大鼠胸主动脉球囊损伤对细胞凋亡及凋亡相关基因Fas、Bcl-2表达的影响

目的探讨大鼠胸主动脉球囊损伤后细胞凋亡和凋亡相关基因表达的变化规律。方法将30只400~500 g的雄性SD大鼠随机分为2组,手术组(n=24)行球囊扩张损伤大鼠胸主动脉术;对照组(n=6)不行球囊损伤,作为正常对照。分别于术后2、7、14、28 d取胸主动脉应用HE染色、TUNEL法、免疫组化和计算机图像分析仪进行形态学、细胞凋亡、增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)、凋亡基因Fas;抗凋亡基因Bcl-2表达水平检测。结果对照组管壁处于非增殖状态;手术组球囊损伤后7 d形成新生内膜,血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)增殖活跃;14 d内膜明显增厚,但VSMC增殖已减弱;28 d内膜继续缓慢增厚,管腔明显狭窄。动脉损伤后Fas表达和TUNEL法测定的凋亡规律一致,两周内凋亡较明显,但细胞凋亡高峰时间(中膜7 d、内膜14 d)迟于增殖高峰(中膜2 d、内膜7 d),两周后凋亡与增殖均明显下降。动脉损伤后抗凋亡基因Bcl-2表达下调,在中膜和内膜分别在7 d1、4 d达最低水平,后回升,与凋亡基因Fas表达呈明显负相关(r=-0.878,P<0.001)。结论动脉球囊损伤后,平滑肌细胞的凋亡呈现规律性变化,可能在管腔狭窄的病理过程中具有重要作用。     

全反式维甲酸对球囊损伤大鼠胸主动脉内皮后P16及增殖细胞核抗原表达的影响

为研究全反式维甲酸对球囊损伤大鼠胸主动脉内皮后内膜增生过程、P16及增殖细胞核抗原表达的影响，球囊剥脱大鼠胸主动脉内皮，并随机将大鼠分为手术组、全反式维甲酸治疗组及对照组，各组均于术前4天灌胃至实验结束，除对照组于术后14天处死大鼠外，全反式维甲酸治疗组和手术组分别在术后2天、7天、14天和28天处死大鼠并摘除大鼠胸主动脉，通过组织学检查和免疫组织化学技术检测术后14天和28天的内膜增生情况及术后2天、7天、14天和28天P16和增殖细胞核抗原的表达及全反式维甲酸(每天30mg／kg)灌胃对它们的影响。结果发现，对照组及内皮损伤后2天均无血管内膜增厚，7天内膜开始增生，28天血管平滑肌细胞增殖减弱，但细胞外基质增加。在手术组各时间点P16的表达变化不显著，增殖细胞核抗原于球囊损伤后2天在中膜明显表达，术后7天表达达到高峰，且主要在内膜表达，14天后逐渐下降。使用全反式维甲酸治疗后，内膜增生程度及增殖细胞核抗原的表达明显降低，而P16的表达在术后2天开始升高，14天达高峰。以上结果提示，全反式维甲酸可有效抑制血管内皮损伤后内膜的增生，其机制可能与促进P16表达和抑制增殖细胞核抗原表达，从而抑制血管平滑肌细胞的增殖有关。     

An extracellular matrix-based signature associated with immune microenvironment predicts the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

