Ruptured spleen following laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is generally a safe and well-accepted procedure. However, in a small percentage of patients, it is associated with complications, such as bleeding and injury to the bile duct and other viscera. Splenic injury as a result of laparoscopic surgery has been reported only in the context of direct trauma, for example due to retraction in hand-assisted urologic surgery. To date, there have been no reported cases of patients requiring splenectomy following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. We report an unusual case of ruptured spleen presenting less than 28 days following "uncomplicated" laparoscopic cholecystectomy. RESULTS: A 52-year-old female presented to our Accident and Emergency department 3 weeks following "uncomplicated" laparoscopic cholecystectomy, complaining of severe left upper quadrant pain radiating to the left shoulder tip. Clinical examination revealed a patient in hypovolemic shock, with localized left upper quadrant peritonism. Abdominal computed tomography supported a diagnosis of splenic rupture, and the patient required an emergency splenectomy. DISCUSSION: Splenic injury rarely complicates laparoscopic cholecystectomy. We postulate that either congenital or posttraumatic adhesions of the parietal peritoneum to the spleen may have caused the capsule to tear away from the spleen when the pneumoperitoneum was established, resulting in subcapsular hematoma and subsequent rupture in this patient. Videoscopic assessment of the spleen at the end of laparoscopic cholecystectomy might be a worthwhile exercise to aid early recognition and management in such cases.     

微孔多聚糖止血球在腹腔镜脾切除术中的应用

目的探讨微孔多聚糖止血球（microporous polysaccharide hemospheres，MPH）在腹腔镜脾切除术（laparoscopic splenectomy，LS）的止血效果。方法2005年12月至2008年5月期间，临床确诊为特发性血小板减少性紫癜且有脾切除手术指征的患者50例，随机分成医用生物蛋白胶组（FG组，25例）和MPH组（25例），由同一主刀医生进行LS，两组术中分别常规用5ml FG或1gMPH喷洒于脾蒂断面钉合线及脾窝创面。记录术中出血量、喷洒FG或MPH后渗血停止的时间，测定术后24、48h引流液量。统计方法采用x^2检验和Student t检验。结果两组患者的一般资料（性别、年龄、术前血小板计数）均无显著性差异。FG组和MPH组术中出血量分别为（90．8±85．8）ml和（82．2±101．0）ml（t=0．325，P=0．747），喷洒FG或MPH后创面渗血停止时间分别为（2．1±1．8）min和（1．2±0．8）min（t=2．470，P=0．017），术后24h引流量分别为（85．9±45．7）ml和（52.3±37．9）ml（t=2．833，P=0．007），术后48h引流量分别为（37．6±18．8）ml和（22．4±17．7）ml（t=2．948，P=0．005）。FG组术后1例疑胰尾损伤，保守治疗成功。余两组患者均未出现严重并发症。结论微孔多聚糖止血球在腹腔镜脾切除术中具有快速、可靠的止血作用，其效果优于医用生物蛋白胶。     

Needle and trocar injury during laparoscopic surgery in Japan

Background: With the growth and sophistication of laparoscopic surgery, increased attention is now being focused on safety and complications. Methods: In an attempt to address questions regarding the safety of laparoscopic surgery, a retrospective study of the time period from January 1991 to December 1995 was conducted by the Study Group of Endoscopic Surgery in Kyushu, Japan. Results: The response rate was 84.4% (152 of 180 hospitals). During the last 5 years 17,626 patients underwent endoscopic operations and 87.5% (15,422 patients) had laparoscopic surgery while 12.5% (2,204 patients) underwent thoracoscopic surgery. In 96.6% of the hospitals a minimal open laparotomy was used. Among the various operations, a cholecystectomy was performed in the largest number of patients (13,787). The total number of complications was 415 (2.7%), of which 156 (37.6%) were related to needle or trocar insertion. Visceral injury was found in 22 patients (0.14%): major vessel injury in 10, gastrointestinal tract injury in 11, and liver injury in one patient. Abdominal wall injury was seen in 79 patients (0.52%), bleeding in 70 (0.46%), and a hernia in 9 (0.06%). Extraperitoneal insufflation occurred in 55 patients (0.36%). There was no mortality. The complication rate significantly decreased year by year after the use of laparoscopic surgery began. Conclusions: The most common complications of laparoscopic surgery are related to needle and trocar insertion. These are preventable by placement under direct vision with verification of the intraperitoneal location of the needle and trocar. Received: 10 February 1997/Accepted: 22 May 1997     

