门静脉高压症患者肝外血管平滑肌细胞增生与c-myc基因表达的相关性研究

目的　研究门静脉高压症患者肝外血管平滑肌细胞增生与c mycmRNA表达的关系。方法　应用RT PCR和免疫组化法对 2 8例门静脉高压症患者的脾静脉、12例正常血管分别进行c mycmRNA和增殖细胞核抗原 (PCNA)的检测。结果　门静脉高压症患者脾静脉PCNA蛋白表达阳性指数为 (2 9 8± 4 2 ) % ;c mycmRNA在PCNA蛋白表达阳性组和阴性组分别为 (7.6 1± 1 0 4 ) %和(3 82± 0 92 ) % ,正常对照组血管中PCNA蛋白无表达、c mycmRNA表达为 (1 0 4± 0 2 1) % ,两者同时与对照组比较 ,差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 1)。结论　c myc基因是门静脉高压症患者肝外血管平滑肌细胞增殖的起动基因 ,门静脉血流动力学紊乱激活脾静脉壁平滑肌细胞中原癌基因 ,促使血管平滑肌细胞增殖、迁移和表型改变 ,导致脾静脉血管重塑 ,使血管对缩血管物质反应降低。     

门静脉高压症患者肝外血管平增肌细胞凋亡及其相关基因表达的研究

目的 观察门静脉高压症患者肝外血管平滑肌细胞凋亡及相关基因表达,探讨其对门静脉高压症时内脏高动力循环形成的作用。方法 采用原位DNA片断末端标记(TUNEL)法和免疫组织化学法,检测28例门静脉高压症患者脾静脉和12例正常血管的平滑肌细胞凋亡及其相关基因bax、bcl-2的表达。结果 门静脉高压症患者脾静脉平滑肌细胞TUNEL阳性细胞数为(24.3±2.6)％,正常对照组仅为(0.8±0.2)％,差异有非常显著性(P<0.01),bax与bcl-2阳性表达率分别为(22.06±3.20)％和(18.61±2.00)％,与对照组比较差异有非常显著性(P<0.01)。结论 门静脉高压症患者肝外血管平滑肌细胞可产生凋亡,bax和bcl-2蛋白参与血管平滑肌细胞凋亡的调节,凋亡与增殖失衡导致血管结构重塑,促进门静脉高压症时内脏高动力循环的形成和发展。     

局部血管紧张素Ⅱ水平与核因子-κB、p38丝裂素活化蛋白激酶信号传导通路活化在人门静脉高压症脾静脉血管病变中的作用

目的 探讨血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngII)与核因子(NF)-κB、p38丝裂素活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)信号传导通路活化在人门静脉高压症(PHT)脾静脉血管病变中的作用及其机制.方法 PHT组为乙肝后肝硬化门静脉高压症患者26例;对照组选取因外伤性脾破裂行脾切除术患者10例.放免法(RIA)检测脾静脉中AngII水平;免疫组织化学法测定脾静脉中NF-κB、Phospho-p38蛋白的表达.蛋白免疫印迹法检测脾静脉及体外培养的脾静脉血管平滑肌细胞的NF-κB 、Phospho-p38蛋白的表达.结果 PHT组脾静脉组织AngII为(248.91±48.31)ng/L,显著高于对照组AngII为(143.35±36.45)ng/L(P<0.01).免疫组织化学和蛋白免疫印迹均显示PHT组脾静脉NF-κB 、Phospho-p38蛋白的表达较对照组明显增强.体外培养脾静脉血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC),AngII在1×10-8～1×10-6mol/L浓度范围内,AngII以浓度依赖性方式增加人脾静脉VSMC中NF-κB 、Phospho-p38蛋白的表达.结论 门静脉高压症时脾静脉组织AngII水平升高,NF-κB、Phospho-p38蛋白表达增加.AngII能激活脾静脉血管平滑肌细胞NF-κB、p38信号传导通路.门静脉高压症时AngII可能通过激活P38和NF-κB信号对传导通路门静脉高压症的形成和维持可能起重要作用.     

