带膜血管内支架置入治疗胸主动脉夹层

目的　总结带膜血管内支架置入治疗DebakeyⅢ型主动脉夹层临床经验。方法　胸主动脉夹层 4 9例 ,男 4 4例 ,女 5例 ,平均年龄 (5 1 6± 1 8)岁。经CT增强扫描或磁共振成像确诊。切开右或左侧股动脉置入带膜血管内支架 ,封堵原发破口。置入后重复造影检查。随访行胸部X线平片与电子束CT检查。结果　支架置入全部成功 ,术后即刻造影 4 0例无内漏 ,9例见少量内漏。降主动脉及腹主动脉真腔均明显扩大 ,远端降主动脉及分支供血均有不同程度的改善。 1例因支架置入位置过高 ,行外科升主动脉 左颈总动脉 左锁骨下动脉旁路移植术。 1例术后死于中毒性休克。术后随访 :降主动脉及腹主动脉真腔扩大 ,术后造影 9例有内漏者 ,无加重 ,4例患者近端夹层动脉瘤消失 ,余者夹层近端假腔内均有血栓形成。结论　带膜血管内支架置入治疗胸主动脉夹层近期疗效满意 ,远期疗效有待于进一步观察。     

主动脉夹层经腔支架-移植片植入术后的假腔改变

微创方法经腔支架一移植片植入术（transluminal stentgraft placement，TSGP）被认为是主动脉疾病修补的一个选择。经腔支架-移植片植入术治疗主动脉夹层具有良好的近期效果，但长期效果以及假腔改变尚未被详细阐述。     

Endovascular stent-graft treatment of penetrating aortic ulcer

Penetrating aortic atherosclerotic ulcer is an underdiagnosed condition that presents high rates of morbidity and mortality. We report two cases of patients with severe chest pain, with no ischemic features, who underwent chest angiotomography and showed an ulceration of the aortic wall, with contrast penetration into the middle layer. Due to the failure of the medical treatment, the patients underwent percutaneous aortic stent implantation with complete resolution of symptoms.     

腔内血管支架植入治疗胸主动脉夹层

目的：总结腔内血管支架植入治疗主动脉夹层临床经验。方法：胸主动脉夹层5例,男3例,女2例,平均年龄(53.5±4.5)岁。经多排 CT 增强扫描或磁共振成像确诊。切开右侧股动脉,植入腔内血管带膜支架,封堵原发破口。植入后重复造影检查。随访行胸部 X 线平片与多排螺旋 CT 检查。结果：支架植入均成功,术后即刻造影5例均无内漏。降主动脉及腹主动脉真腔均明显扩大,远端降主动脉及分支供血均有明显改善。术后3月随访,降主动脉及腹主动脉真腔扩大,近端夹层动脉瘤消失。结论：腔内血管带膜支架植入治疗胸主动脉夹层近期疗效满意。     

Endovascular stent-graft treatment of aortic dissection: determinants of post-interventional outcome.

AIMS: To investigate the results of endovascular stent-graft placement for the treatment of patients with type B aortic dissection (B-AD). METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 38 patients (62+/-10 years, 32 male) with acute (n=10) and chronic (n=28) type B-AD were treated with endovascular stent-grafts. The implantation procedure was successful in all patients. Peri-procedural non-fatal complications occurred in four (11%) patients. Overall, 4/38 (11%) patients died during the in-hospital period. Patients undergoing stent-graft placement for acute AD had a significantly higher in-hospital mortality than patients with chronic AD (40 vs. 0%, P=0.001). During a median follow-up of 18 (1-57) months, there were six additional deaths. Overall survival rates were 97.4+/-2.6% at 30 days, 80.4+/-6.7% at 1 year, 73.2+/-7.8% at 2 years, and 54.9+/-16.9% at 4 years. Patients with a poor clinical health status (ASA class > 3) had a significantly reduced life expectancy compared with patients with only moderate co-morbidities (ASA class 3) pre-operatively (HR=29.5, 95% CI 1.5-581.9, P=0.026) and increased age (HR=1.1, 95% CI 0.9-1.2, P=0.084) were independent determinants of post-interventional mortality. CONCLUSION: Endovascular stent-graft treatment is a safe alternative for patients with AD. The pre-operative clinical health status of the patient is the most important determinant of post-interventional outcome. Careful patient selection is thus of particular importance.     