Justification for an abbreviated protocol in the management of blunt spleen and liver injury in children

Objective(s)

The current management of blunt spleen/liver injury in children requires a number of days of bed rest equal to the grade of injury plus 1. This protocol is used even when there is no clinical indication of ongoing bleeding. To establish a prospective protocol with an abbreviated period of bed rest, we conducted a retrospective review of our blunt spleen and liver trauma experience to examine the safety of such an attenuated protocol.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of our most recent 10-year experience (January 1996 to December 2005) with blunt spleen or liver injury was performed. Patient demographics, vital signs, hemoglobin levels, need for transfusion, operations, and outcomes were measured. An abbreviated protocol using 1 night of bed rest for grades 1 and 2 injuries and 2 nights of bed rest for higher grades was designed. This protocol was then applied to our patient population to assess its safety. Data are expressed as mean ± SD.

Results

During the study period, 243 patients were admitted with blunt spleen and/or liver injury. The mean patient age was 9.0 ± 4.6 years, and the mean weight was 35.3 ± 19.3 kg. Sixty-three percent were male. The spleen was injured in 148 (61.2%) patients and the liver in 121 (50.0%), and 26 (10.6%) had both. The mean grade was 2.0 ± 1.1, for which the mean bed rest was 3.5 ± 1.1 days. This resulted in 5.6 ± 6.5 days of hospitalization. There were 9 patients who died, 7 with severe brain injury and 2 with massive liver hemorrhage on presentation. No patient required an operation or transfusion after 2 nights of observation who did not have clinically obvious signs of ongoing blood loss. Implementation of the abbreviated protocol would have affected 65.8% of our patients and would have saved a mean of 2.0 ± 1.5 hospital days per patient.

Conclusions

According to our data, an abbreviated trauma protocol with overnight bed rest for grades 1 and 2 injuries and 2 nights for higher grades could be safely used. This protocol would immensely improve current resource use. Based on these retrospectively collected data, we have initiated a prospective consecutive controlled series to assess the safety of such an attenuated protocol.     

Conservative management of a splenic injury related to percutaneous nephrostolithotomy.

INTRODUCTION: Injury to intraperitoneal organs is unusual during percutaneous renal surgery. We report a splenic injury during upper pole percutaneous renal access for nephrostolithotomy that was managed conservatively. METHODS: A 52-year-old male with left upper pole renal stones associated with a narrow upper pole infundibulum underwent upper pole renal access prior to percutaneous nephrostolithotomy (PCNL). The access was performed in the 10th to 11th intercostal space, and the patient underwent PCNL with stone clearance. Plain film radiography after percutaneous access and PCNL revealed no pneumothorax or hydrothorax. The patient was discharged on postoperative day one with the nephrostomy tube in place. RESULTS: On postoperative day 5, the patient was evaluated for persistent flank pain and bleeding from the nephrostomy tube. Computerized tomography revealed a transsplenic percutaneous renal access. The patient was admitted to the hospital, and the general surgery service was consulted. The patient was placed on strict bedrest. His hematocrit was within normal limits and remained stable. The nephrostomy tube was kept in place for 2 weeks. A pullback nephrostogram revealed no perirenal leak, and no evidence was present of acute bleeding. Follow-up computerized tomography on the same day revealed no evidence of acute bleeding. The patient was discharged without further complications and remains stone free at 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: A transsplenic renal access that was dilated and through which a successful left percutaneous nephrostolithotomy was performed is a highly unusual complication related to upper pole left renal access. We were able to manage this complication with conservative measures.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤的特点及诊治

