鱼油对小鼠脑磷脂中脂肪酸组成的影响

昆明种小鼠随机分成两组，对照组和鱼油组，按小鼠处死时间，对照组分三个亚组，鱼油组分四个亚组。取小鼠脑组织，采用气相色谱法测其脑磷脂中脂肪酸组成，考察鱼油中ｎ一３系多不饱和脂肪酸对小鼠大脑的影响，结果表明：鱼油可使小鼠脑重增加（Ｐ＜０．０５），使脑磷脂中饱和脂肪酸，单不饱和脂肪酸和ｎ一６系多不饱和脂肪酸水平降低，使ｎ一３系多不饱和脂肪酸水平上升（Ｐ＜０．０５）。停用鱼油两周后，其脑磷脂中脂肪酸水平与对照组的水平接近，即鱼油对脑磷脂中脂肪酸组成的影响作用逐渐减弱。由此推论，在人脑早期形成发育过程中，适时、适量、持续补充人体必需ｎ一３系多不饱和脂肪酸是必要的。     

两种刺鳅肌肉营养成分分析及评价

目的对两种野生刺鳅属鱼类(大刺鳅和刺鳅)肌肉的营养组成进行分析与评价。方法采用常规的生化分析方法对两种野生刺鳅肌肉的营养组成进行了测定。结果两种刺鳅肌肉中均含有18种氨基酸、17种脂肪酸、9种矿物元素。在大刺鳅与刺鳅肌肉鲜样中,蛋白质含量为17.72%、21.42%;脂肪含量为1.63%、2.66%;氨基酸总量为17.47%、21.25%;鲜味氨基酸总量为7.14%、8.76%;EPA与DHA总量为4.17%、7.92%;人体必需脂肪酸总量为9.53%、9.65%;必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为62.52、66.28;第一限制性氨基酸为(甲硫氨酸﹢半胱氨酸)、色氨酸。结论两种刺鳅肌肉含高蛋白和低脂肪,氨基酸种类齐全,必需氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸、脂肪酸中多不饱和脂肪酸、EPA与DHA含量均较高,矿物元素含量丰富,有较佳的食用口感和较好的营养价值。     

24种野生蔷薇种子油含量及其脂肪酸组成

对国产２４种野生蔷薇种子油含量，主要脂肪酸组成及种子在果实中占的比例分析。结果表明：蔷薇种子油含量一般在１０％以下，大多数种类的种子油含量在５％～９％之间。种子一般占鲜果重的２０％～５０％左右。脂肪酸组成以油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸三种不饱和脂肪酸为其主要成分，不饱和脂肪酸含量占脂肪酸总量的９０．３６％，其中尤以亚油酸含量最高，一般在４０％～６０％之间，其均值超过５０％，属优质植物油。饱和脂肪酸平均含量为９．２５％，主要有棕榈酸、硬脂酸和花生酸。对６种野生蔷薇种子油资源潜在的开发利用价值进行了评价。     

烤鳗油精制过程中脂肪酸组成变化

目的 :　通过测定回收的烤鳗油精制过程中脂肪酸组成的变化 ,对其营养价值进行评价。方法 :　采用 GC- MS法测定脂肪酸的组成。结果 :　 1 80℃、0 .0 1 MPa下水蒸气蒸馏脱腥处理 ,可提高烤鳗油的纯度 ,对高不饱和脂肪酸含量影响不明显 ;1 0℃“冬化”处理后 ,可进一步提高其纯度和不饱和脂肪酸含量比例 ,有利于提高其营养价值 ;2 2 7℃减压处理 ,仍会显著降低其质量 ,尤其是严重地破坏其中的不饱和脂肪酸。结论 :　采用 1 80℃、0 .0 1 MPa脱腥处理后 ,再经“冬化”处理的精制工艺 ,有利于保持和改善鳗鱼油的营养价值 ,可以开发成一种有效的功能食品。     

UK recommendations for dietary fat: should they be reassessed in light of the recent joint FAO/WHO recommendations?

In 2008, the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO) reviewed its recommendations on dietary fat and fatty acids in light of the growing evidence base on dietary fatty acids and health outcomes. These new FAO/WHO recommendations are considerably broader than the current UK recommendations, in that the FAO/WHO report makes separate recommendations for adults and children and sets ranges of intake for n‐3 and n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) based, not only on prevention of deficiency, but also on their role in contributing to optimum and long‐term health. The key recommendation of this report is that saturated fatty acids (SFAs) should be limited to 10% of dietary energy intake and, compared with the UK recommendations, there is a stronger emphasis on replacing excess dietary SFAs with PUFAs (both n‐3 and n‐6) because of convincing evidence that this dietary exchange reduces low density lipoprotein cholesterol and the risk of coronary heart disease. It may therefore be timely to consider the need for a modification of the UK dietary guidelines on dietary fat and fatty acid intake to take account of the growing evidence base for the potential benefit of replacing SFAs with PUFAs.     