Late results of the surgical treatment for aortic dissections

The results of 32 patients who had undergone surgery for aortic dissections were analyzed. Twenty-six patients were examined in hospital during the follow-up study while one patient refused the examination and 5 others had succumbed. The average follow-up was 42.6 months. Late functional status was generally good. Resuspension of the aortic annulus for incompetent aortic valves in type I and II dissections resulted in grave aortic regurgitation and death in one case, and in mild valvular incompetence in another case, while 5 patients had competent valves after resuspension. Computed tomography (CT) and angiographic studies frequently revealed residual changes such as double lumen of the aorta. Five subsequent aortic aneurysms were discovered, 4 of them having been reoperated after the study was completed. Periodical follow-up and screening of the aorta of operative survivors is recommended.     

Collapse of a stent-graft following treatment of a traumatic thoracic aortic rupture.

PURPOSE: To report a collapsed stent-graft used to treat a traumatic aortic rupture. CASE REPORT: A Gore TAG stent-graft was placed in a 20-year-old man with multiple injuries. Postimplantation computed tomographic angiography (CTA) demonstrated no contrast extravasation and total exclusion of the traumatic rupture. Routine CTA 3 months after implantation revealed a collapsed stent-graft located in the outer curve of the distal aortic arch. A Talent stent-graft was placed successfully within the collapsed prosthesis. Postimplantation CTA demonstrated no contrast extravasation and good apposition of the endograft to the aortic wall. At 6 months, the repair remains secure; there is no sign of graft collapse or endoleak. CONCLUSIONS: Collapse of stent-grafts can occur after treatment for traumatic aortic ruptures; endovascular methods can be used to restore a satisfactory luminal contour.     

覆膜支架治疗胸降主动脉夹层

目的探讨覆膜支架治疗胸降主动脉夹层的方法和疗效。方法对11例胸降主动脉夹层患者行覆膜支架治疗。术前强化CT检查明确诊断，根据病变血管近侧正常血管直径加上其直径的15％～20％选择支架型号。术中先行主动脉造影，确定内膜破口位置，分辨真假腔，选择恰当的手术入路及合适的支架。腹股沟处切开，游离出股动脉并切开，插入支架输送器，降血压，于破口位置缓慢释放覆膜支架，封闭主动脉内膜破口。重新造影，观察支架的位置，检查是否有内漏。结果11例均成功植入支架，患者疼痛症状消失，升主动脉造影示真腔扩大，9例假腔血流消失，2例有内漏。所有病例随访3～30个月，无死亡。术后1、3、6个月和满1年分别行强化CT检查。2例内漏患者中，1例3个月后自行封闭，1例因破口大，靠近左锁骨下动脉口，术后3个月仍有内漏。2例肾动脉受影响者血流明显改善。5例胸膜后血肿患者术后3个月完全吸收。无截瘫、左上肢缺血等并发症。结论覆膜支架治疗胸降主动脉夹层创伤小，操作简单，手术死亡率低，并发症少，近期效果良好。     

老年和非老年B 型主动脉夹层临床特点及腔内隔绝术临床疗效比较

目的比较老年和非老年Stanford B型主动脉夹层患者的临床特点及腔内隔绝术的临床疗效。方法 2002年5月至2008年7月,124例B型主动脉夹层住院患者接受腔内隔绝术治疗。根据年龄分为老年组(≥60岁,n=39)与非老年组(<60岁,n=85)。随访1～78个月,平均(25.7±17.3)个月。分析其临床和影像资料。比较两组患者腔内隔绝术的近期和远期疗效。结果与非老年组相比,老年组冠心病、不典型夹层及吸烟比率高,而肥胖、饮酒发病率低。长期随访显示,老年组与非老年组主动脉夹层并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(15.8%vs 10.0%,P=0.36)。长期随访发现,两组合并冠心病者,行覆膜支架联合经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后,并发症发生率差异亦无统计学意义(12.5%vs 10.0%,P=1.00)。结论老年与非老年患者有不同的发病危险因素和临床特点,及时干预危险因素可以降低主动脉夹层的发生。腔内隔绝术治疗B型主动脉夹层安全有效,其术后并发症与患病年龄无关,可以作为主动脉夹层首选治疗方法。     

Endoluminal stent-graft stabilization for thoracic aortic dissection.

