高渗氯化钠羟乙基淀粉注射液用于急性高容量血液稀释联合控制性降压在脊柱手术中的应用

目的 探讨高渗氯化钠羟乙基淀粉注射液(HSH)用于急性高容量血液稀释(AHH)联合控制性降压(CH)在脊柱手术中的安全性和有效性.方法 80例拟行脊柱手术的患者,随机均分为4组:CON组(不进行AHH与CH)、AHH组(用HSH进行输注)、CH组(用硝酸甘油进行降压)和AHH+CH组.术中持续监测 平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)及中心静脉压(CVP);分别于AHH前(T0)、AHH后即刻(T1)、手术开始后1h(T2)、术毕(T3)各时间点检测患者的血细胞比容(HCT)、乳酸(LAC)、碱剩余(BE)、氧分压(PO2)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血酶时间(APTT)、血Na+,K+,C1-的浓度、尿素氮(BUN)及肌酐(Cr),并记录术中输液量、输血量、出血量及尿量.结果① CH组与AHH+CH组在T2时点MAP下降;CH组在T2时点HR增快;AHH与AHH+CH组在T1时点CVP增高(P＜0.05).②AHH组与AHH+CH组在T1时点HCT下降、Na+与C1-浓度以及PT与APTT增加(P＜0.05);四组病人在各时点LAC、P02、SE、K+、BUN和Cr的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).③四组患者术中输液量差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);CH组与AHH+CH组的出血量少于CON组及AHH组;AHH组与AHH+CH组的尿量多于CON组及CH组;AHH+CH组的输血量少于其它3组(P＜0.05).结论 HSH用于AHH联合CH可以减少术中出血量,提高节约用血效果和改善微循环.     

急性高容量血液稀释联合乌拉地尔控制性降压对脑氧供需平衡的影响

目的 观察急性高容量血液稀释(AHH)联合乌拉地尔控制性降压(CH)对脑氧供需平衡的影响.方法 选择行择期肝癌切除术病人20例,随机分为两组:实验组(Ⅰ组,n=10)和对照组(Ⅱ组).Ⅰ组于麻醉诱导后行AHH,以30ml/min的速度静脉输入15ml/kg的羟乙基淀粉130/0.4,于AHH的同时先静注乌拉地尔0.5mg/kg,然后以微量泵持续静注,使平均动脉压(MAP)维持在60～70mmHg之间.Ⅱ组单纯行AHH,方法同Ⅰ组.两组分别于AHH前(T0)、AHH后30min(T1)、AHH后60min(T2)、病灶切除后(T3)、术毕(T4)记录MAP,CVP,HR;并于T0,T1,T2抽取桡动脉血和颈静脉球血行血气分析,计算动脉血氧含量(CaO2)、颈静脉球血氧含量(CjvO2)、动静脉血氧含量差[D(a-jv) O2]、脑氧摄取率(CERO2)、动静脉血乳酸浓度差(D(a-jv)L).结果 组间比较CERO2,D(a-jv)L,SjvO2,D(a-jv) O2差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);组内比较Ⅰ组D(a-jv)L,SjvO2,Ⅱ组SjvO2,D(a-jv)L,CERO2差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),Ⅰ组T2时CERO2较T0显著降低(P<0.05),两组T1,T2时SjvO2较T0均显著降低(P<0.05).结论 在肝癌切除术患者中,AHH联合乌拉地尔CH对脑氧供需平衡无明显影响.     

急性超容性血液稀释与控制性降压联合应用的可行性研究

目的：评价急性超容性血液稀释(AHH)与控制性降压(CH)联合应用的血液保护效果及其安全性。方法：择期骨科矫形大手术病人45例，随机分为3组，Ⅰ组行AHH，在全麻后手术前25min内输入6％HES5ml/kg；Ⅱ组行AHH CH，于切皮前以硝酸甘油维持MAP在55—65mmHg至手术结束前30min；Ⅲ组为对照组。当Hb＜85g／L时输异体血。计算各组病人术中失血量及异体血需求量，连续监测HR、ECG、BP、CVP，于麻醉前、麻醉后30min及术结分别测定血乳酸、PLC、Fbg、PT、APTT、动静脉血气并计算CaO2、CvO2及ERO2。于术中每30min及术后24h测定Hb及Hct值。结果：AHH CH能使术中失血量减少约40％。AHH、AHH CH明显减少异体血需求量，但对血波动力学、组织氧供及动脉血乳酸值无明显影响。虽有PTC、Fbg的明显降低和PT、APTT的明显延长，但各值均在正常范围。结论：AHH CH能有效减少骨科矫形手术病人术中失血及异体血需求量．且对血液动力学、组织氧供需平衡及凝血功能无明显不利影响。     

