保留肾单位手术治疗肾癌的临床价值(附11例报告)

目的　评价保留肾单位手术治疗肾细胞癌的临床价值。　方法　 1994年 3月～ 1998年 12月 ,采用局部低温、保留肾单位手术治疗肾细胞癌 11例 ,其中对侧肾正常者 8例 ,单侧肾癌、对侧肾受损者 2例 ,双侧肾癌者 1例。肿瘤直径 1.5～ 6 .8cm ,平均 3.8cm。Roboson分期Ⅰ期 8例 ,Ⅱ期 3例。 8例行肾部分切除术 ,3例行肿瘤剜除术。　结果　 11例随访 3～ 5 7个月 ,平均 36 .8个月。未见并发症及肿瘤局部复发。　结论　保留肾单位手术治疗肾细胞癌安全有效 ,尤其适宜于局限性、体积小和低期肾癌患者。     

肾癌、肾错构瘤保留肾单位的手术治疗

目的探讨肾细胞癌（RCC）、肾错构瘤（AML）保留肾单位手术（NSS）的可能性和疗效。方法对30例肾癌15例肾AML患者行47人次保留肾单位的手术治疗，肾癌瘤体直径平均2．83cm，肾AML瘤体平均直径5．7cm。无症状22例，有症状23例。单侧肾癌28例，肾AML13例；双侧肾癌1例，肾AML2例，术后孤立肾肾癌1例。对侧肾功能正常37例，对侧肾有病变或潜在病变8例。全部通过电话对其随访。结果45例手术均成功。术后随访平均63个月，除1例肾癌术后16个月因肺癌广泛转移而死亡外，2例肾AML行选择性动脉栓塞（SAE），余均无瘤生存至今。结论肾癌、肾AML保留肾单位的手术治疗在适应证下是安全有效的。     

保留肾单位肾癌切除术的疗效与随访

目的 探讨保留肾单位的肾癌手术疗效。方法 26例行保留肾单位的肾癌切除术患者，男16例，女10例，平均年龄47岁。肿瘤直径1．1～4．0cm，平均2．8cm。T1 21例，T2 5例。透明细胞癌22例．颗粒细胞癌3例，囊性肾癌1例。10例有腰痛、血尿、低热等症状，无症状16例。单侧24例，双侧1例，术后孤立肾癌1例。对侧肾功能正常22例，对侧肾有病变或潜在病变4例。术后定期行腹部CT、超声及尿常规检查，复查肾功能。结果 26例手术均成功。术后平均随访41个月，除1例肾转移癌术后16个月因肺癌广泛转移死亡外，余25例肿瘤无复发，无瘤生存至今。结论 保留肾单位的肾癌剜除术安全有效。适用于对侧肾功能正常肿瘤直径≤4．0cm的局限性肾癌，对于对侧肾脏有病变或孤立肾癌是必要的选择。     

肾癌保留肾单位手术治疗的临床分析

目的 探讨肾癌保留肾单位手术的治疗效果。方法 107例行保留肾单位的肾癌切除手术，肿瘤直径2．5～6．5cm，平均3．7cm；肿瘤位于肾上极33例，肾中部23例，肾下极51例。TNM分期：T1 72例，T2 35例。透明细胞癌97例，颗粒细胞癌8例，囊性肾癌2例。结果 107例均成功手术，随访102例，平均随访时间82个月（6～120个月），除1例术后18个月出现肾上腺转移外，余101例均无肿瘤局部复发。结论肾癌保留肾单位手术是治疗局限性肾癌的有效方法。     

根治性肾切除术治疗小肾癌的远期疗效观察

目的总结根治性肾切除术治疗小肾癌的远期疗效.方法回顾性分析1992年1月至2004年6月采用根治性肾切除术治疗56例小肾癌患者的临床资料和长期随访结果.56例患者中男41例,女15例.平均年龄54岁.设计术后随访表进行追踪随访,采用Kaplan-Meier法计算5年、10年生存率.结果56例患者术前均未发现转移灶.术后组织病理学结果示肾透明细胞癌44例,颗粒细胞癌7例,混合性细胞癌5例;癌组织浸润同侧肾上腺1例,浸润肾周脂肪4例,局部淋巴结转移2例.术后49例（87.5%）获随访,随访时间11～155个月,平均随访71个月.5年、10年生存率分别为81.7%、66.9%.5例术后死于肾癌转移.结论根治性肾切除术治疗小肾癌的远期疗效较好,是治疗小肾癌较理想的术式.     