PURPOSE: To review our experience with thoracic endografting for type B aortic dissection using the TAG Endoprosthesis. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of data collected prospectively from March 2000 to July 2004 under an investigational device exemption protocol for the TAG thoracic endograft. In this time period, 40 patients (29 women; mean age 67 years, range 39-91) were treated with this endograft for type B aortic dissection. RESULTS: Technical success was 95%. There was 1 (2.5%) perioperative death, and 1 (3%) endoleak was treated with an additional graft on postoperative day 2. Fifteen (38%) patients experienced postoperative complications, mainly renal or pulmonary, and 1 (3%) patient developed postoperative paraplegia that did not resolve. The 1-year survival was 85%. Follow-up computed tomography was available for 31 patients with an average 15-month follow-up. There was no significant change in size of the thoracic aorta in 22 patients; 8 aneurysmal segments were significantly reduced in size and 1 thoracic aortic aneurysm expanded. No thoracic aortic ruptures were seen in this series. CONCLUSIONS: These early results indicate type B thoracic aortic dissections can be treated with acceptable morbidity and mortality using endografts. Stent-graft repair of the thoracic aorta may decrease the incidence of thoracic aortic expansion and rupture.     

In vitro analysis of modular aortic stent-graft failure.

PURPOSE: To investigate the theoretical forces involved in and the nature of fixation between the modular components of a variety of aortic stent-grafts. METHODS: An in vitro study of 6 aortic stent-grafts was performed using a tensometer. The modular stent-graft components were distracted until the iliac limb was completely separated from the main body. Tests were repeated at least 6 times for each stent-graft. RESULTS: The maximum pullout force was 36.0 N using the Fortron stent-graft, which resulted in stent-graft disintegration. The maximum median forces of the other stent-grafts were 23.7 N (19.9-31.2) for the Aorfix, 7.3 N (6.9-7.6) for the AneuRx, 7.0 N (6.8-7.1) for the Zenith BiFab, 5.4 N (5.0-6.5) for the Talent, and 2.4 N (2.2-2.4) for the Vanguard II CONCLUSION: The results of this in vitro study suggest that current forms of iliac limb fixation in modular aortic stent-grafts are adequate provided the components are deployed with sufficient overlap. However, for many of the stent-grafts tested, the safety margin was small.     

Management of aortobronchial fistula with an aortic stent-graft.

Aortobronchial fistula presenting as massive hemoptysis is a rapidly fatal process that is extremely difficult to manage. We report a case in which endovascular occlusion of a fistula between a thoracic aortic pseudoaneurysm and lung was successfully managed by placement of an aortic endovascular stent-graft. Stent-grafting is a promising technique in managing complications of thoracic aneurysms and grafts.     

支架型人工血管治疗降主动脉假性动脉瘤

目的探讨支架型人工血管介入治疗降主动脉假性动脉瘤的可行性及疗效。方法2001年9月至2004年12月,行支架型人工血管治疗降主动脉假性动脉瘤8例,其中男性7例,女性1例,年龄22~65岁,平均(45.4±15.1)岁。病因4例为外伤,1例为动脉硬化,3例病因不明。瘤体直径(3.9±1.3)cm。4例为急诊手术,4例择期手术。结果6例采用全身麻醉,2例采用硬膜外麻醉。支架型人工血管均顺利植入。术后30d内无死亡。1例有近端内漏。术后脑梗塞1例。术后随诊2~30个月,平均(9.3±10.7)个月,术后4个月死亡1例,病因为内漏导至动脉瘤破裂。1例于5个月后因再发假性动脉瘤,接受再次支架型血管植入术,于2次手术后2个月死亡。随诊死亡2例,死亡率25%。结论支架型人工血管是治疗主动脉假性动脉瘤的有效方法,中远期效果还有待进一步观察。     

Fascia suturing of large access sites after endovascular treatment of aortic aneurysms and dissections.