ObjectiveIncreased data showed that genes related to extracellular matrix (ECM) are important to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. In contrast, no research was carried out that proposed that ECM-related genes should be reliable prognostic signature.MethodsThis study used data from The Cancer Genome Atlas along with The International Cancer Genome Consortium to gather ECM-related gene expression as well as clinical information related to the extracellular matrix. The least absolute shrinkage, Cox analysis, along with selection operator Cox regression and random forest have been utilized for establishing an ECM-related prognostic models.ResultsA series of investigations led us to identify 13 ECMs which we utilized to construct a prognostic signature with a larger area under the curve of 0.808. HCC patients have been categorized into 2 main groups based on the risk score formula: low risk along with high risk. The findings of the Kaplan-Meier curve revealed that there had been a statistically significant difference between these two groups. Our ECM-related signature can be utilized as independent predictor of survival in HCC. Low-risk patients stratified by the final model presented higher sensitivity to 8 targeted drugs (especially sorafenib) and 2 common chemo-drugs. Our gene set enrichment analysis outcomes recommended that high-risk group have been enriched in ECM, tumorigenesis, as well as immune-related pathways. Immune cell analysis showed that high-risk group had lower cell fraction of CD8+ T cells, Macrophages M1, B naïve cells, memory resting CD4+ T cells, Monocytes, resting Dendritic cells and activated Mast cells, along with higher PD-1 and CTLA4 expression levels as compared to low-risk group.ConclusionOur identified ECM-related signature can also give new insight into underlying mechanisms along with therapeutic strategies in order to treat HCC.     

Anticubilin antisense RNA ameliorates adriamycin-induced tubulointerstitial injury in experimental rats

This study was designed to determine the effects of in vivo anticubilin antisense RNA on the uptake of albumin in tubules and on the tubulointerstitial injury in adriamycin-induced proteinuric rats. Adriamycin-treated rats were subjected to intrarenal delivery of adenoviral vectors encoding empty plasmid, cubilin sense RNA expression vector pAd-CUB or anticubilin antisense RNA expression vector pAd-ACUB on day 3. On days 14 and 28, half of the rats in each group were randomly selected to be killed, and blood samples, kidney tissues and 24-hour urine were collected. The diseased rats treated with pAdEasy-ACUB showed a 60% decrease in serum creatinine and glomerular filtration rate. Interestingly, the anticubilin antisense treatment led to a marked increase in albuminuria. Antisense treatment attenuated the histologic changes on both day 14 and day 28. The antisense treatment induced more than 60% recovery of adriamycin-induced injury, accompanied with 85% knockdown in the expression of cubilin protein and markedly decreased albumin deposition. Adriamycin induced an increase in the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, transforming growth factor-β and regulated on activation in normal T-cell expressed and secreted and the number of infiltrating cells, which was reversed by the antisense treatment. Anticubilin antisense RNA delivered by an adenoviral vector ameliorates albuminuria-induced glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial damage in adriamycin nephrotic rats, indicating that cubilin could be a potential therapeutic target in proteinuric nephropathy.     

S100B在大鼠颈总动脉损伤后新生内膜中的表达及意义

目的 探讨S100B在大鼠颈总动脉损伤后新生内膜中表达特征及其临床意义。方法 将体质量400~500 g SD大鼠,随机分为假手术组和颈总动脉球囊损伤模型组,于术后1、3、7、14和28 d取损伤的颈总动脉,40 g/L福尔马林固定过夜,切片行HE染色观察新生内膜形成情况,Western blot、qRT-PCR、免疫组化染色检测S100B的表达。检测干预因素对新生内膜影响时,将大鼠随机分为3组,即假手术组、Ad-GFP组、Ad-shS100B组,假手术组不做球囊拉伤,其余两组除球囊拉伤外分别给予200 μl Ad-GFP和Ad-shS100B。结果 颈总动脉损伤后,新生内膜增生随着时间的延长呈现出逐渐增加的趋势,且在14 d时达峰值（P<0.05）,而内膜与中膜面积比值在28 d达到最大。qRT-PCR显示S100B-mRNA在颈总动脉损伤后呈现出第1天升高,第3、7天时有所下降,第14天时上升,而第28天又下降的动态趋势(P<0.05)。Western blot显示颈总动脉损伤后S100B表达逐渐增加,7 d时达到高峰,随后降低（P<0.05）。免疫组化结果显示增加的S100B蛋白主要存在于新生内膜中。给予Ad-shS100B干预后,新生内膜形成及S100B的表达明显受到抑制。结论 颈总动脉损伤后S100B的表达特征与新生内膜的形成有关。     

Global changes in gene expression by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes during receptor-mediated phagocytosis: cell fate is regulated at the level of gene expression