急性高容量血液稀释联合乌拉地尔控制性降压的临床应用

目的 观察急性高容量血液稀释(AHH)联合乌拉地尔控制性降压对手术患者血液动力学、组织灌注、出血量和输血量的影响. 方法 选择静吸复合全身麻醉下脊柱外科胸、腰椎内固定手术48例,随机分为3组,每组16例.组Ⅰ为对照组,组Ⅱ为AHH组,组Ⅲ为AHH联合乌拉地尔控制性降压.分别于AHH前(T0,组Ⅰ为麻醉诱导后)、AHH后30 min(T1,组Ⅰ为麻醉诱导后30 min)、AHH后60 min(T2)记录平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)、心率(HR)、血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞压积(Hct)和动脉血乳酸(LAC)等指标,记录术中出血量、尿量、输血量. 结果 组内及组间比较,三组患者HR及LAC无统计学意义(P>0.05),组内与T0比较,T1,T2时组Ⅱ CVP增高和组ⅢMAP降低有统计学意义(P<0.01);与组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ相比,组Ⅲ失血量、输血量的减少有统计学意义(P<0.01). 结论 AHH联合乌拉地尔控制性降压不影响血液动力学和组织灌注,能减少术中患者失血量和输血量.     

急性高容量血液稀释联合控制性降压用于30例脑膜瘤手术的临床观察

目的:探讨急性高容量血液稀释(AHH)联合控制性降压对脑膜瘤手术患者的临床应用价值.方法:脑膜瘤择期手术患者30例,随机分为观察组(A组)和对照组(B组).A组麻醉诱导后输入6%羟乙基淀粉(万汶25 ml/min,15 ml/kg),B组仅常规输入平衡液.两组患者在切皮后均采用异氟醚控制性降压并维持呼气末二氧化碳分压在4.0 kPa.从颈内静脉逆行置管至球部备采血样行血气分析,行足背动脉和股静脉穿刺置管,连续监测动脉压(MAP)和中心静脉压(CVP),蛛网膜下隙置管测颅内压(ICP).结果:AHH前后及行控制性降压后,两组MAP、HR、颅内压(ICP)、乳酸(Lac)和pH值均无显著变化(P＞0.05),A组颈内静脉血氧饱和度(SjO2)和氧分压(PO2)较AHH前和B组明显升高(P＜0.05).结论:AHH联合控制性降压可改善脑膜瘤患者术中脑氧供需平衡,维持脑灌注和循环稳定,可安全有效地应用于临床脑膜瘤手术.     

急性高容量血液稀释配合控制性降压用于脊柱手术的临床研究

目的 :评价急性高容量血液稀释 (AHH)配合控制性降压用于脊柱手术的临床效果及安全性。方法 :选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级脊柱择期手术病人 45例 ,随机分为三组 ,组Ⅰ为对照组 ;组Ⅱ为单纯AHH ;组Ⅲ为AHH配合硝酸甘油控制性降压。组Ⅱ、组Ⅲ按 15ml/kg( 5 0ml/min)的量输注 6%HES实施AHH。组Ⅲ在AHH同时 ,微量泵输注硝酸甘油 0 5～ 1μg/kg·min-1使MAP、CVP保持术前或稍高于术前水平。当开始分离骨折碎片、骨肿瘤切除、内固定物固定时 ,加快硝酸甘油速度至 1～ 5 μg/kg·min-1,使MAP降至术前 70 %～ 80 %。持续监测生命体征 ,行血常规、动脉血气分析并记录CVP。用称重法测定出血量 ,记录尿量、异体血输入量。结果 :手术时间组Ⅲ明显短于组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ。术中MAP、HR、CVP、Hb、Hct及动脉血气pH、CaO2 均在安全范围内。三组病人中组Ⅰ 15例均输入异体血 60 0～ 12 0 0ml;组Ⅱ有 12例输异体血 3 0 0～ 60 0ml,3例未输血 ;组Ⅲ有 2例因手术时间过长各输浓缩红血球 2u ,其余 13例未输血 ,节约血液效果显著。结论 :AHH配合控制性降压可安全用于脊柱手术 ,可明显减少或避免输注异体血。     

急性高容量血液稀释联合控制性降压在老年舌癌手术患者应用的安全性探讨

目的：探讨急性高容量血液稀释（AHH）和控制性降压（CH）技术在老年舌癌患者应用的安全性。方法：将40例择期行舌癌根治术的老年患者随机分成两组,每组20例,在麻醉中分别应用AHH联合CH（I组）和单纯CH（Ⅱ组）。记录术前（T0）、CH后1h（T1）、恢复正常血压后1 h（T2）和术毕（T3）等4个时点的血流动力学指标包括SBP、DBP、MAP、HR、CVP等和肾功能指标包括血清α1-微球蛋白（α1-MG）、BUN和CR值;记录降压期间尿量、手术出血总量和输血量。结果：血流动力学的变化：组内比较：Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组的MAP在T2、T3时点低于术前T0（P〈0.05）;Ⅰ组T2、T3时点的CVP值高于T0时点（P〈0.05）,Ⅱ组T3时点的CVP值高于T0时点（P〈0.05）;组间比较：各指标比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,两组SBP、DBP、MAP、HR、CVP等指标的组内比较及组间比较差异亦无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;肾功能指标：α1-MG、BUN和CR变化均在临床正常范围内;两组出血量比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,输血量I组少于Ⅱ组（P〈0.05）。结论：老年舌癌手术中使用AHH联合CH技术较单纯使用CH可以减少输血量,且对血流动力学及对肾功能无明显影响,可安全使用。     

