids, lipoprotein size or subfraction concentrations, insulin, HbA1c, apolipoprotein B, oxidized LDL or C-reactive protein. However, after adjusting for gender, age and body mass index, aspartate amino-transferase (AST) (p < 0.05) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (p < 0.01), one of our primary endpoints were significantly reduced during the egg period. These results suggest that compared to an oatmeal-based breakfast, eggs do not have any detrimental effects on lipoprotein or glucose metabolism in T2DM. In contrast, eggs reduce AST and TNF-α in this population characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation.     

糖化血红蛋白在筛查妊娠期糖尿病中的价值

目的：评估糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）在妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）筛查中应用的可能性。方法对同时进行75g口服葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）和HbAlc检查的542例围产期门诊孕妇按国际妊娠合并糖尿病研究组织（IADPSG）标准分为GDM组（190例）和正常妊娠组（352例）,分析两组HbA1c的结果。结果 GDM组的HbAlc水平明显高于正常妊娠组,两组比较有显著性差异（t＝5．723,P＜0．05）。 HbAlc筛查GDM的受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线下面积为0．904;当HbAlc的cut－off值为5．65％时,筛查GDM的敏感度为84．3％、特异性为86．8％。结论 HbAlc可作为一个非常有希望的GDM筛查指标,但需进一步确定其诊断切点值。     

老年2型糖尿病糖化血红蛋白、血脂水平与颈动脉粥样硬化关系

目的:探讨老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C),血脂水平与颈动脉粥样硬化(AS)的关系。方法:彩色多普勒超声测定颈总动脉中层厚度(IMT),66例老年T2DM分为T2DM-AS组和单纯T2DM组,测定HbA1C、甘油三脂(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)及脂蛋白a[Lp(a)]。同时与40例老年健康对照组比较。结果:T2DM-AS组和单纯T2DM组的HbA1C均高于对照组(P<0.05),T2DM-AS组HbA1C高于单纯T2DM组(P<0.05)。T2DM-AS组TC,TG,LDL-C,Lp(a)较单纯T2DM组和对照组升高(P<0.01)。但单纯T2DM组与对照组间上述指标无明显统计学差异(P>0.05)。T2DM-AS组IMT与HbA1C,TC,TG,LDL-C,Lp(a)水平正相关,与HDL-C水平负相关。结论:HbA1C可能促进了老年T2DM患者AS的发生,控制HbA1C,血脂水平有助于减少老年T2DM患者AS形成。     

Bound Polyphenols from Red Quinoa Prevailed over Free Polyphenols in Reducing Postprandial Blood Glucose Rises by Inhibiting α-Glucosidase Activity and Starch Digestion

Inhibiting α-glucosidase activity is important in controlling postprandial hyperglycemia and, thus, helping to manage type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In the present study, free polyphenols (FPE) and bound polyphenols (BPE) were extracted from red quinoa and their inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and postprandial glucose, as well as related mechanisms, were investigated. HPLC-MS analysis showed that the components of FPE and BPE were different. FPE was mainly composed of hydroxybenzoic acid and its derivatives, while BPE was mainly composed of ferulic acid and its derivatives. BPE exhibited stronger DPPH and ABTS antioxidant activities, and had a lower IC50 (10.295 mg/mL) value in inhibiting α-glucosidase activity. The inhibition kinetic mode analysis revealed that FPE and BPE inhibited α-glucosidase in a non-competitive mode and an uncompetitive mode, respectively. Furthermore, compared to FPE, BPE delayed starch digestion more effectively. BPE at 50 mg/kg reduced postprandial glucose increases comparably to acarbose at 20 mg/kg in ICR mice. These results could provide perspectives on the potential of BPE from red quinoa, as a functional food, to inhibit α-glucosidase activity, delay postprandial glucose increases and manage T2DM.     