Phagocytes are a critical component of the innate immune response in humans and eliminate invading microorganisms through a process known as phagocytosis. Two distinct receptor-linked phagocytic pathways, one with Ab receptors (FcRs; FcR, Fc receptor) and the other complement receptors (CRs), mediate binding and ingestion of pathogens by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). Although progress has been made toward defining complex signal transduction processes that underlie phagocytosis in each pathway, very little is known about gene regulation during or after phagocytosis. Therefore, we used human oligonucleotide microarrays to identify changes in expression of 12,561 genes accompanying FcR- and CR-mediated phagocytosis. Eighty-four percent of 279 differentially expressed genes were induced or repressed 90 min after ingestion of Ab- and/or complement-opsonized particles. Unexpectedly, more than 30 of these genes encoded proteins involved in at least three distinct apoptotic pathways. Ninety-four differentially expressed cell fate-related genes were identified between 180 and 360 min after phagocytosis and most were induced or repressed by PMNs activated through both receptors simultaneously. By using flow cytometry, we found that FcR- and CR-mediated phagocytosis each promoted programmed cell death in human PMNs; however, phagocytosis mediated by the combination of FcRs and CRs induced apoptosis earlier than that by either receptor alone. Our results reveal distinct patterns of receptor-mediated gene expression that define complex inducible apoptotic pathways in activated PMNs. Most significantly, we discovered that programmed cell death is regulated at the level of gene expression. Thus, we hypothesize that gene regulation in PMNs facilitates resolution of inflammatory responses.     

Pathway analysis of primary central nervous system lymphoma

Primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma (PCNSL) is a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) confined to the CNS. A genome-wide gene expression comparison between PCNSL and non-CNS DLBCL was performed, the latter consisting of both nodal and extranodal DLBCL (nDLBCL and enDLBCL), to identify a "CNS signature." Pathway analysis with the program SigPathway revealed that PCNSL is characterized notably by significant differential expression of multiple extracellular matrix (ECM) and adhesion-related pathways. The most significantly up-regulated gene is the ECM-related osteopontin (SPP1). Expression at the protein level of ECM-related SPP1 and CHI3L1 in PCNSL cells was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. The alterations in gene expression can be interpreted within several biologic contexts with implications for PCNSL, including CNS tropism (ECM and adhesion-related pathways, SPP1, DDR1), B-cell migration (CXCL13, SPP1), activated B-cell subtype (MUM1), lymphoproliferation (SPP1, TCL1A, CHI3L1), aggressive clinical behavior (SPP1, CHI3L1, MUM1), and aggressive metastatic cancer phenotype (SPP1, CHI3L1). The gene expression signature discovered in our study may represent a true "CNS signature" because we contrasted PCNSL with wide-spectrum non-CNS DLBCL on a genomic scale and performed an in-depth bioinformatic analysis.     

小鼠颈动脉损伤新生内膜增生与局部转录因子Id1的关系

目的研究转录因子Id1在小鼠颈动脉损伤后血管壁的动态表达及在损伤血管新生内膜增生中的作用。方法采用昆明小鼠颈动脉球囊损伤动物模型,随机均分为四组:正常对照组、血管损伤后7天、14天及28天组。HE染色评价血管内膜增生情况。逆转录聚合酶链反应、Western blotting及免疫组织化学染色等方法检测血管壁Id1的表达。结果正常对照组小鼠颈动脉内膜/中膜面积比值很小,损伤7天组颈动脉内膜/中膜面积比值显著高于正常对照组(P0.05),损伤14天组和28天组颈动脉内膜/中膜面积比值明显高于7天组(P0.05)。正常对照组小鼠颈动脉血管壁Id1 mRNA和蛋白表达很低,损伤后7天血管壁Id1 mRNA和蛋白表达水平明显增加,损伤14天Id1 mRNA和蛋白表达显著高于7天组(P0.05),但损伤28天组Id1 mRNA和蛋白表达较14天组有所降低(P0.05)。免疫组织化学显示正常血管壁Id1表达很弱;随血管损伤时间延长Id1表达逐渐增强,14天达到高峰,28天表达出现减弱。结论颈动脉损伤后局部Id1表达动态改变伴随血管损伤新生内膜增生的变化,提示转录因子Id1可能参与血管损伤后新生内膜增生的调控过程。     