肾细胞癌保留肾单位手术的长期随访

目的 探讨保留肾单位手术治疗肾细胞癌的长期疗效及安全性. 方法 回顾性分析243例保留肾单位手术的肾癌患者临床资料.男159例,女84例,平均年龄58(24～77)岁.肿瘤直径平均3.4(1.1～6.7)cm.孤立肾肾癌3例,双侧肾癌11例.TNM分期T_(1a) 237例,T_(1b) 6例;无区域淋巴结及远处转移,无肾静脉、腔静脉癌栓.术后随访行超声、CT、肾功能等检查.应用KaplanMeier方法行肿瘤特异性生存率估计并进行对数秩检验. 结果 243例中232例获随访,平均随访31(1～147)个月.术后应用干扰素继续治疗52例.死亡4例(因癌死亡1例,非癌死亡3例),总体生存率和肿瘤特异性生存率分别为98.3%和100.0%;肿瘤复发5例,远处转移1例.总并发症发生率为5.6%(13/232). 结论 保留肾单位手术治疗肾细胞癌局部复发率低,远期生存率高,并发症发生率低;可以最大限度地保留功能性肾单位,降低并发慢性肾衰竭的危险性,提高患者生活质量,增加患者满意度.     

双肾多发性肾细胞癌的手术疗效分析

目的 探讨散发性双肾多发性肾细胞癌的治疗原则,以提高治疗水平. 方法 回顾性分析2000年1月至2011年7月收治的7例散发性双肾多发性肾细胞癌患者的资料.男4例,女3例.年龄40 ～ 73岁,平均57岁.无家族病史.7例均为查体或其他疾病就诊时发现.同时发现双肾癌4例,一侧肾癌术后随访发现对侧肾癌3例,未发现其他脏器及淋巴结转移.肿瘤分布于肾中央及外周,最多者一侧16枚.肿瘤直径0.8～6.0 cm,平均4.1 cm.肿瘤临床分期T1a3例,T1b 3例.结果 1例行单侧肾动脉栓塞者7个月后失访;1例靶向治疗2个疗程后双肾分期行保留肾单位(NSS)手术;3例一侧行根治术,对侧择期行NSS手术;2例双肾择期行NSS手术.7例患者病理报告均为肾透明细胞癌.6例术后随访6 ～ 96个月,平均40个月,肿瘤无复发. 结论 双肾多发肾细胞癌患者应积极实行手术治疗,以切除肿瘤、最大限度地保留肾单位为原则.患者预后不因双肾受累及肿瘤多发而受到明显影响.     

保留肾单位的手术治疗肾癌(附16例报告)

目的 :探讨保留肾单位的手术治疗早期小肾癌的效果。方法 :行保留肾单位手术治疗肾癌 16例 ,其中双侧肾癌 2例 ,孤立肾肾癌 1例 ,对侧肾有病变或潜在功能受损肾癌 4例 ,对侧肾正常肾癌 9例。肿瘤平均直径 2 .8cm。 6例只行肿瘤切除术 ,10例行部分肾切除术。病理分期 :T110例 ,T2 6例。结果 :平均随访 5 2 .8个月 ,2例出现局部复发 ,1例死于肺部转移。生存时间 >8年 2例 ,>5年 8例 ,>3年 10例 ,>1年 15例。结论 :保留肾单位的手术是早期局限性肾癌的有效治疗方法 ,直径≤ 4cmT1～T2 期局限性肾癌是对侧肾正常的单侧肾癌保留肾单位手术的良好适应证     