门静脉高压症患者脾静脉壁细胞间黏附分子-1激活的意义

目的 研究蛋白激酶Cα（PKCα）和细胞间黏附分子-1（ICAM-1）在门静脉高压症患者脾静脉血管的表达，探讨其在门静脉高压症形成机制中的作用。方法 对34例门静脉高压症患者的脾静脉与30例对照组织行ICAM-1原位杂交染色。用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT—PCR）测定门静脉高压症患者脾静脉血管平滑肌细胞（VSMC）中PKCα mRNA的表达。结果 正常脾静脉I—CAM-1原位杂交染色呈阴性或弱阳性。门静脉高压症患者脾静脉呈强阳性，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。RT—PCR表明门静脉高压症患者脾静脉VSMC中PKCα mRNA的表达是正常的2．81倍。结论 PKCa和ICAM-1过度表达可能是门静脉高压症患者肝外血管结构改变的重要原因；I—CAM-1的激活在门静脉高压症的形成机制中有重要作用。     

细胞外信号调节激酶1/2及c-fos在门静脉高压症患者脾静脉壁的表达及意义

目的探讨丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号传导通路是否参与门静脉高压性血管病变的发生过程.方法实验组为乙肝后肝硬化门静脉高压症患者18例,住院期间行择期脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术.对照组选取同期因外伤性脾破裂急诊入院行脾切除术患者10例.采用Western blot方法检测脾静脉组织总蛋白中磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶丝裂原ERK1/2的表达.采用免疫组织化学方法观察c-fos在脾静脉组织中的表达情况.结果实验组脾静脉壁ERK1/2活性较正常组明显增高(P<0.01).实验组脾静脉壁c-fos表达增高,平均染色指数为6.267 5±0.312 4,正常组脾静脉壁c-fos表达增高,平均染色指数为1.821 3±0.504 1,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).c-fos在平滑肌细胞中强阳性表达.结论 ERK1/2/c-fos信号传导途径与门静脉高压性血管病变的发生有关,ERK1/2/c-fos信号传导途径可能是血管平滑肌细胞表型转变的重要调控途径.     

血管内皮生长因子在门静脉高压脾血管病变中的表达及意义

目的:探讨血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在肝硬化门静脉高压症患者脾脏及脾血管病变中的表达及意义。方法:2017年6月至2019年3月,手术治疗的肝硬化门静脉高压症脾肿大患者(门静脉高压组)及同期行脾切除的外伤脾破裂患者(对照组)手术切除的脾静脉及脾脏标本,比较免疫组化方法染色脾静脉及脾脏组织中VEGF的表达情况。结果:门静脉高压组脾静脉壁VEGF染色更深,阳性细胞数更多,染色指数显著高于对照组(3.68±1.45 vs 1.56±0.73,P0.01),门静脉高压组脾脏组织VEGF染色更深,阳性细胞数更多,染色指数显著高于对照组(5.11±1.56 vs 2.19±0.83,P0.01)。结论:肝硬化门静脉高压症患者脾静脉壁及脾脏组织中VEGF高表达,可能是导致肝硬化门静脉高压、脾肿大及脾血管病变的原因之一。     

脾脏动、静脉组织基质Gla蛋白mRNA的表达在门静脉高压症性血管病变中的意义

目的探讨脾脏动、静脉组织基质Gla蛋白(matrixGlaprotein,MGP)mRNA的表达在门静脉高压症(PHT)性血管病变中的意义。方法光镜及电镜观察对照组和PHT脾脏动、静脉病理形态学改变,采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法检测MGPmRNA的表达情况。结果光镜与电镜观察下与对照组脾脏血管相比,PHT组的脾脏血管均存在不同程度的平滑肌细胞增生、肥大以及与生物合成有关的细胞器增多;对照组内脾脏动、静脉组织MGPmRNA分别为(0.23±0.10)、(0.26±0.13),PHT组脾动、静脉内MGPmRNA分别为(0.58±0.19)、(0.55±0.15),对照组的显著低于PHT组,P<0.05。结论PHT血管组织MGPmRNA的表达增强,调节血管平滑肌细胞的表型转变、增殖和迁移,并参与了内脏血管病变形成和发展。     

细胞间粘附因子-1在门静脉高压患者脾静脉的表达及意义

目的 探讨细胞间粘附因子—1(ICAM—1)在门静脉高压患者脾静脉的表达及其在贲门周围血管离断术后门静脉血栓形成的意义。方法 对34例门静脉高压患者和34例单纯脾破裂患者的脾静脉行苏木素—伊红染色观察形态学变化；行ICAM—1原位杂交并行定量分析，术后观察门静脉血栓的发生，对两者的关系进行研究。结果 门静脉高压患者脾静脉中膜平滑肌增生，内膜增厚，门静脉高压组和脾破裂组之间脾静脉内皮细胞ICAM—1mRNA表达差异有非常显著性(P＜0．01)；脾破裂组术后无门静脉血栓形成，门静脉高压组有8例门静脉血栓形成；门静脉高压组内有无门静脉血栓形成病例之间脾静脉内皮细胞ICAM—1mRNA表达差异有显著性(P＜0．05)。结论 门静脉高压性血管病变及其内皮细胞ICAM—1mRNA过度表达可能是门静脉高压患者门静脉血栓形成重要原因。     