Sensory experience and sensory activity regulate chemosensory receptor gene expression in Caenorhabditis elegans

Changes in the environment cause both short-term and long-term changes in an animal's behavior. Here we show that specific sensory experiences cause changes in chemosensory receptor gene expression that may alter sensory perception in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Three predicted chemosensory receptor genes expressed in the ASI chemosensory neurons, srd-1, str-2, and str-3, are repressed by exposure to the dauer pheromone, a signal of crowding. Repression occurs at pheromone concentrations below those that induce formation of the alternative dauer larva stage, suggesting that exposure to pheromones can alter the chemosensory behaviors of non-dauer animals. In addition, ASI expression of srd-1, but not str-2 and str-3, is induced by sensory activity of the ASI neurons. Expression of two receptor genes is regulated by developmental entry into the dauer larva stage. srd-1 expression in ASI neurons is repressed in dauer larvae. str-2 expression in dauer animals is induced in the ASI neurons, but repressed in the AWC neurons. The ASI and AWC neurons remodel in the dauer stage, and these results suggest that their sensory specificity changes as well. We suggest that experience-dependent changes in chemosensory receptor gene expression may modify olfactory behaviors.     

血管成形术后血管平滑肌细胞增殖相关ESTs的筛选和克隆

目的：应用再狭窄动物模型，研究血管成形术后血管平滑肌细胞增殖的分子机制。方法：对家兔实施血管成形术后，分别在术后３、７ 和１４ 天提取实施手术组和对照组的血管总ＲＮＡ， 应用差异显示技术观察血管成形术后基因表达的改变。结果：我们分别在三个时间点上发现了７ 个仅在实施血管成形术的血管表达而在正常对照血管无表达的表达序列标签（Ｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｅｄ Ｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅ Ｔａｇｓ， ＥＳＴｓ）。尽管这７ 个ＥＳＴｓ经序列测定和ＧｅｎＢａｎｋ 查询均为新的ＥＳＴｓ，但经杂交证实仅有一个ＥＳＴ在损伤血管高表达，而在对照血管表达极低，它可能与血管成形术后血管平滑肌细胞的增殖有关。结论：本研究应用差异显示技术观察了血管成形术后基因表达的改变。利用这一技术可以帮助我们了解疾病动物模型基因表达的变化，这也可能是发现疾病相关基因的一条有效途径。     

Fibroblast apoptosis precedes cardiomyocyte mass reduction during left ventricular remodeling in hypertensive rats treated with amlodipine

BACKGROUND: A transient induction of apoptosis accompanies the normalization of left ventricular mass index in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) treated with dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers. However, the cell type undergoing apoptosis in this model and the temporal correlation with onset cardiac remodeling remain undefined. METHODS AND RESULTS: SHR were treated either with vehicle or amlodipine (20 mg/kg per day) for 4, 7, 10, 14 or 28 days. Amlodipine stably reduced systolic blood pressure by day 2 (-26 +/- 2%) and stably reduced the left ventricular concentration of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) mRNA by approximately 50% as early as day 4, suggesting the early reduction of cardiomyocyte stress. Left ventricular mass index was significantly reduced by day 7 (-4.6 +/- 1.5%), in coordination with reduced DNA content (-23 +/- 2%) and non-cardiomyocyte number (-17 +/- 4%). However, the cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area was reduced only starting from day 14. Caspase-3 cleavage was significantly increased at day 7 only. Ultimately, amlodipine for 28 days induced a slight increase in capillary density without affecting total cardiomyocyte number, while reducing the total number of non-cardiomyocytes down to levels seen in untreated normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. Bax to Bcl-2 protein ratios were increased from day 7 to day 28. In situ double labeling by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method (apoptosis) combined with rhodamine-labeled lectin binding (endothelial cell marker) revealed a significant increase (> 3-fold) in TUNEL-positive, lectin-negative non-cardiomyocytes in the interstitium between days 7 and 14. CONCLUSIONS: Left ventricular remodeling induced by amlodipine in SHR involves selective deletion of excess fibroblasts via apoptosis prior to cardiomyocyte mass reduction, but after attenuation of ANP gene expression.     