GLUCOSE INGESTION AND THE CONTROL OF LIPOGENESIS

Studies of lipogenesis in meal-eating mice show that ingestion of glucose plays an important role in controlling the rate of flux from glucose to tissue fatty acids.     

动植物油脂中反式脂肪酸测定方法的建立

目的建立适合国内条件的动植物油脂中反式脂肪酸测定方法,为国标方法提供依据。方法选择普通植物油、动物油和氢化植物油三个大类共9种动植物油脂样品,参照国际标准经部分修改,建立了适合国内条件的反式脂肪酸气相色谱分析及用面积归一法定量的测定方法,并进行了重复性测定和实验室间的验证。结果在实验条件下,油脂中脂肪酸可以得到很好的分离;除个别含量极低的脂肪酸外,各脂肪酸组分10次分析结果的相对标准偏差均小于10%,其中反式脂肪酸总和的RSD值在豆油和氢化豆油中分别是2.0%和0.3%;实验室间验证结果也表明,该方法在不同实验室间的结果有很好的一致性,豆油、氢化豆油、猪油三种样品的反式脂肪酸总和的RSD值分别是5.0%、1.1%和4.6%,均远小于10%。结论该检测方法实验室内和实验室间的精密度均较高,且所需仪器比较普及,操作步骤简单易行,分析时间短,适合国内开展,可作为我国动植物油脂反式脂肪酸的测定方法之一。     

Fatty acid consumption pattern of Americans: 1987–1988 USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey

This study characterized the fatty acid intake pattern and the contribution of different food groups to the fatty acid intake of Americans using the U.S. Department of Agriculture's 1987–1988 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey. The fatty acid intake was estimated using three-day food consumption data for children age 6–11 and for males and females age 12–19, 20–39 and 40 and older. Palmitic acid was the predominant saturated fatty acid (SFA) in the diet for all age sex groups, contributing 52–57% of SFA intake. Oleic acid was the primary monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) for all age sex groups, comprising 91–95% of MUFA intake. Linoleic acid was the principle polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) for all age sex groups, contributing 87–92% of PUFA intake. The Milk and Milk Products group was the major contributor of the short chain SFA and lauric and myristic acids. Meat, Poultry and Meat Mixtures were the main sources of palmitic and stearic acids. Grain Products contributed appreciably to the long chain SFA intake. Oleic acid was obtained mainly from Meat, Poultry, Fish and Mixtures. Yeast breads, rolls, cakes, cookies and pastries were the main contributors of linoleic acid intake. A variety of animal and vegetable products contributed to the linolenic acid and C_18:4+20:4 intake, while fish and shellfish were the main sources of C_20:5+22:6 fatty acids. The contribution of the various food groups to intake of individual fatty acids was similar for both males and females. The results of the present study indicate that a wide variety of food groups contribute to the total fat intake Americans.     

高脂饲料对OLETF大鼠糖代谢及血清磷脂脂肪酸组成的影响

目的:观察高脂饲料对自发性2型糖尿病模型OLETF大鼠糖代谢及血清磷脂脂肪酸组成的影响。方法:将20只14w雄性OLETF大鼠随机分为两组,分别以高脂及标准饲料喂饲10w,两种饲料中饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的百分含量相似。大鼠第24w龄时进行口服糖耐量试验,同时测定大鼠的胰岛素水平和血清磷脂脂肪酸组成。结果:实验期间两组大鼠总进食量无统计学差异,但高脂饲料组大鼠体重明显高于标准饲料组(P<0.01);口服糖耐量试验和胰岛素水平测定结果表明,两组大鼠的糖代谢状态无统计学差异;血清磷脂脂肪酸组成中,除总n-6PUFA和18:3(n-3)的百分含量无统计学差异外,其他各脂肪酸组分在两组间的差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:在饲料脂肪酸组成保持可比的情况下,饲料脂肪量的增加可使OLETF大鼠的体重明显增加,而对糖代谢的影响不明显,同时对OLETF大鼠血清磷脂脂肪酸组成产生明显影响。     

Fatty acids and cardiovascular disease

Fatty acids have been classified into "good" or "bad" groups according to their degree of unsaturation or whether they are "animal fat" or "vegetable fat". Today, it appears that the effects of fatty acids are complex and vary greatly according to the dose and the nature of the molecule. Monounsaturated fatty acids are still considered as having a "neutral" status, but any benefits may be related to the chemical environment of the source food or the associated overall food pattern. Controversy surrounds omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, because even though they lower LDL cholesterol levels, excessive intakes do not appear to be correlated with cardiovascular benefit. The omega-3 fatty acids are known to exert cardiovascular protective effects. Dairy fat and its cardiovascular impact are being evaluated. This review examines the existing literature on the relationships between the different fatty acids and cardiovascular disease.     

