三种腔内微创方法在前列腺增生并膀胱结石的疗效比较

目的：比较经尿道大力碎石钳、气压弹道碎石和钬激光在BPH合并膀胱结石患者中碎石的疗效和安全性。方法：把BPH合并膀胱结石165例分为三组：Ⅰ组68例用大力碎石钳碎石后联合经尿道前列腺电切治疗;Ⅱ组51例经尿道气压弹道碎石后联合经尿道前列腺汽化电切治疗;Ⅲ组46例经尿道钬激光碎石后联合经尿道前列腺等离子双极电切治疗,对3组术中、术后并发症及碎石效果进行比较。结果：Ⅰ组术中发生前列腺或膀胱损伤、穿孔19例,因膀胱穿孔或结石无法粉碎改为开放手术23例,术后发生尿道狭窄9例,碎石成功率为62.0%（42/68）;Ⅱ组碎石成功率为80.0%（41/51）,其中5例术中发生膀胱损伤、穿孔,因结石无法粉碎转为开放手术7例,术后发生尿道狭窄3例; Ⅲ组无术中并发症,46例全部碎石成功（46/46）,术后6月发生尿道外口狭窄1例。三组之间的碎石成功率、术中并发症发生率、转开放手术率比较差异均有显著性（P<0.05）。结论：经尿道钬激光碎石联合经尿道前列腺等离子双极电切治疗BPH并膀胱结石是一种安全、高效的方法,可以作为首选。     

前列腺增生伴膀胱结石的微创治疗

目的 探讨经尿道前列腺汽化切除术(TVP)结合钬激光碎石术治疗良性前列腺增生(BPH)并膀胱结石的32效。方法 回顾性分析了56例BPH合并膀胱结石患者采用TVP结合钬激光碎石木，并对随访的32例进行疗效分析。结果 所有56例患者均一次处理成功，无电切综合症(TUES)，无膀胱穿孔出现，有3例部分尿失禁，3月后均恢复。术后3月对随访32例复查无残余结石，MFR＞16mL/s。结论 TVP结合钬激光碎石术对治疗BPH并膀胱结石具有效果确切，并发症少，康复快，符合微创外科的优点。     

微创技术治疗膀胱结石联合前列腺非手术治疗的可行性闫荣博,安瑞华

目前国内外指南将膀胱结石列为良性前列腺增生(BPH)手术的绝对指征,推荐治疗膀胱结石的同时行前列腺手术。但对于高龄、高风险和拒绝同期手术患者的理想替代治疗方案尚无统一意见。随着对膀胱结石病因研究的深入和BPH药物治疗优势的日益凸显,单纯治疗膀胱结石联合BPH非手术治疗成为可能。本文就膀胱结石的微创外科治疗,包括体外冲击波碎石术、经尿道膀胱碎石术、经皮耻骨上膀胱碎石术及钬激光等新兴技术,联合BPH非手术治疗的可行性进行综述。     

前列腺增生合并膀胱结石三种手术方法的临床疗效比较研究

目的：总结大力碎石钳碎石加经尿道前列腺电切（ TURP）、经膀胱镜钬激光碎石加TURP、小切口开放取石加TURP三种手术方法治疗前列腺增生合并膀胱结石的临床效果。方法对118例前列腺增生合并膀胱结石患者分别采用大力碎石钳碎石加TURP术37例（ A组）,经膀胱镜钬激光碎石加TURP术43例（ B组）,小切口开放取石加TURP术38例（ C组）。对比和评价三种手术方式的临床疗效。结果 A、B、C三组在膀胱黏膜损伤率、膀胱穿孔改开放手术率、住院时间上,B组明显好于A组及C组;碎石取石操作时间上,B组碎石取石操作时间长于A组及C组。结论经膀胱镜钬激光碎石结合TURP治疗前列腺增生合并膀胱结石具有损伤小、疗效好、恢复快等优点,虽然结石较大时碎石取石时间延长,但手术并发症少,值得临床推广。     

腔内手术同期治疗良性前列腺增生并膀胱结石

目的:探讨对良性前列腺增生(BPH)并膀胱结石的患者的治疗方法。方法:对20例本病患者,采用经尿道途径钬激光碎石结合碎石钳钳夹碎石方法治疗膀胱结石,同期行TURP方法治疗BPH。结果:全部患者均同期经尿道完成碎石和TURP治疗,术后1周拔除尿管,无并发症发生。结论:对BPH合并膀胱结石的患者,经尿道钬激光碎石结合碎石钳碎石和同期行TURP治疗BPH,避免了开放手术切开膀胱或膀胱造瘘,减轻了患者的痛苦。     