Identification and implantation stage-specific expression of an interferon-alpha-regulated gene in human and rat endometrium

Implantation of the developing blastocyst is regulated by multiple effectors, such as steroid hormones, growth factors, and cytokines. To understand how these diverse signaling pathways interact to modulate uterine gene expression, we employed a gene expression screen technique to identify the molecules that are induced in the periimplantation rat uterus. Here we report the isolation of a complementary DNA representing a novel gene, interferon-regulated gene 1 (IRG1). This gene exhibits significant homology to interferon (IFN)-alpha/beta-inducible human genes p27 and 6-16, indicating that these genes may belong to the same family. Consistent with this finding, expression of IRG1 messenger RNA (mRNA) in rat uterus increased about 20-fold in response to IFNalpha. Uterine expression of IRG1 was also stimulated by estrogen and was partially inhibited by an antiestrogen, ICI 182,780. In pregnant rats, IRG1 expression was high on day 1, but declined on days 2 and 3. The level of IRG1 mRNA again rose transiently on day 4 immediately preceding implantation. In situ hybridization analysis localized the IRG1 mRNA expression in the endometrial epithelium and the surrounding stroma. Interestingly, the expression of p27, which shows high homology to IRG1, was strongly enhanced in human endometrium during the midsecretory phase of the menstrual cycle, overlapping the putative window of implantation. Both IRG1 and p27 mRNAs are therefore induced in the endometrium in an implantation stage-specific manner. We also observed a synergistic interaction between IFNalpha and estrogen receptor signaling pathways that led to maximal induction of p27 mRNA in Ishikawa cells. Although the functional roles of IRG1 and p27 remain unclear, we describe for the first time, identification of a gene family regulated by IFNalpha in both rodent and human uteri. More importantly, our studies reveal that a complex interplay between the steroid hormone and IFN pathways regulates the expression of these genes in the endometrium at the time of implantation.     

血管生成素1基因上调Tie2受体表达促进大鼠急性心肌梗死血管生成的实验研究

目的　通过观察血管生成素 1 (angiopoietin 1 ,Ang1 )基因对急性心肌梗死大鼠心肌Tie2受体表达的影响 ,探讨Ang1基因治疗促进血管生成 ,减少梗死面积的可能机制。方法　结扎左前降支冠状动脉制备大鼠心肌梗死模型 ,心肌内分别直接注射空载质粒或phAng1质粒 ;分别于术后第 3,7,1 4 ,2 8天取材 ,利用RT PCR技术分析心肌组织内Tie2受体表达 ;免疫组化方法计算血管生成以及肌性小动脉生成数量 ,Masson染色法检测心肌梗死面积。结果　Ang1基因治疗组Tie2受体mRNA表达明显高于对照组 ,于术后 7天达到高峰 ,2 8天降至正常水平。术后第 7,1 4和 2 8天 ,Ang1基因治疗组的血管生成及肌性小动脉生成较同期对照组均明显增加 ,梗死面积减小。结论　Ang1基因心肌内注射促进急性心肌梗死血管生成及肌性小动脉生成 ,减小梗死面积 ,其机制可能与促进Tie2受体上调有关。     

Cathepsin S expression is up-regulated following balloon angioplasty in the hypercholesterolemic rabbit