小肾癌的保留肾单位手术治疗

目的 探讨保留肾单位的肾部分切除手术治疗小肾癌的安全性和合理性。方法 对48例小肾癌患者行保留肾单位的肾部分切除术。男29例，女19例。平均年龄42岁（24～61岁）。平均肿瘤直径2．4cm（1．0～4．0cm）。病理分期T1N0M047例，双侧肾癌1例。评估肾蒂阻断时间、术后并发症及局部复发情况。结果 48例手术均顺利完成，肾蒂阻断时间平均18min（12～26min）。术后出血3例、漏尿1例。平均随访21个月，1例术后6个月局部复发行根治性手术，1例出现远处转移而死亡，余未见复发或远处转移。结论 保留肾单位的肾部分切除治疗小肾癌安全有效，手术指征可扩展至对侧肾脏正常的患者。     

双侧原发性肾癌5例报告

目的:探讨双侧原发性肾癌的诊断、治疗和预后。方法:回顾性分析2001年3月~2005年6月诊治的5例双侧同期原发性肾癌患者的临床资料。5例均经B超、CT等检查确诊,施行保留肾单位手术联合对侧肾癌根治术。结果:术后恢复顺利,无外科并发症,4例为双侧肾透明细胞癌,1例为双侧肾乳头状腺癌。随访5~51个月(平均20.4个月),无局部复发、转移及肾功能不良。结论:双侧原发性肾癌早期无特殊临床表现,主要依靠影像学检查诊断。外科手术为主要治疗方法,保留肾单位手术联合对侧肾癌根治术既能有效治疗恶性肿瘤,又能确实保存肾功能,预后良好。     

Der bilaterale Nierentumor Therapiemanagement und histopathologische Ergebnisse mit Langzeitverlauf bei 66 Patienten

Bilateral renal cell carcinoma is detected at an incidence rate of 1.6-6% of all renal tumors. The management, histopathological results and the long-term follow-up of 66 patients with bilateral renal cell carcinoma (29 synchronous, 37 asynchronous tumors) are presented in this issue. The incidence rate of bilateral renal cell carcinoma (RCC) at our hospital was 3.5%. Nephron-sparing surgery should be used first for the smaller and favourably located tumor when radical nephrectomy of the contralateral tumor is necessary. Thus, the patients can be spared dialysis. The histopathological results showed a significantly higher incidence rate of chromophil RCCs in cases of synchronous bilateral renal tumors (36%). The 5-year survival rate was 82%. Patients with asynchronous renal cell carcinomas were significantly younger than those with synchronous RCCs (median age: 60.2 years). The histopathological results were similar to unilateral renal cell carcinomas. Clear cell carcinoma was detected in 70% of cases. The 5-year survival rate was 61% and lower than that of synchronous tumors (82%). There was no significant difference because of the small number of cases. Current standardised techniques of nephron-sparing surgery achieve good survival rates, therefore making bilateral nephrectomy only necessary in very poor cases. In cases of chromophil renal cell carcinomas, the contralateral kidney should always be carefully examined, because these tumors were significantly more often detected to be bilateral. The risk of also developing a tumor in the contralateral kidney increases with decreasing age at first manifestation (< 55 years, 6%). Especially in those younger than 55 years, partial nephrectomy seems to be recommended for unilateral renal tumors in patients with a normal contralateral kidney (tumor size < 4 cm in diameter).     

Current controversies in nephron-sparing surgery for renal-cell carcinoma

Summary The role of nephron-sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma is well established in patients with an anatomical or functional solitary kidney (imperative indication) in which a radical nephrectomy would render the patient anephric with subsequent need for hemodialysis. This also encompasses patients with a unilateral renal cell carcinoma and a functioning contralateral kidney when the opposite renal unit is affected by a disease that might threaten its future function, such as renal artery stenosis, chronic pyelonephritis, stone disease or systemic conditions such as diabetes. A functioning renal remant of at least 20% of normal renal parenchyma seems to be necessary to avoid end-stage renal failure in these patients [16]. There have been several reports in the literature of excellent 5-year cancer-specific survival rates of over 80% in such circumstances [12, 15]. These results were confirmed in our institution, with a 5-year cancer-specific survival rate of 83% in over 70 patients with an imperative indication for nephron-sparing surgery. Thereby the prognosis was significantly influenced by the local tumor stage and the grade of malignancy. These data support the efficacy of nephron-sparing surgery in this clinical situation.     