PURPOSE: To evaluate a technique for closure of a femoral artery access in which the cribriform fascia covering the common femoral artery is sutured. METHODS: A consecutive series of 127 patients (103 men; median age 74 years, range 45- 89) underwent endovascular aortic aneurysm repair between August 2001 and September 2004. Twelve patients underwent a secondary intervention for a total of 139 procedures in the group. Sixty-one (43.9%) of the 139 operations were acute. Among the 257 femoral arteries used for access, a fascia suturing technique was performed in 131 (51.0%). Data were collected for analysis of access site complications, bleeding, thrombosis, pseudoaneurysm, and stenosis. A subgroup of 72 patients had ankle-brachial indexes (ABI) recorded; another subgroup of 50 patients were also investigated by duplex ultrasonography. RESULTS: Complications occurred in 18 (13.7%) of the 131 sutured cases. The majority (n = 16) arose within 24 hours: 8 cases of perioperative bleeding or thrombosis required open surgery and 8 cases were reoperated within 24 hours for bleeding (n = 4), thrombosis (n = 3), and 1 intimal dissection. The acute failure rate was 12.2%. Two patients had late complications: 1 case of neuralgia and 1 pseudoaneurysm that required acute surgery 28 months postoperatively. The ABI did not change significantly from pre- to postoperatively in the 72 patients examined. Five patients with stenoses did not have a reduction in ABI. In the 66 sites examined with ultrasound in 50 patients, 3 minor pseudoaneurysms were detected. CONCLUSION: The fascia suturing technique for closure of a femoral artery access during endovascular repair of aortic diseases is feasible, even in acute situations. Failures can be managed easily. Late complications requiring additional procedures are rare.     

Endovascular stent-graft repair of aortic dissection

Between October 2000 and January 2002, 9 consecutive male patients with subacute or chronic aortic dissection underwent stent-graft placement. The indication for surgery was continuous pain or aneurysm development. One patient had a type A dissecting aortic aneurysm with a primary tear in the ascending thoracic aorta; the other 8 had type B dissection. Placement of an endovascular stent-graft was technically successful in 8 patients, and one underwent an open procedure for abdominal aortic fenestration. The entry site was sealed and the false lumen disappeared in 8 cases, and thrombosis of the false lumen was obtained. Rupture of an iliac artery dissecting aneurysm occurred in one patient 2 days after stent-graft placement; abdominal aortic fenestration with prosthetic replacement of the distal abdominal aorta was performed. One patient died of myocardial infarction 3 days after the stent-graft procedure. During a mean follow-up period of 7 months (1-16 months), one patient died of acute myocardial infarction at 11 months. It was concluded on the basis of these short-term results that endovascular repair of aortic dissection is a promising treatment, and abdominal aortic fenestration is a useful adjuvant procedure.     

Suitability of 7 aortic stent-graft models for MRI-based surveillance.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of commercially available stent-grafts used for abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. METHODS: Seven endovascular grafts (AneuRx, Lifepath, Talent, Excluder, Zenith, Quantum LP, and Ancure) were suspended in a water bath containing gadolinium and scanned using a 1.5-T clinical MRI scanner. Two different scan techniques (T(1)-weighted spoiled gradient echo and spin echo) based upon a clinical MRI endograft surveillance protocol were used for each stent-graft. The scans were evaluated for susceptibility artifacts and radiofrequency (RF) shielding and caging artifacts. RESULTS: For most endografts, the lumen and structures surrounding the endograft were well visualized. However, the ferromagnetic properties of the Zenith and Lifepath devices resulted in large susceptibly artifacts that obliterated the endograft lumen as well as adjacent structures. All fully supported grafts showed some amount of signal loss from the graft lumen caused by RF caging. For the Ancure graft, evaluation around the attachment sites might be problematic. CONCLUSIONS: An MRI-based surveillance protocol appears to be a viable option for the AneuRx, Talent, Excluder, and Quantum LP stent-grafts.