肾上腺肿瘤手术径路探讨(附1077例报告)

目的　探讨理想的肾上腺肿瘤手术径路。　方法　总结分析 1 0 77例不同类型、不同大小肾上腺肿瘤的手术径路和治疗效果。　结果　 567例产生醛固酮的肾上腺皮质肿瘤 (APA)和库兴综合征 (CUS)经 1 1、1 0肋间径路完成手术 ,9例经腹腔径路、6例用腹腔镜完成手术。嗜铬细胞瘤(phe)和偶发瘤经 1 1、1 0肋间径路手术者分别为 1 73例和 1 36例 ,经腹径路者分别为 1 36例和 2 2例 ,2 5例为胸腹联合径路 ,3例肿瘤 <4cm者采用腹腔镜手术。肿瘤切除 1 0 60例 ,活检 1 7例。 1 1、1 0肋间手术主要并发症是胸膜损伤 ,经腹手术主要并发症是脾损伤 ,本组脾切除共 9例。　结论　APA、CUS或 <7cm的 phe和偶发瘤采用 1 1、1 0肋肋间径路 ,>7cm肿瘤多采用经腹或经胸腹联合径路 ,多发和腹腔内肾上腺外 phe、双侧肾上腺肿瘤采用经腹径路 ,肾门区phe取 1 1、1 0肋间径路或胸腹联合径路较经腹径路能提供更多修复肾血管和保留肾的机会。 <6cm的肾上腺肿瘤可选用腹腔镜手术。     

嗜铬细胞瘤手术径路分析

目的 探讨高嗜铬细胞瘤手术治疗方法。方法 分析嗜铬细胞瘤８９例的手术方法所取径路。结果 ３９例行第１肋间切口,１５例行第１０肋间切口,１４例行腹部正中切口,９例行胸腹联合切口,５例行腹部肋下斜切口,３例行下腹正中切口,３例行后外侧切口。１例行腹腔镜手术。结果 （１）大部分定位明确肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤,拟用１１肋间切口或１０肋间切口。（２）巨大嗜铬细胞瘤或大血管关系紧密的嗜铬细胞瘤,拟用腹部正中切口,必     

嗜铬细胞瘤手术切口的选择（附１０３例报告）

目的：提高嗜铬细胞瘤手术治疗水平,方法：回顾性分析１０３例嗜铬细胞瘤患者手术切口的选择方法及选择原则。结果：４９例行１１肋间切口,１８例行１０肋间切口,１５例行腹剖正中切口,９例行胸腹联合切口,5例行腹部肋下切口,３例行下腹正中切口,３例后外侧切口,１例行腹腔镜手术,结论：（１）大部分肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤宜用１１肋间切口１０肋间切口,(2) 大嗜铬细胞瘤或与大血管关系紧密的嗜铬细胞宜用腹剖正中切口,甚至胸腹联合切口,（３）多发性嗜铬细胞瘤肾上腺外嗜铬细胞瘤以腹部正中切口较为适用。     

后腹腔镜手术切除巨大肾上腺肿瘤

目的:探讨后腹腔镜手术切除巨大(直径≥6 cm)肾上腺肿瘤的可行性.方法:对15例巨大肾上腺肿瘤患者进行后腹腔镜切除手术,左侧9例,右侧6例,肿瘤大小6 cm×4 cm×3 cm～11 cm×9 cm×9 cm,平均7.3 cm×6.2 cm×4.8 cm.结果:11例成功行后腹腔镜手术切除,中转开放手术4例.术后2～3 d拔除伤口引流管,3～5 d下床活动,恢复顺利,无并发症.术后1～5年患者随访未发现异常.病理报告肾上腺囊肿3例,嗜铬细胞瘤3例,神经节瘤4例,皮质癌2例,神经鞘瘤1例,髓性脂肪瘤1例,肾上腺血肿1例.结论:巨大肾上腺肿瘤可以行后腹腔镜手术切除,但应在具有熟练的腹腔镜操作技术的条件下逐步开展.     

开放手术切除巨大肾上腺肿瘤44例报告

目的 总结开放手术切除巨大肾上腺肿瘤的经验,提高手术安全性及有效性.方法巨大肾上腺肿瘤患者44例,肿瘤长径9～34 cm,平均13 cm.均行开放手术切除,常规准备自体血液回收.对临床资料特点,术中、术后并发症及手术切除效果进行分析. 结果 5例采用11肋间切口,32例采用肋缘下经腹斜切口,7例因肿瘤巨大或侵犯腔静脉壁行胸腹联合切口.44例中恶性肿瘤27例(61.4%),肿瘤呈浸润性生长,3例侵犯肝脏,6例合并腔静脉瘤栓,其中2例因肿瘤侵犯腔静脉行人工血管置换术,3例术中使用体外循环.41例(93.2%)术中出血100～3000 ml,平均1309 ml,20例(45.5%)术中使用自体血液回收.手术并发症:术中膈肌损伤1例,胸膜损伤1例,肿瘤侵犯黏连致术中大出血3例,出血量超过15 000 ml.术后发生腹腔感染2例.无围手术期死亡患者.42例(95.5%)根治性切除肿瘤,2例因肿瘤黏连大出血致肿瘤残留.结论 巨大肾上腺肿瘤手术难度大,出血多,风险高,手术切口的合理选择、自体血液回收的应用、多学科的协作及丰富的手术经验对提高手术切除率及安全性至关重要.     