糖化血红蛋白与2型糖尿病患者慢性并发症的相关性研究

目的探讨糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平与2型糖尿病患者慢性并发症的相关性。方法 92例2型糖尿病患者按有无慢性并发症分为慢性并发症组52例和无慢性并发症组40例,另选70例健康成年人为对照组,对三组对象进行HbA1c、空腹血糖(FBG)测定,并进行分析比较。结果 2型糖尿病患者的HbA1c和FBG明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);有慢性并发症患者的HbA1c明显高于无并发症者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论糖尿病患者慢性并发症的发生与HbA1c有密切关系,HbA1c的控制有助于预防糖尿病及其慢性并发症的发生。     

The ingredients in Saengshik,a formulated health food,inhibited the activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase as anti-diabetic function

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

We investigated total 26 ingredients of Saengshik which will be commercially produced as an anti-diabetic dietary supplement.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

Thirteen vegetables, nine cereals, three legumes and one seed were extracted with aqueous ethanol for 2 h at 60℃, and evaluated for their inhibitory effects against α-amylase and α-glucosidase and for total phenolic and flavonoid contents.

RESULTS

All ingredients inhibited α-amylase activity except cabbage. Strong inhibitory activity of α-amylase was observed in leek, black rice, angelica and barley compared with acarbose as a positive control. Stronger inhibition of α-glucosidase activity was found in small water dropwort, radish leaves, sorghum and cabbage than acarbose. All Saengshik ingredients suppressed α-glucosidase activity in the range of 0.3-60.5%. Most ingredients contained total phenols which were in the range of 1.2-229.4 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dried extract. But, total phenolic contents were not observed in carrot, pumpkin and radish. All ingredients contained flavonoid in the range of 11.6-380.7 mg catechin equivalent/g dried extract.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results demonstrate that Saengshik containing these ingredients would be an effective dietary supplement for diabetes.     

自然人群糖尿病空腹血糖和糖化血红蛋白筛查效果评价

目的 评价空腹血糖（FPG）和糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）在自然人群中糖尿病（DM）的筛查效果,为DM流行病学调查中DM筛查方法的选择提供参考依据。方法 于2010年10-12月采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样方法抽取云南省6个国家级死因登记报告县/区的3 489名≥18岁自然人群进行FPG、服糖后2 h血糖（2hPG）和HbA1c实验室检测,并应用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线获得FPG、HbA1c与DM的最佳临界点及其灵敏度、特异度和曲线下面积。结果 按照世界卫生组织1999年标准,云南省3 489名≥18岁自然人群中正常血糖、空腹血糖受损（IFG）、糖耐量减低（IGT）和DM者分别为2 975人（85.3%）、230例（6.6%）、176例（5.0%）和108例（3.1%）;FPG诊断DM的最佳临界点为6.4 mmol/L,灵敏度和特异度分别为86.1%和96.5%,曲线下面积为0.926（95%CI=0.887~0.965）,阳性似然比为24.60,阴性似然比为0.14,约登指数为0.83;HbA1c诊断DM的最佳临界点为6.15%,灵敏度和特异度分别为66.7%和87.1%,曲线下面积为0.814（95%CI=0.762~0.867）,阳性似然比为5.18,阴性似然比为0.38,约登指数为0.53。结论 在DM流行病学调查中采用FPG筛查DM效果优于HbA1c。     

链脲佐菌素注射剂量对建立2型糖尿病大鼠模型的影响

目的探讨不同链脲佐菌素(STZ)注射剂量和方法对大鼠血糖值、血糖稳定性和胰岛损害的影响。方法75只SPF级6周龄雄性Wistar大鼠高脂高糖、饲养8周后,分别给予20、25、30mg/kg的STZ腹腔注射。造模后连续7周每周观察各组大鼠的体重、空腹血糖和餐后2h血糖。评价各组大鼠血糖变化和成模率。实验结束时测定血清胰岛素(INS)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)等。HE染色和胰岛素免疫组化观察胰岛细胞形态学特点。结果20mg/kg注射组成模率较低(30%);25mg/kg注射组成模率较高(73.3%),血糖中度升高并且稳定,胰岛结构完整,β细胞数量和细胞质内棕色颗粒有所减少;30mg/kg的STZ注射组血糖较高,死亡率较高,并且胰岛和β细胞数量极少,小胰岛多见,形状不规则,出现空泡样变性。结论高脂、高糖饲养8周后联合小剂量STZ25mg/kg能够造成更具有代表人类2型糖尿病病理生理特征的大鼠模型。     