前列腺增生症合并膀胱结石的腔内治疗分析

目的 探讨腔内泌尿外科技术治疗前列腺增生症(BPH)合并膀胱结石的应用价值.方法 对74例BPH合并膀胱结石患者分别采用大力碎石钳、输尿管镜气压弹道、标准肾镜超声碎石等方法结合经尿道前列腺电切进行治疗.结果 1例大力钳碎石因膀胱穿孔改行开放手术,2例耻骨上小切口切开取石,另外71例均完全进行腔内治疗,术后5～7 d拔除...     

22例前列腺增生症合并膀胱结石的手术治疗体会

目的总结前列腺增生症(BPH)合并膀胱结石的治疗方法和疗效。方法采用钬激光碎石或耻骨上小切口膀胱切开取石,然后经尿道前列腺汽化电切(TUVP)。结果12例行膀胱弹道碎石然后行TUVP,手术时间为50～150min,平均80min,术后5～7d拔除尿管。10例行耻骨上小切口膀胱切开取石后行TUVP,手术时间为60～150min,平均85min,术后7～8d拔除尿管,排尿通畅,无电切综合征、膀胱穿孔等并发症。随访3个月～2年,IPSS评分由术前28.5±2.0,下降至术后的7.8±0.4,P0.01,术后最大尿流率平均15.0ml/s。结论TUVP结合钬激光碎石术或耻骨上小切口膀胱切开取石是BPH合并膀胱结石的一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

高危前列腺增生合并膀胱结石行经尿道钬激光碎石及经尿道前列腺电切术的观察

目的 探讨高龄高危前列腺增生(BPH)合并膀胱结石的治疗方法.方法 采用经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)联合电切镜钬激光碎石同期治疗高危BPH合并膀胱结石患者84例.即通过电切攀通道置入钬激光光纤行膀胱结石钬激光碎石,再行TURP治疗.结果 84例平均年龄78岁患者均一次性手术成功,取石率为100%.手术时间40～120min,平均约65min,其中碎石时间5～30min,平均15min.术中无出血、穿孔.TURP术后留置导尿管3～6d,术后住院时间为5～9d,平均6.9d.术后随访3～12个月,无结石复发及尿道狭窄等并发症.结论 采用TURP加钬激光碎石术治疗高危BPH合并膀胱结石具有手术时间短,创伤小及安全性高等优势.特别是对高危前列腺增生症患者合并膀胱较大结石、多发结石更具优势.     

钬激光碎石联合前列腺电切Ⅰ期治疗前列腺增生合并膀胱结石的体会

目的探讨钬激光碎石联合前列腺电切Ⅰ期治疗前列腺增生症（BPH）合并膀胱结石的疗效。方法对钬激光碎石术联合前列腺电切术Ⅰ期治疗BPH合并膀胱结石58例患者的临床资料予以分析。结果 58例均一次手术治疗成功,术后复查腹部平片,膀胱内均未见结石残留,清石率达100%。术中无输血,无TURP综合征、膀胱穿孔及严重感染等并发症。术后4～7天拔除尿管,排尿通畅,3个月～2年为58例患者不同的随访期,最大尿流率（Qmax）及残余尿并予生活质量（QOL）、国际前列腺症状评分（IPSS）,均有明显改善。结论钬激光碎石联合前列腺电切是一种治疗BPH合并膀胱结石微创而较理想的治疗方法。     

钬激光碎石术治疗前列腺增生并膀胱结石的体会—附79例报告

目的探讨钬激光碎石术治疗前列腺增生(BPH)并发膀胱结石的效果。方法采用钬激光碎石联合TURP治疗BPH并发膀胱结石79例,回顾性分析患者的临床资料。结果 79例患者均一次手术成功,未发生大出血、膀胱穿孔、TURP综合征及严重感染等并发症。术后复查KUB,膀胱内无结石残留,清石率达100%。住院7~10 d,最大尿流率较术前明显改善。结论钬激光联合TURP治疗BPH并发膀胱结石,创伤小、术后恢复快、安全高效,是治疗BPH并发膀胱结石的理想方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.