巨大纵隔转移性脂肪肉瘤1例

78岁男性患者, 诊断为孤立性纵隔巨大肿瘤。2022年3月2日上午在双腔气管插管全麻下, 行经胸腔镜辅助左侧肋间小切口左侧纵隔肿瘤切除术。术中见肿瘤包膜完整, 略呈梭形, 质韧, 大小约20 cm×15 cm×8 cm, 切面呈鱼肉状, 剖开肿瘤见中央有液化坏死。术中冰冻病理及术后病理示:结合病史、免疫组化及分子检测结果, 符合去分化型脂肪肉瘤。术后10天患者顺利出院, 随访12个月未见肿瘤复发及转移征象。     

食管癌外科学(二、外科治疗的优选手术方法及疗效)

外科治疗的优选手术方法【食管胃连接部癌】手术径路繁多。单纯腹部切口,食管显露不够充分。为了充分显露下段食管,可采用左或右侧开胸加腹部径路,胸骨正中切开的腹部径路,左侧胸腹径路等。其中以左侧胸腹径路最为可取,其优点是:①能充分显露手术野;②可同时检查腹部及纵隔;③可接近任何大小的肿瘤;④术中无须改变病人体位;⑤可完成各种类型重建术或转流术;⑥手术危险性较小,手术死亡率较低,术后恢复过程一般平稳。采用左侧胸腹径路时,病人斜置干右外侧和仰卧位之间。皮肤切口一般在第六或第七肋间。开始仅在切口的前段作一小切口,先开腹探查是否有广泛转移,这种转移是禁忌进一步切除的。在断定肿瘤适于切除后,再将皮肤切口向侧上方延长,开胸并在第六     

腹腔镜下腹膜后节细胞神经瘤切除术30例报告

目的 探讨腹膜后和经腹腔镜下治疗腹膜后节细胞神经瘤的适应证和可行性.方法 腹腔镜下切除腹膜后节细胞神经瘤30例.B超检查偶然发现19例、血压升高6例、腰腹部酸痛5例.血肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素升高2例.30例均行B超及CT检查,28例行MRI检查.肿瘤位于左侧肾上腺15例、右侧肾上腺13例、左侧腹主动脉旁及右侧下腔静脉后方各1例.结果 30例均获成功.腹膜后途径组24例,肿瘤直径2.5～5.5 cm,平均3.9 cm;手术时间35～110 min,平均55min;出血量20～100 ml,平均55 ml.经腹腔途径组6例,肿瘤均位于左侧,肿瘤直径4.5～6.0 cm,平均5.2 cm;手术时间60～130 min,平均82 min;出血量40～140 ml,平均75 ml.1例经腹膜后途径者因术中胸膜损伤而放置胸腔引流,无后遗症.术后随访2～67个月,未见肿瘤局部复发和远处转移.结论 腹腔镜下切除腹膜后节细胞神经瘤,创伤小,恢复快,短期随访效果满意.对于左侧较大或影像学提示有血管包绕推移的节细胞神经瘤,经腹腔途径可能是一种较好的选择.     

肾上腺偶发瘤临床分析

目的 总结肾上腺偶发瘤的临床、内分泌及病理学特点. 方法回顾性分析97例病理确诊肾上腺偶发瘤患者的临床资料.男53例,女44例.平均年龄45岁.肿瘤位于左侧38例、右侧52例、双侧7例.有较完整内分泌检测资料者74例.肿瘤最大直径由B超确定8例、CT确定54例、MRI确定35例. 结果 97例中恶性肿瘤20例(20.6%),其中肾卜腺皮质癌12例、恶性嗜铬细胞瘤3例、转移癌2例,肉瘤、神经母细胞瘤、恶性神经鞘瘤各1例;肾上腺皮质腺瘤26例(26.8%),良性嗜铬细胞瘤21例(21.6%),髓脂肪瘤9例(9.3%),肾上腺囊肿13例(13.4%),节细胞神经瘤5例(5.2%),神经纤维瘤3例(3.1%).高血压病患者40例(41.2%),功能性偶发瘤21例(28.4%).肿瘤直径<4 cm者25例(25.8%)、4～6 cm者33例(34.0%)、>6 era者39例(40.2%).肿瘤直径<4 cm者中恶性肿瘤仅1例(4%).恶性肿瘤直径(9.9±4.6)cm,良性肿瘤直径(5.6±3.2)锄(P=0.01).恶性肿瘤中直径>6 cm者15例(75.0%),良性肿瘤中27例(35.1%,P=0.001).恶性肿瘤患者体质量减轻者5例(25.0%),良性肿瘤者中2例(2.6%,P==0.004). 结论 肾上腺偶发瘤中皮质腺瘤、良性嗜铬细胞瘤和恶性肿瘤居前3他,偶发瘤均应进行详细的内分泌检测,肿瘤直径<4 cm足筛选无内分泌异常的偶发瘤随访时的一项重要指标.     

