微创经皮肾穿刺取石和经尿道输尿管镜碎石治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石的疗效比较

目的：比较微创经皮肾穿刺取石术(MPCNL)与经尿道输尿管镜碎石术(URL)治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石的疗效。方法：对202例单侧嵌顿性输尿管上段结石患者，92例采用MPCNL治疗(MPCNL组)，110例采用URL治疗(URL组)，其中46例接受辅助的ESWL治疗。结果：MPCNL组术后3天结石清除率为94．6％(87／92)，术后1个月结石清除率为100％(92／92)。URL组术后3天结石清除率为20．9％(23／110)，术后1个月结石清除率为84．5％(93／110)。结论：MPCNL治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石有很高的结石清除率；URL治疗效果稍差，可以联合体外冲击波碎石来提高疗效。但二者可以根据患者病情酌加选用。     

微创经皮肾碎石与经尿道输尿管镜碎石治疗输尿管上段结石的比较

目的比较微创经皮’肾镜取石术（MPCNL）与输尿管镜取石术（URL）治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效。方法从2003年1月至2005年12月，对240例单侧输尿管上段结石患者，123例采用MPCNL治疗，117例采用URL治疗后，40例接受辅助ESWL治疗。结果MPCNL组临床治疗成功率为100％（123／123），一次结石清除率为96％（119／123）。URL组临床治疗成功率为58．1％（68／117），术后一次结石清除率47％（56／117），术后辅助体外冲击波碎石，一个月结石清除率为84％（99／117），均显著低于MPCNL组（P〈0．05）。结论微创经皮肾穿刺碎石治疗输尿管上段结石，有较高的临床治疗成功率、结石清除率，虽然经尿道输尿管镜碎石治疗效果较差，但联合体外冲击波可提高疗效。     

微创经皮肾取石和经尿道输尿管镜碎石治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效比较

目的 比较微创经皮肾穿刺取石术与经尿道输尿管镜碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石的方法。方法 从1996年6月到2004年6月，对202例单侧输尿管上段结石的患者，92例采用MPCNL进行治疗；110例采用URL治疗后，46例接受辅助的ESWL治疗。结果 MPCNL组术后3d结石清除率为94．6％（87／92），术后1个月结石清除率为100％（92／92）。URL术后3d结石清除率为20．9％（23／110），术后1个月的结石清除率为84．5（93／110），均显著低于MPCNL组（P〈0．05）。结论 微创经皮肾穿刺取石治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石有很高的结石清除率；经尿道输尿管镜手术治疗效果稍差，可以联合体外冲击波碎石来提高疗效。     

微创经皮肾镜碎石与输尿管镜碎石术治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石的疗效比较

目的：比较微创经皮肾镜碎石术（minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy ,MPCNL）与输尿管镜碎石术（ ureteroscopic lithotripsy ,URL）治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石的疗效和安全性。方法回顾性分析2007年6月～2013年6月226例嵌顿性输尿管上段结石的临床资料,其中116例采用MPCNL治疗,110例采用URL治疗,比较两组结石清除率、手术时间、并发症发生率。结果 MPCNL组术后3 d结石清除率96．6％（112/116）,1个月后的结石清除率为99．1％（115/116）。URL组术后3 d结石清除率为47．3％（52/110）,49例残留结石＞0．4 cm,接受ESWL 治疗,1个月后结石清除率为83．6％（92/110）。结石清除率MPCNL组高于URL组（χ2＝68．873、17．619,P均＝0．000）。2组手术时间以及出血＞400 ml、发热和肾绞痛等并发症发生率差异无显著性（ P＞0．05）。结论 MPCNL治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石有很高的结石清除率;URL治疗效果稍差,而且需要结合ESWL治疗才能提高疗效。 MPCNL可作为嵌顿性输尿管上段结石的首选治疗方法。     

经皮肾镜取石和经尿道输尿管镜碎石治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效比较

目的:比较微创经皮肾镜取石术(MPCNL)与经尿道输尿管镜碎石术(URL)治疗输尿管上段结石的方法。方法:200例单侧输尿管上段结石的患者,90例采用MPCNL进行治疗;110例采用URL治疗,其中46例接受辅助ESWL治疗。结果:MPCNL组术后3天结石清除率为97.7%(88/90),术后1个月结石清除率为100%(90/90)。URL术后3天结石清除率为25.4%(28/110),术后1个月结石清除率为81.8%(90/110),均显著低于MPCNL组(P<0.05)。结论:MPCNL治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石有很高的结石清除率,URL手术治疗效果稍差,可以联合ESWL提高疗效。     