Dietary fats and cardiovascular health: a summary of the scientific evidence and current debate

Abstract

This narrative review summarises the main studies of the role of the different fatty acids in coronary heart disease (CHD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and the current scientific debate on dietary recommendations. Reduction and substitution of the saturated fatty acids (SFAs) with the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are still the main dietary recommendation to prevent CHD and CVD. In the last few years, however, the strength of the scientific evidence underlying this dietary advice has been questioned. Recent investigations reappraise the previously declared deleterious role of the SFAs and reduce the positive role of PUFAs, mainly the omega-6, whereas the role of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) remains unclear. In contrast, the negative effects of trans fatty acids (TFAs) seem stronger than previously thought. Finally, criticisms have emerged from a dietary recommendation approach focussed on individual components rather than on wide food items and eating habits.     

n-3多不饱和脂肪酸在肿瘤防治中的意义

n-3脂肪酸属必需脂肪酸,包括α-亚麻酸、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA).大量研究证实,n-3脂肪酸能抑制多种肿瘤细胞生长,预防肿瘤的发生.作者就 n-3脂肪酸防治肿瘤的作用、机制及应用作一综述.     

大豆磷脂对红细胞膜脂类成分的影响

目的:研究大豆磷脂对小鼠红细胞膜脂肪酸和磷脂成分的影响。方法:小鼠用不同剂量的大豆磷脂灌胃,分别为2.5、5.0、10.0 g/kg bw,同时设立对照组(去离子水灌胃),连续灌胃30 d后,心脏取血,高效液相色谱法测定小鼠红细胞膜中脂肪酸和磷脂的成分及含量。结果:(1) 10.0 g/kg剂量组小鼠红细胞膜中C18∶2、C18∶3含量等多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量显著增加(P<0.05),而C18∶1的含量则显著下降(P<0.05);5.0 g/kg剂量组C18∶2含量显著提高(P<0.05)。(2) 10.0 g/kg剂量组小鼠红细胞膜中磷脂酰丝氨酸(PS)、红细胞膜神经磷脂 (SM)、磷脂酰乙醇胺 (PE)、磷脂酰胆碱(PC)的含量均显著增加(P<0.05),而SM/PC的比值显著下降(P<0.05);5.0 g/kg剂量组PE、PC的含量显著增加(P<0.05)。结论:大豆磷脂能增加红细胞膜多不饱和脂肪酸和磷脂含量,改善红细胞膜脂类成分。     

鱼油豆油对大鼠线粒体磷脂脂肪酸组成的影响

方法：大鼠分别饲以低硒和补硒饲料３０天，补加油类之后（５０ｇ／ｋｇ饲料）继续饲养３０天。结果：线粒体膜磷脂中脂肪酸组成可反映大鼠饮食中脂肪酸的组成，磷脂酰胆碱（ＰＣ）和磷脂酰乙醇胺（ＰＥ）中Ｃ２０∶５和Ｃ２２∶６含量鱼油组明显高于豆油组，而且鱼油中Ｃ２２∶６比Ｃ２０∶５优先结合掺入磷脂中。ＰＣ中Ｃ２０∶４豆油组明显高于鱼油组。ω６／ω３比值降低。豆油和鱼油均使线粒体Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性下降，但对线粒体钙有不同的影响。补硒对脂肪酸组成，Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ影响不大，但加速钙的释放。结论：鱼油具有防治心血管疾病的作用，其作用基础可能在于Ｃ２０∶５和Ｃ２２∶６掺入细胞膜磷脂中，影响了脂肪酸组成，并对其功能产生影响     