目的 总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）胆管损伤的特点及诊断和处理的经验教训。方法 回顾性分析23例LC胆管损伤的诊治情况。结果 主胆管损伤12例，其中胆总管横断6例，肝总管横断2例，右肝管横断1例，胆总管横行夹闭1例，胆总管和肝总管裂孔各1例。副肝管损伤儿例，其中迷走胆管损伤1例，细小副肝管损伤7例，较粗大的副肝管损伤3例。本组病例全部治愈。结论 LC较OC（开腹胆囊切除术）更易发生胆管损伤，且损伤更为隐蔽、复杂，处理困难，预后差。首先要争取早期发现，尤其是术中及时发现，根据情况选择恰当的处理方式，避免废弃Oddi括约肌用细薄的正常胆管行胆肠吻合。有分期手术指征的，不勉强行一期手术。胆管吻合后须T管支撑至少6个月。对副肝管的处理须谨慎，不能仅根据其直径粗细作决定，有条件的医院应行术中胆道造影，引流范围小的副肝管才能结扎处理，否则应予修复或重建。不能行术中胆道造影或修复重建困难的，建议先采取副肝管近断端插管外引流的方法。     

Histologic characteristics of laparoscopic saline-enhanced electrosurgery of liver and splenic injuries

Background: Hemostasis is crucial during laparoscopic surgery. Unlike conventional electrosurgery, saline-enhanced electrosurgery (SEE) improves the electrode-to-tissue interface. This study investigated SEE as a means of achieving hemostasis in liver and splenic injuries and assessed the associated histologic changes. Methods: Nine anesthetized pigs underwent laparoscopic liver tip and splenic wedge amputations. Injuries were treated with SEE (25–35 and 35–45 W, respectively). Animals were sacrificed postprocedure and at 1 and 4 weeks. Depth of necrosis was analyzed using a mixed model analysis of variance. Results: Liver mean depth of necrosis was 5.3 mm (acute), 6.0 mm (1 week), and 5.3 mm (4 weeks) (p = not significant). Splenic mean depth of necrosis was 7.0 mm (acute), 7.0 mm (1 week), and 2.7 mm (4 weeks). (p < 0.01) Acute injuries demonstrated thermal coagulation necrosis that healed with well-defined bands of collagen at 1 and 4 weeks. Conclusions: SEE provides effective hemostasis and results in an acceptable depth of necrosis with satisfactory wound healing in a porcine model of solid organ injury.     

腹腔镜脾切除术在外伤性脾破裂的应用

目的探讨采用腹腔镜脾切除术在外伤性脾破裂的应用的可行性。方法2006年6月-2007年2月我院采用腹腔镜脾切除术治疗在外伤性脾破裂6例。结果6例顺利完成腹腔镜脾切除术,无中转开腹,手术时间150～220min,平均170min,术后恢复佳,无并发症或手术死亡。结论腹腔镜脾切除术治疗外伤性脾破裂安全,可行。     

Duodenal injury post laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Incidence,mechanism, management and outcome

AIM: To study the etiopathogenesis, management and outcome of duodenal injury post laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC).METHODS: A Medline search was carried out for all articles in English, on duodenal injury post LC, using the search word duodenal injury and LC. The cross references in these articles were further searched, for potential articles on duodenal injury, which when found was studied. Inclusion criteria included, case reports, case series, and reviews. Articles even with lack of details with some of the parameters studied, were also analyzed. The study period included all the cases published till January 2015. The data extracted were demographic details, the nature and day of presentation, potential cause for duodenal injury, site of duodenal injury, investigations, management and outcome. The model(fixed or random effect) for meta analyses was selected, based on Q and I2 statistics. STATA software was used to draw the forest plot and to compute the overall estimate and the 95%CI for the time of detection of injury and its outcome on mortality. The association between time of detection of injury and mortality was estimated using χ2 test with Yate's correction. Based on Kaplan Meier survival curve concept, the cumulative survival probabilities at various days of injury was estimated. RESULTS: Literature review detected 74 cases of duodenal injury, post LC. The mean age of the patients was 58 years(23-80 years) with 46% of them being males. The cause of injury was due to cautery(46%), dissection(39%) and due to retraction(14%). The injury was noted on table in 46% of the cases. The common site of injury was to the 2nd part of the duodenum with 46% above the papilla and 15% below papilla and in 31% to the 1st part of duodenum. Duodenorapphy(primary closure) was the predominant surgical intervention in 63% with 21% of these being carried out laparoscopically. Other procedures included, percutaneous drainage, tube duodenostomy, gastric resection, Whipple resection and pyloric exclusion. The day of detection among those who survived was a mean of 1.6 d(including those detected on table), compared to 4.25 d in those who died. Based on the random effect model, the overall mean duration of detection of injury was 1.6(1.0-2.2) d(95%CI). Based on the fixed effect model, the overall mortality rate from these studies was 10%(0%-25%). On application of the Kaplan Meier survival probabilities, the cumulative probability of survival was 94%, if the injury was detected on day 1 and 80% if detected on day 2. In those that were detected later, the survival probabilities dropped steeply.CONCLUSION: Duodenal injuries are caused by thermal burns or by dissection during LC and require prompt treatment. Delay in repair could negatively influence the outcome.     