保留肾单位手术治疗T1期肾癌的临床分析（附98例报告）

目的：探讨保留肾单位手术治疗T1期肾癌的临床疗效。方法：回顾性分析98例行保留肾单位手术治疗T1期肾癌患者的临床资料,其中男66例,女32例,平均年龄51岁（41～65岁）;对侧肾脏正常的患者85例,对侧肾脏存在疾患的患者13例;肿瘤平均直径2．4cm（1．3～6．5cm）;病理分期均为T1N0M0期;98例中93例行肾部分切除术,5例行肿瘤切除术。术后观察是否出现局部肾创面出血、漏尿等并发症,每3个月行腹部CT、肾脏ECT、超声及尿常规、肾功能检查。结果：98例手术均顺利完成,术后继发性出血3例、漏尿5例。随访10～12个月,平均10．3个月,2例术后6个月局部复发行根治性手术,其余96例无局部复发,无一例出现远处转移。结论：保留肾单位手术是治疗T1期肾癌安全有效的方法,值得推广。     

后腹腔镜保留肾单位的肾部分切除术治疗T1期肾肿瘤（附22例报道）

目的探讨后腹腔镜保留肾单位的肾部分切除术治疗T1期肾肿瘤的手术方法及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析22例行后腹腔镜保留肾单位的肾部分切除术的T1期肾肿瘤患者的临床资料,其中男8例,女14例,平均年龄48岁。双侧肾肿瘤1例,单侧双瘤灶1例;左侧13例,右侧10例。肿瘤平均直径3cm。所有患者均行后腹腔镜保留肾单位的肾部分切除术。结果 22例手术均顺利完成。平均手术时间135min,平均肾动脉阻断时间29min,平均出血量55ml,平均住院时间10d。术中未见外科并发症,术后仅1例发生漏尿。术中切缘组织病理均阴性。24个瘤灶术后病理证实为肾透明细胞癌19例、多房囊性肾细胞癌2例、肾嗜酸细胞瘤2例、肾嫌色细胞腺癌1例。随访时间1～28个月,平均10个月,肿瘤无局部复发及远处转移。结论后腹腔镜保留肾单位的肾部分切除术治疗T1期肾肿瘤安全、可行,其远期疗效尚待长期随访。     

保留肾组织手术治疗肾癌

１９８９年１２月～１９９７年４月行保留肾组织手术治疗肾癌１４例，其中双侧肾癌５例，对侧肾有病变或潜在功能受损的肾癌３例，对侧肾正常肾癌６例。肿瘤平均直径２９ｃｍ，病理分期为Ｔ１、Ｔ２。１４例中５例行剜出术，９例行肾部分切除术。本组术后无外科并发症，平均随访４６６个月，无瘤存活１２例，无局部复发。存活时间超过７年者２例，５年者４例，３年者１例，１年者２例，半年者３例。保留肾组织手术是早期局限性肾癌的有效治疗方法，可用于对侧肾正常、肿瘤体积较小的早期肾癌的治疗     

后腹腔镜下保留肾单位9例报告

目的探讨后腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术控制肾蒂及处理肾脏创面的方法。方法我院2003年12月~2007年1月行后腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术9例,术中采取牵拉硅胶管不全阻断肾动脉,在距肿瘤0.5~1.0 cm超声刀切除肿瘤,生物蛋白胶、止血纱布及可吸收线缝合肾脏创面。结果9例手术均获成功,无中转开放手术。手术时间2~3.5 h,平均2.6h;术中出血量50~400 ml,平均150 ml。围手术期无出血、尿漏等并发症。术后病理:8例透明细胞癌,1例血管平滑肌脂肪瘤,标本切缘均为阴性。9例随访4~36个月,平均13个月,肾功能正常,B超或CT显示无局部复发,B超、胸片、骨扫描显示无其他脏器转移。结论掌握一定的控制肾蒂及处理肾脏创面的方法,后腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术安全、有效,可以在临床上推广使用。     