新疆传统发酵乳酪制作中乳清的营养成分及抗氧化作用

目的对新疆阿勒泰草原传统发酵牛乳酪乳清(XTCW)主要营养成分含量进行测定并研究其抗氧化作用。方法采用2300型全自动凯氏定氮系统,L-8500A型氨基酸分析仪,1525泵系列高效液相色谱仪,Sigma115型气相色谱仪,Avanta-PM型原子吸收分光光度计,AFF-820型原子荧光光度计等仪器,测定乳酪乳清中蛋白质、灰分、水分、氨基酸、维生素、脂肪酸、矿物质和微量元素的含量。利用角叉菜胶(Car)诱导的大鼠气囊滑膜炎慢性炎症模型,测定总氧化能力及丙二醛(MDA)含量变化。结果新疆传统发酵牛乳酪乳清中总蛋白含量为1.72%,灰分为1.16%,水分为88.9%,18种氨基酸中,9种人体必需的氨基酸(含婴幼儿必需的组氨酸)含量为0.31%,占总氨基酸的比例40.327%;各氨基酸中以丝氨酸的含量最高,为0.47%,其次为谷氨酸为0.14%;饱和脂酸(棕榈酸、硬脂酸)含量为38.7%,不饱和脂肪酸含量为61.3%,其中,单不饱和脂肪酸高达46.0%,多不饱和脂肪酸为15.3%;乳糖含量为:5.58%;矿物质中钾、钙、镁含量高,分别为246.3、200.2和18.7mg%;维生素中VB2、VC的含量(mg%)为0.23和0.30。乳清大剂量组可以提高角叉菜胶致大鼠气囊滑膜炎的血清中总抗氧化能力,并且可以降低MDA含量。结论新疆传统发酵牛乳酪乳清营养成分丰富,具有抗氧化作用,从营养成分和医疗保健作用角度分析,极具研究开发价值。     

Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid intake during late pregnancy affects fatty acid composition of mature breast milk

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate how maternal polyunsaturated fatty acid intake at different periods during pregnancy affects the composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids in mature human milk.MethodsA prospective study was conducted involving 45 pregnant women, aged between 18 and 35 y, who had full-term pregnancies and practiced exclusive or predominant breast-feeding. Mature breast milk samples were collected after the 5th postpartum week by manual expression; fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography. Fatty acid intake during pregnancy and puerperium was estimated through multiple 24-h dietary recalls. Linear regression models, adjusted by postpartum body mass index and deattenuated, were used to determine associations between estimated fatty acids in maternal diet during each trimester of pregnancy and fatty acid content in mature human milk.ResultsA positive association was identified between maternal intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (β, 1.873; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.545, 3.203) and docosahexaenoic acid (β, 0.464; 95% CI, 0.212–0.714) during the third trimester of pregnancy, as well as the maternal dietary ω-3 to ω-6 ratio (β, 0.093; 95% CI, 0.016–0.170) during the second and third trimesters and postpartum period, with these fatty acids content in mature breast milk.ConclusionsThe maternal dietary docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid content during late pregnancy may affect the fatty acid composition of mature breast milk. Additionally, the maternal dietary intake of ω-3 to ω-6 fatty acid ratio, during late pregnancy and the postpartum period, can affect the polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of breast milk.     

High carbohydrate diets are positively associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome irrespective to fatty acid composition in women: the KNHANES 2007–2014

We evaluated that carbohydrates and fatty acids intake modifies the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and we also determined gender–nutrient interaction in 38,766 adults in KNHANES (2007–2014). Carbohydrate intake was positively associated, and fat intake inversely associated, with the incidence of MetS. The association exhibited a gender interaction with the macronutrient intake; this association was significant in females. Furthermore, saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intakes were inversely associated with MetS risk and only females showed the positive association. Both n-3 and n-6 fatty acids intake showed inverse associations with MetS risk, similar to PUFA intake. Among the MetS components, serum triglyceride levels and blood pressure had significant inverse associations with fatty acid intake irrespective of fatty acid types and exhibited a gender interaction. In conclusions, high carbohydrate intakes (≥74.2 En%) may increase the MetS risk and moderate fat intakes (≥20.7 En%), irrespective of fat types, may decrease it. These associations were significant only in women.     

豆油对饲克山病病区粮大鼠抗氧化能力的影响

以非病区粮对照、克山病病区粮及其添加豆油（６０ｇ豆油／ｋｇ饲料）饲料喂养大鼠７０ｄ，测定各组织中维生素Ｅ及血浆中脂质过氧化物含量。结果显示：无论是病区粮饲料组，还是非病区粮饲料组，在饲料中添加豆油后，动物血浆中α－生育酚（α－Ｔｏｃｏｐｈｅｒｏｌ）含量均增加，而心肌线粒体中α－Ｔｏｃｏｐｈｅｒｏｌ含量则下降，肝线粒体中α－Ｔｏｃｏｐｈｅｒｏｌ和γ－Ｔｏｃｏｐｈｅｒｏｌ含量均下降，红细胞膜中α－Ｔｏｃｏｐｈｅｒｏｌ含量亦有降低趋势。另外，饲料中长期添加豆油，可使大鼠血浆中脂质过氧化物含量显著增加。说明，随着多不饱和脂肪酸（ＰＵＦＡｓ）摄入量的增加，膜系统α－Ｔｏｃｏｐｈｅｒｏｌ的消耗量亦增加，ＰＵＦＡｓ长期负荷，可使饲克山病病区粮（低硒低维生素Ｅ）饲料动物体内的抗氧化能力下降。     