糖化血红蛋白在妊娠期糖尿病孕妇中的检测价值

目的：研究糖化血红蛋白在妊娠期糖尿病( GDM)孕妇中的检测价值。方法选取2013年8月至2014年8月在南方医科大学第五附属医院产检或待产的120例孕妇作为研究对象,按照纳入标准进入GDM组60例,采用随机数字表法随机选取正常孕妇60例为对照组,分别检测糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹血糖并进行50g葡萄糖筛查试验(GCT)和口服75g葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)。使用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线将 GCT和 HbA1c水平作为 GDM 的筛查指标进行统计学分析。结果GDM组HbA1c和GCT水平均高于正常孕妇组,两组间HbA1c差异有统计学意义(t=19.052,P<0.001);两组间GCT差异亦有统计学意义(t=22.631,P<0.001)。 ROC曲线分析GCT取7.9mmol/L,灵敏度为65.1%~69.2%,特异度61.9%~63.5%;HbA1c取5.8%,灵敏度为85.2%~87.6%,特异度79.4%~80.3%。结论在GDM诊断中,HbA1c敏感性较GCT强,故更适合对GDM筛查。     

Lupinus albus γ-Conglutin: New Findings about Its Action at the Intestinal Barrier and a Critical Analysis of the State of the Art on Its Postprandial Glycaemic Regulating Activity

γ-Conglutin (γ-C) is the glycoprotein from the edible seed L. albus, studied for long time for its postprandial glycaemic regulating action. It still lacks clear information on what could happen at the meeting point between the protein and the organism: the intestinal barrier. We compared an in vitro system involving Caco-2 and IPEC-J2 cells with an ex vivo system using pig ileum and jejunum segments to study γ-C transport from the apical to the basolateral compartment, and its effects on the D-glucose uptake and glucose transporters protein expression. Finally, we studied its potential in modulating glucose metabolism by assessing the possible inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. RP-HPLC analyses showed that γ-C may be transported to the basolateral side in the in vitro system but not in the pig intestines. γ-C was also able to promote a decrease in glucose uptake in both cells and jejunum independently from the expression of the SGLT1 and GLUT2 transporters.     

Hypolipidemic effect of Salicornia herbacea in animal model of type 2 diabetes mellitus

To control blood glucose level as close to normal is a major goal of treatment of diabetes mellitus. Hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia are the major risk factors for cardiovascular complications, the major cause of immature death among the patients with type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study is to determine the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Salicornia herbacea in animal model of type 2 diabetes and to investigate the possible mechanisms for the beneficial effects of S. herbacea. S. herbacea was extracted with 70% ethanol and desalted with 100% ethanol. Three week-old db/db mice (C57BL/KsJ, n=16) were fed AIN-93G semipurified diet or diet containing 1% desalted ethanol extract of S. herbacea for 6 weeks after 1 week of adaptation. Fasting plasma glucose, triglyceride, and total cholesterol were measured by enzymatic methods and blood glycated hemoglobin (HbA_1C) by the chromatographic method. Body weight and food intake of S. herbacea group were not significantly different from those of the control group. Fasting plasma glucose and blood glycated hemoglobin levels tended to be lowered by S. herbacea treatment. Consumption of S. herbacea extract significantly decreased plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels (p<0.05). The inhibition of S. herbacea extract against yeast α-glucosidase was 31.9% of that of acarbose at the concentration of 0.5 mg/mL in vitro. The inhibitory activity of ethanol extract of S. herbacea against porcine pancreatic lipase was 59.0% of that of orlistat at the concentration of 0.25 mg/mL in vitro. Thus, these results suggest that S. herbacea could be effective in controlling hyperlipidemia by inhibition of pancreatic lipase in animal model of type 2 diabetes.     