Impact of nephron-sparing surgery on quality of life in patients with localized renal cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study is to evaluate the impact of nephron-sparing surgery on postoperative quality of life (QOL) in patients with localized renal cell carcinoma, compared with radical nephrectomy. METHODS: From 1986 to 1996, a total of 66 patients with localized small renal cell carcinoma <4 cm in diameter and a functioning contralateral renal unit underwent radical nephrectomy (n = 51) or nephron-sparing surgery (n = 15). Of these, 50 patients evaluated various dimensions of QOL using standardized self-rating questionnaires, EORTC QLQ-C30. RESULTS: There is no significant difference in 5-year overall survival between the nephron-sparing surgery group and the radical nephrectomy group. With regard to postoperative QOL, patients who underwent nephron-sparing surgery showed a significantly higher score on physical function than patients treated with radical nephrectomy (p<0.05). Nephron-sparing surgery was additionally superior to radical nephrectomy in terms of fatigue, sleep disturbance, pain and constipation. CONCLUSION: Selected patients with localized, small, unilateral renal cell carcinoma and a normal contralateral kidney will benefit from nephron-sparing surgery.     

Surgical outcomes of nephron-sparing surgery for renal tumors

PURPOSE: We retrospectively assessed the surgical outcomes of nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) for patients with renal tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 1985 to March 2001, a total of 99 NSSs were performed on 94 patients with renal tumors. The patients were divided into three groups. Group I comprised of 22 patients who underwent imperative surgeries for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The tumors were found in 18 patients bilaterally (including 8 patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease), in 3 with solitary kidney, and in 1 with chronic renal failure. The mean +/- standard deviation of patient age and tumor diameter was 46 +/- 23 years and 36 +/- 23 mm, respectively. Twenty-three in situ NSSs were performed on 18 patients in Group I, and the remaining 4 patients were treated with 3 simultaneous operations for bilateral renal tumors with or without 2 ex vivo surgeries. Group II consisted of 49 patients who had small RCCs with the normal contralateral kidney and underwent NSSs (elective indication). The mean age and tumor diameter was 54 +/- 10 years and 28 +/- 11 mm, respectively. Group III consisted of 23 patients with non-RCC tumor (10 angiomyolipomas, 8 cystic tumors, 2 adenomas, 2 metastatic tumors, and 1 degenerative lesion), all of whom were treated with NSS. The mean age and tumor diameter was 47 +/- 14 years and 41 +/- 29 mm, respectively. RESULTS: In Group I, 3 patients died of cancer including 2 patients who had had multiple lung metastases preoperatively. The five-year tumor specific survival rate was 87.3% with a postoperative follow-up of 49 +/- 36 months. In Group II, there were few peri-operative complications or no local recurrence at follow-up of 52 +/- 38 months. A patient developed lung metastasis, which was removed surgically with no evidence of recurrence at 159 months after NSS. Postoperative renal scintigraphy on 35 patients showed well-preserved renal function of the operated kidney. Improvement in surgical techniques resulted in less-invasive surgery in 22 operations during the last 4 years. The patients of Group III were also operated uneventfully, although 1 experienced postoperative bleeding. In 12 patients with solitary kidney (11 in Group I and 1 in Group III) serum creatinine level increased transiently, decreased to 1.3 times of preoperative values within 3 months, and almost recovered at 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSION: Excellent outcomes in cancer control and preservation of renal function support the validity of nephron-sparing surgery to treat renal tumors. The candidate patients may include those with bilateral kidney tumors, tumor occuring in the solitary kidney or small renal cell carcinomas with the normal contralateral kidney. Earlier detection of small lesions and less invasive surgical techniques will facilitate a wider indication of NSS.     