OBJECTIVE: Neointimal development following balloon angioplasty involves many factors including smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration and proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Further, in hypercholesterolemic (HC) conditions, there is an influx of macrophage foam cells (FCs) into the restenotic lesion, which also involves degradation of the basement membrane and surrounding ECM. The ECM remodeling that occurs during restenosis has been shown to be mediated by various proteases. Here we have investigated the role of cathepsin S (CatS), a cysteine protease, in this process. METHODS AND RESULTS: We have demonstrated by Taqman quantitative PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry that CatS is up-regulated in restenotic lesions of HC rabbits following balloon injury of the iliofemoral artery. CatS mRNA expression was elevated 28-fold in balloon-injured vessels relative to uninjured contralateral vessels in HC rabbits 8 weeks post-angioplasty (p<0.05). CatS protein expression was detected within 1 day post-injury, persisted throughout the entire time course evaluated (60 days post-injury), and was co-localized with SMCs, macrophages, and FCs. In contrast, cystatin C (CysC), the endogenous inhibitor of cathepsins, was only minimally up-regulated following injury. CysC mRNA expression was elevated 3.5-fold in balloon-injured vessels relative to uninjured contralateral vessels in HC rabbits 8 weeks post-angioplasty (p<0.005), and up-regulation of protein expression was not detected until days 28 and 60 post-injury. Additional biochemical studies using recombinant rabbit CatS revealed that rabbit CatS digests laminin, fibronectin, and type I collagen. Further, CatS expression was evaluated in SMCs that were induced to migrate through a matrix-coated Boyden chamber upon platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulation. The addition of a selective CatS inhibitor reduced SMC migration dose-dependently with an 80% reduction in migration at 30 nM (p<0.005). Additionally, we have shown that CatS protein expression by human macrophages was increased upon stimulation with oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), implying augmentation of CatS production during foam cell formation. CONCLUSION: Taken together, our results indicate an enhanced expression of CatS during neointima formation and it is associated with invading SMCs, macrophages, and FCs, highlighting the importance of CatS in the pathogenesis of restenosis.     

Comprehensive analysis of gene expression in Nicotiana tabacum leaves acclimated to oxidative stress

The molecular mechanisms by which plants acclimate to oxidative stress are poorly understood. To identify the processes involved in acclimation, we performed a comprehensive analysis of gene expression in Nicotiana tabacum leaves acclimated to oxidative stress. Combining mRNA differential display and cDNA array analysis, we estimated that at least 95 genes alter their expression in tobacco leaves acclimated to oxidative stress, of which 83% are induced and 17% repressed. Sequence analysis of 53 sequence tags revealed that, in addition to antioxidant genes, genes implicated in abiotic and biotic stress defenses, cellular protection and detoxification, energy and carbohydrate metabolism, de novo protein synthesis, and signal transduction showed altered expression. Expression of most of the genes was enhanced, except for genes associated with photosynthesis and light-regulated processes that were repressed. During acclimation, two distinct groups of coregulated genes ("early-" and "late-response" gene regulons) were observed, indicating the presence of at least two different gene induction pathways. These two gene regulons also showed differential expression patterns on an oxidative stress challenge. Expression of "late-response" genes was augmented in the acclimated leaf tissues, whereas expression of "early-response" genes was not. Together, our data suggest that acclimation to oxidative stress is a highly complex process associated with broad gene expression adjustments. Moreover, our data indicate that in addition to defense gene induction, sensitization of plants for potentiated gene expression might be an important factor in oxidative stress acclimation.     

球囊损伤大鼠主动脉内皮后血小板活化及凝血酶受体表达的变化

目的 探讨经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术后再狭窄的发生机制。方法建立大鼠主动脉内皮球囊损伤模型，分别于术后3天、7天、14天和28天，通过组织学检查、放射免疫法和逆转录一聚合酶链反应技术检测主动脉球囊损伤后内膜增生的情况、血小板表面GMP-140数目和凝血酶受体mRNA表达的变化。结果凝血酶受体mRNA在正常血管组织的表达较弱，球囊损伤术后第3天已显著增加，术后第14天达峰值，术后第28天开始下降。GMP-140于术后第3天明显升高，术后第7天开始下降。内皮损伤术后第3天已有增殖的血管平滑肌细胞移行至内膜层；术后第7天内膜开始增生；术后第14天血管平滑肌细胞的增殖及内膜增生更为明显；术后第28天血管平滑肌细胞的增殖明显减弱，细胞外基质增加，内膜继续增生。结论血管内皮损伤内膜增生的过程中血小板活化．凝血酶受体mRNA表达增加。