3种不同术式治疗复杂输尿管上段结石的疗效比较--随机对照研究

目的比较体外冲击波碎石（extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy，ESWL）、逆行输尿管镜取石（ureteroscope lithtripsy，URL）联合ESWL、微创经皮肾镜取石（minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy，MPCNL）治疗复杂输尿管上段结石的疗效。方法分析2002年12月-2003年12月我院治疗复杂输尿管上段结石234例，其中ESWL治疗76例，URL联合ESWL治疗78例．MPCNL治疗80例。结果ESWL组一次碎石成功率56，6％（43／76），术后1个月结石清除率46，l％（35／76），平均费用912元，术后并发症发生率15，8％（12／76）；URL联合ESWL组碎石成功率100％（78／78），术后1个月结石清除率83．3％（65／78），平均费用7720元，术后并发症发生率15，4％（12／78）；MPCNL组碎石成功率100％（80／80），术后1个月结石清除率100％（80／80），平均费用10253元，术后并发症发生率13．8％（11／80）。MPCNL组手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、术后1个月结石清除率和费用明显高于ESWL和URL联合ESWL组；一次碎石成功率MPCNL组与URL联合ESWL组相比无明显差异，均明显高于ESWL组；3组术后并发症发生率比较无明显差异。结论MPCNL治疗复杂输尿管上段结石安全有效，可成为治疗复杂输尿管上段结石的首选治疗方法。     

不同微创方法治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石的比较

目的总结复杂性输尿管上段结石的有效治疗方法。方法回顾性分析经尿道输尿管镜碎石（URL）、微创经皮输尿管镜碎石（MPCNL）以及后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术（RLU）治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石患者的临床效果,比较3种治疗方法的成功率及结石清除率。结果285例患者中,URL治疗121例,一次手术成功率70．1％,改开放手术5例,术后1个月结石清除率为79．3％。MPCNL治疗94例,一次手术成功率86．0％,改开放手术6例,术后1个月结石清除率为92．1％。RLU治疗70例,一次手术成功率97．0％,改开放手术2例,术后1个月结石的清除率为100％。结论．对于复杂性输尿管上段结石的微创治疗,应根据患者临床情况及实际要求制定治疗方案。     

三种微创方法治疗输尿管上段结石的对照分析

目的探讨治疗输尿管上段结石的最佳方法。方法回顾分析170例输尿管上段结石患者临床资料，51例采用经尿道输尿管镜下碎石术（ureteroscope recessive lithotrity，URL），57例采用微创经皮肾输尿管镜碎石术（minimally invasive percutane nephrolithotomy，MPCNL），62例采用后腹腔镜下输尿管切开取石术治疗，并比较分析三种手术的治疗效果。结果术后3d、1月结石清除率三组分别为：URL组33．3％（17／51）、90．2％（46／51），MPCNL组94．7％（54／57）、98．2％（56／57），后腹腔镜下输尿管切开取石术组98．4％（61／62）、100％（62／62）；URL组显著低于后两组（P〈0．05），而后两组之间无显著差异。结论MPCNL与后腹腔镜下输尿管切开取石治疗输尿管上段结石均有很高的结石清除率，URL效果较差。     

微创经皮肾镜取石和经尿道输尿管镜碎石治疗输尿管上段嵌顿性结石的疗效比较

目的比较微创经皮肾镜穿刺取石术（minimally invasive precutaneous nephrolithotomy,MPCNL）与经尿道输尿管镜碎石术（transurethral ureteroscopic lithotripsy,URL）治疗输尿管上段嵌顿结石的疗效。方法从2008年03月～2012年03月,70例单侧嵌顿性输尿管上段结石的患者,35例采用MPCNL治疗,35例采用URL治疗,对2组患者的结石清除率、手术时间、术中出血、住院时间以及手术并发症等进行分析比较。结果 MPCNL组术后3d结石清除率为97.14%（34/35）,术后1个月结石清除率为100%（35/35）;URL组术后3d结石清除率为25.71%（9/35）,术后1个月的结石清除率为82.86%（29/35）,均显著低于MPCNL组（P〈0.05）;在手术时间、术中出血、住院时间、术后发热（T〉38.5℃）的发生率等方面,MPCNL组和URL组在统计学上无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论 MPCNL治疗输尿管上段嵌顿性结石相较URL,其结石清除率高,且具有安全、有效、术后并发症少等的优点,可作为输尿管上段嵌顿性结石的首选治疗方法。     

输尿管镜下阻挡网篮配合双频激光碎石术与ESWL治疗非复杂性输尿管上段结石疗效比较

目的：对体外震波碎石（ESWL）及输尿管镜下阻挡网篮配合双频激光碎石（URL）治疗非复杂性输尿管上段结石进行比较。探讨两种术式的疗效．方法：收治121例非复杂性输尿管上段结石病例。随机分两组．其中63例行ESWL-58例行URL,ESWL组采用多尼尔Cigma双定位体外冲击波碎石机,URL组采用Storz硬性输尿管镜,配用自制阻挡网篮,连接W．O．MU—100双频激光机后进行碎石,术后留置双J管。结果：两组在一次碎石成功率（ESWL93．7％、URI．93．1％）、术后1个月结石清除率（ESWI,90．4％．URI,93．1％）差异无统计学意义（P〈0．05）,治疗时间（ESWI．33．5±6．4、URL15．0±2．3）及术后1周结石清除率（ESWL69．8％、URL93．1％）URL组要优于ESWL组．差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。ESWI．组出现l例包膜下血肿。URL组出现1例输尿管穿孔．结论：对非复杂性输尿管上段结石的治疗,我们要根据患者具体情况及要求,科学地制定个体化治疗方案,以减少并发症。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.