Mechanism, management, and prevention of bile duct injury in laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Injury to the bile duct is one of the most serious complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The incidence of bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy may be higher than during open cholecystectomy. Most of these injuries occur early in a surgeon’s experience with the new technique. The classical laparoscopic bile duct injury occurs when the common duct is mistaken for the cystic duct; the common bile duct is transected and a part of the extrahepatic biliary system is resected. The bile duct may also be injured by excessive diathermy, resulting in a bile leak or a stricture. Insecure clipping of the cystic duct may also result in bile leakage. If these injuries are not recognized at the time of surgery, they present as bile collections or jaundice postoperatively. ERCP will delineate the exact injury accurately. These injuries are preventable by careful attention to technique and a willingness to convert to open surgery when difficulties are encountered. To minimize the risk to patients, programs of training, proctoring, and accreditation in laparoscopic surgery should be established.     

New closure technique for lateral operative laparoscopic trocar sites

The reported frequency of incisional hernias, after operative gynecological laparoscopy, at extraumbilical trocar sites is one per 32 puncture sites created by a 12-mm trocar. A new closure technique of suturing with the Grice Needle (Ideas for Medicine, Inc., Clearwater, FL) before removing the trocars was utilized to close 80 lateral trocar sites (42 consecutive laparoscopic myomectomies). The trocar sizes in this study were 12 mm and 18 mm. This is the largest reported series of lateral trocar-site closures. No hematomas or bleeding or incisional hernias have resulted from use of this technique. This closure allows the surgeon to completely close both peritoneum and fascia, of the lateral trocar sites, under direct laparoscopic visualization without the loss of pneumoperitoneum or risk of inadvertent injury to the small bowel.     

复合微孔多聚糖止血粉在腹腔镜肾部分切除术中的应用

目的评价复合微孔多聚糖止血粉（MPH）在腹腔镜肾脏部分切除术中的安全性及有效性。 方法采用前瞻性研究,入组我院2014年至2018年期间收治的62例外向性生长肾肿瘤（CT直径3～4 cm）患者,均行腹腔镜肾部分切除术,将符合条件的患者随机分为MPH组（术中应用MPH止血）和对照组（常规止血）。对两组出血量、热缺血时间、止血时间、术后恢复情况进行比较。 结果两组患者热缺血时间及切除的肾脏组织重量差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,MPH组在止血时间、出血量、术后住院时间、带管时间、引流量方面均小于对照组（P<0.05）。两组术后组间比较凝血功能差异无统计学意义。（P>0.05）。 结论MPH在腹腔镜肾部分切除术中的应用安全有效,为腹腔镜手术止血提供了一个有效的方法。     

Laparoscopic treatment of blunt splenic injuries: initial experience with 11 patients

Background Nonoperative treatment of splenic injuries is the current standard of care for hemodynamically stable patients. However, uncertainty exists about its efficacy for patients with major polytrauma, a high Injury Severity Score (ISS), a high grade of splenic injury, a low Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), and important hemoperitoneum. In these cases, the videolaparoscopic approach could allow full abdominal cavity investigation, hemoperitoneum evacuation with autotransfusion, and spleen removal or repair. Methods This study investigated 11 hemodynamically stable patients with severe politrauma who underwent emergency laparoscopy. The mean ISS was 29.0 ± 3.9, and the mean GCS was 12.1 ± 1.6. A laparoscopic splenectomy was performed for six patients, whereas splenic hemostasis was achieved for five patients, involving one electrocoagulation, one polar resection, and three polyglycolic mesh wrappings. Results The average length of the operation was 121.4 ± 41.6 min. There were two complications (18.2%), with one conversion to open surgery (9.1%), and no mortality. Conclusions Laparoscopy is a safe, feasible, and effective procedure for evaluation and treatment of hemodynamically stable patients with splenic injuries for whom nonoperative treatment is controversial.     