肝硬变门静脉高压症患者血红素氧化酶-1的表达

目的　探讨肝硬变门静脉高压症患者脾脏及脾血管血红素氧化酶 (HO ) 1mRNA的表达。方法　应用原位杂交方法检测 2 0例肝硬变门静脉高压症患者脾脏、脾动脉、脾静脉组织HO 1mRNA的表达 ,以 12例脾破裂患者作对照。结果　对照组仅有 4例脾组织可见弱阳性表达 ,平均阳性染色指数为 0 .0 5± 0 .0 1,其脾动、静脉组织未见HO 1mRNA表达。肝硬变门静脉高压症组 18例脾脏HO 1mRNA阳性表达 ,平均阳性染色指数为 0 .68± 0 .12 ,显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 0 1)。脾动、静脉HO 1mRNA全部表达者 15例 ,脾动、静脉阳性染色指数分别为 0 .5± 0 .1与 0 .5 6± 0 .1,两者差异无显著性 ,(P >0 .0 5 )。结论　肝硬变门静脉高压症合并多种应激原刺激患者HO 1mRNA表达增强 ,HO 1及其代谢产物可能参与门静脉高压症多种病理过程。     

蛋白激酶Cα在门静脉高压患者肝内外血管表达的研究

目的：研究蛋白激酶Cα（PKCα)在门静脉高压患者肝内外血管的表达，探讨其在门静脉高压形成机制中的作用。方法：对34例门静脉高压患者的肝内外血管与30例对照组织行PKCα免疫组织化学染色。用逆转录－聚合酶链反应（RT－PCR）测定门静脉高压患者脾静脉血管平滑肌细胞（VSMC）中PKCαmRNA的表达。结果：正常肝内外血管PKCα免疫组织化学染色呈阴性或弱阳性，门静脉高压患者的肝内血管和脾静脉呈强阳性，差异有非常显著性（P＜0．01）。RTPCR表明门静脉高压患者脾静脉VSMC中PKCαmRNA的表达是正常人的2．81倍。结论：PKCα过度表达可能是门静脉高压肝内外血管结构改变的重要原因，并可能改变其因管舒缩活性物质的合成及敏感性。     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Smoking-Attributable mortality in Spain in 2016

IntroductionSmoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is a valuable indicator that can be used to characterize the course and health burden of the smoking epidemic. The aim of this paper was to estimate SAM in Spain in 2016 in the population aged 35 and over, using the best available evidence.MethodsA smoking prevalence-dependent analysis based on the estimation of population-attributable fractions was performed. Smoking prevalence (never, former, and current smokers) was calculated from a combination of the Spanish Health Survey (2016) and the European Health Survey (2014); the relative risk of death among current and former smokers was taken from the follow-up of various cohorts; and mortality rates were obtained from National Center for Statistics data. SAM estimates are presented globally, and by sex, age groups, and major disease categories: cancer, cardiometabolic diseases and respiratory diseases.ResultsIn 2016, 56,124 deaths were attributed to tobacco consumption, 84% in men (47,000), and 50% in the population aged over 74 (27,795). Overall, 50% of SAM was due to cancer (28,281), 65% of which was lung cancer. One in 4 attributable deaths (13,849) occurred before the age of 65.ConclusionsOne in 7 deaths in Spain in 2016 were attributable to smoking. This estimation of SAM clearly highlights the great impact of smoking on mortality in Spain, mainly due to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.     

MicroRNAs in hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes

MicroRNAs(miRNAs or miRs) are small approximately 22 nucleotide RNA species that are believed to regulate diverse metabolic and physiological processes.In the recent past,several reports have surfaced that demonstrate the role of miRNAs in various biological processes and numerous disease states.For a disease as complex as diabetes,the emergence of miRNAs as key regulators leading to the disease phenotype has added a novel dimension to the area of diabetes research.On the other hand,the liver,a metabolic hub,contributes in a major way towards maintaining normal glucose levels in the body as it can both stimulate and inhibit hepatic glucose output.This equilibrium is frequently disturbed in diabetes and hence,the liver assumes special significance considering the correlation between altered hepatic physiology and diabetes.While the understanding of the mechanisms behind this altered hepatic behavior is not yet completely understood,recent reports on the status and role of miRNAs in the diabetic liver have further added to the complexities of the knowledge of hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes.Here,we bring together the various miRNAs that play a role in the altered hepatic behavior during diabetes.     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.