后腹腔镜下右侧巨大肾上腺肿瘤切除的手术技巧

目的:探讨后腹腔镜下切除右侧巨大肾上腺肿瘤(最大径≥6cm)的可行性及手术技巧。方法:采用后腹腔镜下右侧巨大肾上腺肿瘤切除术治疗右侧巨大肾上腺肿瘤患者18例,肿瘤最大径为6~19(8.4±0.69)cm。术中按3个相对无血管平面分离,在腹侧平面游离时尽量将腔静脉与瘤体分开,并显露肾上腺中央静脉,在背侧平面分离时尽量向内侧中线分离,形成基于腔静脉与腰大肌之间的倒三角形肿瘤基底部。抬起瘤体,逐步向上离断汇入基底部的动脉血供,切除肿瘤。结果:除1例患者因粘连转为开放手术外,17例均顺利完成腹腔镜下肿瘤切除,手术时间80~210(147.9±7.6)min。术后病理检查报告为髓质脂肪瘤8例,嗜铬细胞瘤4例,节细胞神经纤维瘤3例,性索间质瘤1例,肾上腺囊肿伴囊壁钙化囊内出血1例。17例腹腔镜肿瘤切除手术均无术中术后输血。结论:后腹腔可以获得巨大的手术空间,术中妥善处理富含动脉血供的肿瘤基底部可以安全切除体积巨大的肿瘤。     

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??Abdominothoracic incision in the surgical treatment of right adrenal large pheochromocytoma: a report of 8 cases REN Xuan-yi*, WEI Jin-xing, ZHANG Xue-pei, et al. *Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
Corresponding author: WEI Jin-xing, E-mail:weijinxing1956@126.com
Abstract Objective To investigate the operative method and technique for the management of large pheochromocytoma. Methods A total of 8 cases of right adrenal large pheochromocytoma were performed operation through the abdominothoracic incision from January 2005 to December 2009 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University. Results All of the adrenal masses were resected completely with the mean operating interval of 165 min and the mean bleeding volume of 550 mL and no severe complication occurred. Six cases were benign pheochromocytoma and 2 were malignant. Conclusion The 8th-rib abdominothoracic incision has a good exposure for the removal of right adrenal large pheochromocytomas. The tumors could be resected integratedly and safely.     

Surgical excision of malignant pheochromocytoma in the left atrium.

We present a rare case of malignant pheochromocytoma in the left atrium and its surgical treatment. The patient was a 39-year-old male who presented a low-grade fever with perspiration. A large tumor was first detected in the left atrium by chest CT, and was confirmed by ultrasonic echo cardiogram and chest MRI. A left adrenal tumor was indicated also by abdominal echography. To prevent the risk of its embolization, surgical excision was performed on a subemergency basis. The patient developed near Shock State on the operative day, presumably due to catecholamine depletion. The preoperative urinary levels of norepinephrine and dopamine were abnormally high. Bilateral adrenal tumors also, confirmed postoperatively by abdominal MRI, were developing rapidly. The pathological examination revealed that the tumor was a pheochromocytoma.     

Detectability and characteristics of the primary adrenal tumor by ultrasonography--comparison with CAT scan and adrenal scintigraphy

From March 1978 to May 1987, 22 cases of primary adrenal tumors were examined by ultrasonography. The patients ranged in age from 21 to 79 years with an average of 42.6 year, including 11 cases of pheochromocytoma, 6 cases of primary aldosteronism, 4 cases of Cushing's syndrome and 1 case of ganglioneuroma. Visualization of tumors was successful in 19 of the 22 patients (86.4%). The detecting rate of right adrenal tumors was 100% (12/12), while the rate of the left was 80% (8/10). The sizes of detected adrenal tumors were larger than 10 mm on the right and larger than 20 mm on the left. Obesity and bowel gas degraded the image of left adrenal tumors, resulting in a lower detective rate of the tumors. The suprarenal area and small lesions were best demonstrated by a lateral intercostal approach using longitudinal scanning plane and by a right subcostal approach using transverse scanning plane. In pheochromocytoma, cystic lesions (echo free space) existed, and the fact that no cystic lesion in other adrenal tumors was helpful for diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. It is concluded that ultrasonography is a very useful method for diagnosis of adrenal tumors as an initial imaging procedure, because it is totally non-invasive, rapid and less expensive than all of the other techniques.     