Impact of concomitant arterial injury on the outcome of laparoscopic bile duct injury

Background

Concomitant injury to the bile duct and hepatic artery is an increasingly recognized complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). The impact of a concomitant arterial injury in patients with a bile duct injury (BDI) remains debatable. Early reports described a high incidence of septic complications, difficulty of biliary repair, and increased the risk of recurrent stricture.

Data Sources

A literature search on the clinical significance and management of a concomitant hepatic artery injury (HAI) to the outcome of biliary-enteric reconstruction following BDI was reviewed. Relevant articles were extracted through MEDLINE, with secondary references obtained from key articles.

Conclusions

The association between failure of biliary repair and concomitant arterial injuries is not confirmed by the largest studies, which showed no difference in anastomotic stricture rate between patients who had an isolated BDI and those who had a combined HAI and BDI. However, right arterial injury associated with liver necrosis or damage to the right hepatic duct may require right hepatectomy.     

Thermal injury of the posterior duodenum during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

While complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy occur in 3–7% of cases, bowel injuries are uncommonly reported. Bowel injuries appear to be of two types: penetrating bowel injury from either the Veress needle or trocar, and thermal bowel injury from either contact or conductive burn. The duodenum is usually spared from Veress needle or trocar injury because of its posterior location. However, during dissection in the triangle of Calot, the duodenum is at risk for direct contact burn or energy conduction burn.In this report we describe a presumed conductive burn injury of the posterior second portion of the duodenum which followed laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This unrecognized injury resulted in full-thickness necrosis of the duodenal wall with delayed perforation. This injury was successfully managed with pyloric exclusion. The diagnosis and management of this previously unreported injury are described.     

腹腔镜脾切除治疗外伤性脾破裂

目的探讨采用腹腔镜脾切除的方法治疗外伤性脾破裂的可行性. 方法 2004年8月～2005年5月我院采用腹腔镜脾切除方法治疗外伤性脾破裂8例. 结果 7例顺利完成腹腔镜脾切除术,1例改行手辅助腹腔镜脾切除术成功.手术时间150～200 min,平均180 min.术中出血量600～5 500 ml,平均2 200 ml.Ⅱ级损伤5例,Ⅲ级3例,术后恢复佳,无并发症. 结论腹腔镜脾切除治疗外伤性脾破裂安全、可行.     

Treatment of iatrogenic common bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy through the laparoscopic insertion of a T-tube stent

Summary Iatrogenic injury to the common bile duct during laparoscopic cholecystectomy has previously necessitated an immediate laparotomy to alleviate bile leakage. In the course of 171 laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed at our hospital, intraoperative common bile duct injuries occurred in 2 patients. Each case was successfully treated using a laparoscopically placed T-tube, thus avoiding the need for a laparotomy. This novel intraoperative procedure successfully treated common bile duct injuries without resulting in postoperative complications.     

Avoidance of biliary injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Biliary injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is still a serious problem. Injury occurs as a result of technical errors or misidentification of ducts. Inexperience, inflammation, and aberrant anatomy are key risk factors. The most serious technical problem is cautery-induced injury. This problem may be avoided by use of cautery under very low power settings in the triangle of Calot. Misidentification injuries occur when the surgeon mistakes the common bile duct or an aberrant right hepatic duct for the cystic duct. This error usually occurs when the surgeon uses the “infundibular” technique to identify the cystic duct. This technique, which depends on seeing the cystic duct flare as it becomes the infundibulum, is especially prone to be misleading in the face of acute inflammation. This technique is unreliable and should not be used alone for anatomic identification of the ducts. It is preferable to use the critical view technique or to perform a cholangiogram. Received: April 20, 2002 / Accepted: May 13, 2002 Offprint requests to: S.M. Strasberg Box 8109, Suite 17308 Queeny Tower, 1 Barnes Hospital Plaza, St Louis MO 63110, USA