Resveratrol supplementation improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Resveratrol is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound. Numerous animal studies have been reported on its wide-ranging beneficial effects in the biological system including diabetes mellitus (DM). We hypothesized, therefore, that oral supplementation of resveratrol would improve the glycemic control and the associated risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The present clinical study was therefore carried out to test the hypothesis. Sixty-two patients with T2DM were enrolled from Government Headquarters Hospital, Ootacamund, India, in a prospective, open-label, randomized, controlled trial. Patients were randomized into control and intervention groups. The control group received only oral hypoglycemic agents, whereas the intervention group received resveratrol (250 mg/d) along with their oral hypoglycemic agents for a period of 3 months. Hemoglobin A_1c, lipid profile, urea nitrogen, creatinine, and protein were measured at the baseline and at the end of 3 months. The results reveal that supplementation of resveratrol for 3 months significantly improves the mean hemoglobin A_1c (means ± SD, 9.99 ± 1.50 vs 9.65 ± 1.54; P < .05), systolic blood pressure (mean ± SD, 139.71 ± 16.10 vs 127.92 ± 15.37; P < .05), total cholesterol (mean ± SD, 4.70 ± 0.90 vs 4.33 ± 0.76; P < .05), and total protein (mean ± SD, 75.6 ± 4.6 vs 72.3 ± 6.2; P < .05) in T2DM. No significant changes in body weight and high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterols were observed. Oral supplementation of resveratrol is thus found to be effective in improving glycemic control and may possibly provide a potential adjuvant for the treatment and management of diabetes.     

Tannat Grape Skin: A Feasible Ingredient for the Formulation of Snacks with Potential for Reducing the Risk of Diabetes

In the present work the feasibility of Tannat grape skin (TGS) as a functional ingredient in the formulation of two snacks (yogurt and biscuits) was studied. The research provided novel information on the effects of the food matrix and digestion process, under simulated human oral gastrointestinal conditions, in the bioaccessibility of TGS bioactive compounds composing of the snacks with health promoting properties (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic). TGS polyphenolic profile was analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) finding mainly flavonoids, phenolic acids, and anthocyanins, which may exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and carbohydrase inhibition capacities. TGS digest showed antioxidant and antidiabetic potential compared to the undigested sample (p < 0.05). Yogurt and biscuits with TGS were developed with the nutrition claims “no-added sugars” and “source of fiber” and were digested in vitro to evaluate the bioaccessibility of compounds with health promoting properties after food processing and digestion. After in vitro simulation of digestion, bioactive properties were enhanced for control and TGS snacks which may be attributed to the formation/release of compounds with health-promoting properties. Biscuits showed significant increase in ABTS antioxidant capacity and yogurt showed increased α-glucosidase inhibition capacity by the addition of TGS (p < 0.05). Polyphenols from TGS and bioactive peptides from snacks which may be released during digestion might be responsible for the observed bioactivities. Consumer’s acceptance of TGS yogurt and biscuits showed scores of 6.3 and 5.1 (scale 1–9), respectively, showing TGS yogurt had higher overall acceptance. Sensory profile assessed by check-all-that-apply + just-about-right (CATA+JAR) showed most of the attributes were evaluated as “just about right”, supporting good food quality. The developed yogurt presented adequate shelf-life parameters for 28 days. TGS yogurt with higher acceptability showed reduced ROS formation (p < 0.05) induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (1 mM) in CCD-18Co colon cells and RAW264.7 macrophages when pre-treated with concentrations 500–1000 and 100–500 µg/mL of the digests, respectively. Moreover, TGS yogurt digest pre-treatment reduced nitric oxide (NO) production (p < 0.05) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages, showing anti-inflammatory potential. Bioactive peptides generated during lactic fermentation and digestion process may be contributors to intracellular effects. In conclusion, yogurt and biscuits with Tannat grape skin addition were obtained with nutrition claims “no-added sugars” and “source of fiber” with the potential to modulate key biochemical events associated with diabetes pathogenesis.