急性超容性血液稀释联合控制性降压在脊柱手术中的应用

【目的】观察急性超容性血液稀释(AHHD) 与控制性降压(CH)联合应用对脊柱手术病人血流动力学、 氧供、氧耗及动脉血乳酸浓度的影响。【方法】20 例拟行脊柱手术病人, 麻醉诱导后25 min 内输入60 g/L 的羟乙 基淀粉( 贺斯200/0.5, HES) 15 mL/kg。手术开始时用硝酸甘油+艾司洛尔进行控制性降压, 维持平均动脉压 (MAP) ( 60±5)mmHg。主要手术操作完成后停止降压。术中连续监测心率(HR) 、血压(BP) 、中心静脉压(CVP) 、心 输出量(CO) 。分别于诱导后动静脉置管完成时( 基础值, T0) 、手术开始即刻(AHHD 后, T1)、手术开始后60 min ( T2) 和停止降压后30 min( T3) 同时取动、静脉血进行血气分析及检测动脉血乳酸(LA)。据氧动力学值计算氧供 (DO2) , 氧耗(VO2) , 氧摄取率( ERO2) 。取同期20 例仅行术中CH, 未行AHHD 的脊柱手术患者作对照组, 对比两 组术中输血量及手术前后Hct、Hb 变化。【结果】试验组CVP、CO 在T1 、T2、T3 各时点均明显高于T0 值( P< 0.05 或P < 0.01) ,但仍在正常值范围内。在T1- 3 时点试验组Hct、Hb 明显降低( P < 0.01) 。DO2 在T1 时点明显升高( P < 0.05) , 在T2 时点明显降低( P < 0.05) 。ERO2 在T2 时点明显高于T0 值( P < 0.05) 。试验组VO2 和LA 在各时点 差异无统计学意义( P >0.05) 。与对照组比较, 试验组输异体血比率明显减少(P =0.001) , 而手术前后Hct、Hb 无 明显差异。术后随访两组病人均无并发症发生。【结论】AHHD 与CH 联合可安全用于骨科脊柱手术, 并明显减少 术中异体血用量。     

急性高容量血液稀释联合控制性降压用于鼻内窥镜手术血液保护效果观察

目的评价急性高容量血液稀释（AHH）联合控制性降压（CH）用于鼻内窥镜手术中的血液保护效果。方法选择需行鼻内镜手术患者70例,性别不限,年龄20~55岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。随机分为2组,即AHH＋CH组（n=35）和CH组（n=35）。两组患者均在手术开始后静脉输注硝酸甘油,速率为0.3~1μg/（kg·min）进行控制性降压,在10~15min将MAP降至60~65mmHg。心率〉100次/min时单次静脉给艾司洛尔20mg。AHH＋CH组：麻醉气管插管后即刻至切皮前即刻,静脉输注6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4溶液15ml/kg,速率50ml/min。记录两组患者术中心率（HR）,平均动脉压（MAP）,中心静脉压（CVP）,血氧饱和度（SpO2）,出血量,尿量,手术时间及异体输血情况。结果与CH组比较,AHH＋CH组手术时间缩短,术中出血量减少,尿量增多（P〈0.01）,2组患者均无异体输血。术中生命体征均平稳,无心、肺、脑、肾相关并发症发生。结论 AHH联合控性降压对鼻内镜手术血液保护效果好,安全性高。     

硝酸甘油控制性降压在老年患者急性高容量血液稀释中的应用

目的 观察硝酸甘油应用于老年患者急性高容量血液稀释的可行性.方法 选择择期手术老年患者30例.随机分为应用急性高容量血液稀释组(Ⅰ组)、急性高容量血液稀释联合应用硝酸甘油控制降压组(Ⅱ组)和对照组(Ⅲ组).比较3组患者麻醉前(T0)、切皮前(T1)、手术主要步骤结束后(T2)、术后24 h后(T3)血流动力学指标、凝血指标、术中尿量、总出血量及异体血输入例数.结果 Ⅰ、Ⅲ组患者CVP值在血液稀释后(T1、T2)较基础值(T0)均明显升高(P＜0.05),Ⅱ组患者CVP值则无明显变化;Ⅱ、Ⅰ组的术中实际出血量明显低于Ⅲ组(P＜0.05).Ⅱ组患者无术中输血,显著低于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05),显著低于Ⅲ组(P＜0.01).Ⅰ、Ⅱ组患者与Ⅲ组比较,血小板数和纤维蛋白原明显减少(P＜0.05),而PT、APTT则明显延长(P＜0.05),但均在正常范围内.结论 联合应用硝酸甘油控制性降压不仅能明显加强急性高容量血液稀释的血液保护效果.还能减少容量负荷过重对机体的不利影响,对老年患者有心肌保护的优势,是安全有效的血液保护措施,值得推广应用.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.