ω_3多不饱和脂肪酸和牛磺酸对大鼠脑神经发育的影响

目的：探讨ω３多不饱和脂肪酸和牛磺酸对大鼠脑神经发育是否存在协同的促进作用。方法：将断乳仔鼠随机分成４组（Ⅰ）正常对照组（ＮＧ）、（Ⅱ）ω３多不饱和脂肪酸组（ω３Ｇ）、（Ⅲ）牛磺酸组（ＴＧ）、（Ⅳ）牛磺酸＋ω３多不饱和脂肪酸组（Ｔω３Ｇ）。以大鼠学习行为、脑干听觉诱发电位（ＢＡＥＰ）及突触定量分析作为检测脑神经发育的指标。结果：１．Ｔω３Ｇ大鼠主动回避反应习得率（ＡＡＲＲ）明显高于ω３Ｇ及ＴＧ（Ｐ＜０．０１）；Ｔω３Ｇ、ω３Ｇ及ＴＧ均高于ＮＧ（Ｐ＜０．０１，其中ω３ＧｖｓＮＧＰ＜０．０５）。２．Ｔω３Ｇ大鼠脑干听觉诱发电位Ⅰ～Ⅴ波峰间期（ＩＰＬ）与ω３Ｇ及ＴＧ相比无统计学意义（Ｐ＞０．０５），但呈缩短趋势；Ｔω３Ｇ、ω３Ｇ数目与ω３Ｇ及ＴＧ比较显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０１）；Ｔω３Ｇ、ω３Ｇ及ＴＧ突触数目均高于ＮＧ（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：１．ω３多不饱和脂肪酸是突触体膜中磷脂酰乙醇胺的主要成分。２．牛磺酸作为神经调节因子，调节突触形成的电活动，促进突触形成。３．ω３多不饱和脂肪酸可促进神经细胞对牛磺酸的摄取。上述因素互相协同，增加了Ｔω３Ｇ大鼠海马突触数目，在功能上有促进大鼠脑神经功能发育的趋势，在行为上表现为大?     

饲料脂肪酸组成对大鼠胃肠等肿瘤生成的影响

目的：　研究脂肪酸组成对甲基亚硝基脲（ Ｍ Ｎ Ｕ） 诱导的大鼠结肠等肿瘤生成的影响。方法：　雄性 Ｓ Ｄ 大鼠喂以用牛油、豆油、紫草油、玉米油和鱼油按不同比例调配，含脂肪量为１５ ％ 的半合成饲料，分５ 组。各组脂肪酸组成为：１ 组以牛油为主富含饱和脂肪酸；２ 组以豆油为主富含亚油酸，１ 组和２ 组基本不含有ｎ ３ 系列多不饱和脂肪酸；３ 组以紫草油为主富含亚油酸，α和γ亚麻酸，ｎ ６／ｎ ３ 脂肪酸之比为４ ．５３ ；４ 组以鱼油为主富含ｎ ３ 系列多不饱和脂肪酸，ｎ ６／ｎ ３ 脂肪酸之比为０ ．７３ ；５ 组为混合油组，ｎ ６／ｎ ３ 脂肪酸之比为１ ．９５ 。对照组和实验组分别经腹腔注射磷酸盐生理盐水缓冲液和３０ ｍｇ／ｋｇ ．ｂｗ 的 Ｍ Ｎ Ｕ，每周一次，共６ 次，喂养１８０ 天。实验期控制了影响肿瘤产生的因素。结果：１ 、２ 和３ 组产生的结肠肿瘤均显著高于４组（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） ，也相对高于５ 组（ Ｐ＞ ０ ．０５） ；１ 、２ 、３ 和５ 组产生的胃肿瘤也相对地高于４ 组，但是，各组之间无显著的统计学差异。除了４ 组和１ 组外，其它各组在其它部位也产生了肿瘤。结论：　 Ｍ Ｎ Ｕ 能诱导喂以不同脂肪酸组成的大鼠产生以结肠癌为主的癌症；饲?