肾癌多中心病灶和假包膜外肿瘤浸润的病理研究

目的 探讨保留肾单位手术(NSS)治疗肾癌时肿瘤周围正常肾组织安全有效的切除范围.方法2005年10月至2008年10月肾癌标本131例,其中行肾癌根治术103例,行NSS 28例.先行大体病理检查,然后分别在肿瘤假包膜外侧和距离肿瘤边缘3、5、10、15 mm各层面取材,每个层面取4块组织,HE组织染色.观察有无肾癌多中心病灶和假包膜外肿瘤的浸润范围等病理指标,分别测量病变到肿瘤边缘的距离,并统计肿瘤大小与以上指标的相关性.结果 131例肾癌标本中,肿瘤直径＜4.0 cm者61例,均未发现肿瘤周围浸润和卫星灶.肿瘤直径4～7 cm者46例,发现肿瘤周围浸润或卫星灶3例(6.5%),其中G3透明细胞癌1例,分别在距离肿瘤10、15 mm处发现卫星灶;集合管癌1例和G3透明细胞癌伴肉瘤样癌1例距离肿瘤周围15 mm均可见肿瘤浸润生长,集合管癌患者同时伴有远处转移和肾静脉瘤栓.肿瘤直径＞7 cm者24例,有肿瘤周围浸润或卫星灶4例(16.7%),其中1例G3透明细胞癌在肿瘤周围3 mm处发现卫星灶,另3例G2、G3透明细胞癌在肿瘤周围15 mm范围发现肿瘤浸润生长;有肾静脉瘤栓4例(16.7%);远处转移2例(8.3%).肿瘤直径与肿瘤周围浸润生长和卫星灶之间呈显著相关性(P＜0.05).结论直径＜4 cm的肾癌,行距离肿瘤周围正常肾组织切除宽度小的NSS,甚至简单的肿瘤剜除术安全有效;对部分仔细选择的4～7 cm肾癌,只要技术可行能够完整切除肿瘤,采用NSS治疗合理可行;而对于＞7 cm的肾癌,不建议行NSS.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the safe and effective width of a healthy parenchymal surgical margin in nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) for renal cell carcinoma. Methods From October, 2005to October, 2008, 131 renal carcinoma specimens (103 cases performed by radical nephrectomy and 28 cases by NSS) were studied. The tissue materials were taken at the site of pseudo-capsule, 3, 5, 10,15 mm laterally from the tumor edge respectively and HE staining. Specimens were examined grossly and microscopically for multifocal tumors, infiltration of tumor pseudo-capsule and other pathological features. The correlation between the renal tumor size and the pathological features were analyzed statistically. Results There were 131 specimens of renal carcinoma. In 61 cases with tumor diameter ＜4 cm, no case (0.0%) had multifocal tumors and infiltration of tumor pseudo-capsule. In 46 cases with tumor diameter 4-7 cm, multifocal tumors were found in 3 cases (6.5%), and infiltration of tumor pseudo-capsule was found in 2 cases. Among the 46 cases there was 1 collecting duct cancer accompanied with distant metastasis and renal vein tumor embolus. In 24 cases with tumor diameter ＞7cm, multifocal tumors were found in 4 cases (16. 7%) and infiltration of tumor pseudo-capsule was found in 3 cases. Four cases (16.7%) had renal vein tumor embolus. Two cases (8.3%) had distant metastasis. The renal tumor size was apparently associated with multifocal tumors and infiltration of tumor pseudo-capsule (P＜0. 05). Conclusions Mini-margin NSS, even simple enucleoresection, is a safe and effective approach for treating localized renal tumor of ＜4 cm. For carefully selected patients with tumor 4-7 cm, NSS is reasonable and feasible. But for the patient with tumor ＞7 cm,NSS is not recommended.     

局限性肾癌保留肾单位手术20例分析

目的探讨保留肾单位手术（nephrom-sparing surgery,NSS）治疗局限性肾癌的安全性和疗效。方法回顾性分析20例行NSS肾癌患者的临床资料,其中双侧肾癌1例,孤立肾肾癌1例,对侧肾有病变或潜在功能损害的肾癌3例,对侧肾正常的肾癌15例。肿瘤直径平均3.9（1.3-7.4）cm。行肿瘤剜除术13例,肾部分切除术4例,肾楔形切除术3例。结果 20例患者手术均成功。术后平均随访29（15-37）个月,1例双侧肾癌患者术后14月出现远处转移死亡,1例术后12个月因局部复发改行根治性肾切除术,2例术后出现暂时性肾功能不全。结论 NSS治疗肾癌安全有效,尤其适用于局限性肾癌患者。