Adrenal pheochromocytoma with multiple neurofibromatosis on the trunk

We report a case of adrenal pheochromocytoma in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). A 65-year-old female patient was admitted to our hospital for examination of a right adrenal mass. The adrenal tumor was incidentally discovered by abdominal computed tomography during examination for hypertension in another hospital. She had large multiple neurofibromatous lesions and café-au-lait spots on the trunk. We thought that it was difficult to make a skin incision on normal skin. Serum and urinary catecholamines were markedly increased. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a solid round tumor 3 cm in diameter, located in the right adrenal gland. Laparoscopic right adrenalectomy was performed. Serum and urinary catecholamines returned to the normal range on post-operative day 10. Laparoscopic surgery may be a good option for NF1 patients with pheochromocytoma, especially those who had multiple neurofibromatosis on the trunk.     

肾上腺肿瘤影像学诊断与病理组织学类型的关系（附32例分析）

为探讨肾上腺肿瘤影像学诊断与病理组织学类型的关系，对１９８８～１９９５年收治的３２例肾上腺肿瘤病例进行分析。其中２８例手术治疗者经病理证实为嗜铬细胞瘤８例，髓样脂肪瘤５例，皮质腺癌５例，皮质腺瘤３例，节细胞神经瘤３例，副神经瘤２例，肾上腺囊肿１例，恶性淋巴瘤（Ｂ）弥漫型１例。２８例患者均行ＣＴ检查，８例作了ＭＲＩ检查，３例作了ＤＳＡ检查。结合病理，分析了ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ和ＤＳＡ的影像学表现。结果表明：嗜铬细胞瘤，髓样脂肪瘤，皮质腺癌，皮质腺瘤的影像学改变各有特点。本组资料对积累ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ和ＤＳＡ对肾上腺肿瘤的定位及定性诊断的经验有一定的参考价值。     

Association of pheochromocytoma with contralateral nonfunctioning adrenal adenoma

A 52-year-old woman complaining of abdominal pain, headaches and palpitations was admitted to our hospital for investigation of a bilateral adrenal tumor. Bilateral adrenalectomy was subsequently performed. The definitive diagnosis was right pheochromocytoma and left adrenocortical adenoma. Only four cases of pheochromocytoma associated with nonfunctioning adrenal adenoma have previously been reported. The coexistence of both entities is currently believed to be coincidental. Further examination of cases similar to ours might reveal the underlying mechanisms for the coexistence of these tumors.     

A case of adrenal pheochromocytoma with contralateral adrenocortical adenoma

A case of a pheochromocytoma in the right adrenal gland and adrenocortical adenoma in the left adrenal gland of a 58-year-old male is reported. The patient was incidentally found to have a right adrenal tumor by ultrasonographic study. A computerized tomographic (CT) study and magnetic resonance image (MRI) study revealed bilateral adrenal tumors. The sizes of the right tumor and left tumor were 2.5 x 3.5 cm and 1.2 x 1.0 cm, respectively. The intensity of each tumor was different on T2-weighted MRI. 131I-MIBG scintigram showed the uptake of right adrenal gland. The existence of pheochromocytoma was confirmed by the elevated levels of catecholamines. We performed venous sampling to be certain whether the patient had unilateral or bilateral pheochromocytoma. As a result, bilateral adrenal pheochromocytoma was diagnosed. Therefore, we performed bilateral adrenalectomy. However, histopathological examination revealed right pheochromocytoma and left non-functioning adrenocortical adenoma.     

Metachronous pheochromocytoma metastasis to the upper dorsal spine—6-year survival

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Malignant pheochromocytoma is a rare neoplasm of chromaffin tissue. Very few cases of malignant adrenal pheochromocytoma metastatic to vertebrae exist. PURPOSE: To determine the prognosis of a patient with an excised adrenal pheochromocytoma and a single metachronous metastasis to the upper dorsal spine. STUDY DESIGN: Case report METHODS: The authors report a patient who underwent total excision of an adrenal pheochromocytoma of the left adrenal gland in 2000 who developed a single metastasis to the second dorsal vertebra in 2002 with no evidence of abdominal recurrence. RESULTS: Four-year survival is documented after the spinal metastasis was first detected after two attempts at excision and radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with adrenal pheochromocytomas must be screened periodically with whole body imaging despite normal abdominal imaging as there is a definite risk of metachronous metastasis. Aggressive therapy may result in improving survival significantly in a subset of patients with isolated spinal metastases.