EnSite3000指导下7字线射频消融治疗房颤临床分析

目的：评价EnSite3000指导下7字线射频消融治疗房颤的临床疗效和安全性。方法：68例房颤患者（阵发性房颤46例,持续性房颤22例）在EnSite三维标测系统和肺静脉造影联合指导下重建肺静脉和左心房模型,后采用7字线消融术式予以射频治疗,观察并记录围术期和出院后患者房颤治疗效果和并发症发生情况。结果：术后随访12月,59例消融成功,总消融成功率86．8％,术中出现急性心包填塞1例,术后血管迷走神经反射2例,穿刺点血肿1例,经有效抢救后均脱离危险。结论：EnSite三维标测系统引导下的房颤7字线射频消融术具有较高的成功率和安全性,应用前景广阔。     

Multimodality imaging of left atrium in patients with atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia worldwide associated with significant morbidity and mortality and represents a significant health care burden. Goals of AF treatment include prevention of cardioembolic stroke using anticoagulation and device therapy and restoration of sinus rhythm using antiarrhythmic drugs or catheter ablation techniques. A comprehensive assessment of cardiac chamber size and function is often started with echocardiography as a first line diagnostic imaging strategy. Recently, innovations in advanced imaging using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and cardiac computed tomography (CCT) provide a detailed characterization of atrial anatomy and have been shown to accurately exclude thrombus and guide left atrial appendage (LAA) closure or catheter ablation (CA) of atrial fibrillation. Compared to echocardiography, CCT offers an uncompromised spatial resolution and a fast dataset acquisition, with the disadvantages of the need of iodine contrast agent and radiation exposure. CMR, conversely, can rely on very high temporal resolution, the unique feature of tissue characterization and the absence of radiation exposure. However, the main drawbacks of this diagnostic tool are long scan times and low availability. This review will illustrate the vital role of multimodality cardiac imaging in the accurate identification of left atrial, pulmonary vein and LAA size and function, discuss advanced imaging techniques to rule out thrombus and highlight novel CMR and CCT techniques to guide catheter ablation of AF and LAA occlusion.     

Impact of anatomical features of the left atrial appendage on outcomes after cryoablation for atrial fibrillation

AimsPulmonary vein isolation (PVI) using cryoballoon has been accepted as a safe and effective method for treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). Despite advances in catheter-based technologies, some patients still experience AF recurrence. In this study, we aimed to compare left atrial appendage (LAA) morphology in AF patients and subjects with sinus rhythm and also investigate the association between LAA morphology and success of PVI using cryoballoon in subjects with AF.MethodsIn this prospective study, 359 AF patients who underwent pre-ablation computed tomographic angiography (CTA) scan between January 2013–March 2016 were included as the patient group. 100 age and gender-matched subjects in sinus rhythm who had no AF episodes in 24-h Holter monitoring that underwent CTA were included as the control group.ResultsNon-chicken wing LAA morphology was more common in AF patients (p < 0.001). LAA was significantly deeper (p < 0.001) and short-axis diameter of LAA orifice and LAA orifice area were significantly larger (p < 0.001) in AF patients. Low take-off type morphology of LAA was more common in controls compared to AF patients (p = 0.006). At a median follow-up of 37 months, only longitudinal-axis left atrial diameter on CT (p = 0.003) and cauliflower-type LAA morphology (p = 0.004) were independent predictors of AF recurrence.ConclusionThis is the first study in the literature that investigates the relationship between anatomical variations of LAA and AF recurrence following cryoablation. Our findings demonstrate that cauliflower-type LAA morphology is associated with two-fold increased risk of AF recurrence.     

心房颤动患者心房组织中的胶原重构

 目的 研究风湿性心脏瓣膜病心房颤动(房颤)患者心房组织中胶原表达的变化,探讨房颤患者心房纤维化的机制及其在房颤发生、持续中的作用.方法 75例风湿性心脏瓣膜病接受换瓣置换手术者分为3组,其中窦性心律组34例,阵发性房颤组11例,慢性房颤组30例,于术中获取右心耳组织约100 mg,采用苦味酸天狼猩红染色法对心房组织胶原沉积量及分布情况进行分析,应用半定量反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法,测定心房组织中Ⅰ型胶原、Ⅲ型胶原的mRNA水平.结果 (1)房颤患者心房组织存在明显纤维化,纤维化程度与左心房内径(r=0.390, P=0.001)、房颤持续时间呈正相关(r=0.320,P=0.005);(2)与窦性心律 组比较,Ⅰ型胶原的mRNA在阵发性房颤患者(P＜0.05)、慢性房颤患者(P＜0.001)心房组织中的表达均明显增加;房颤患者Ⅲ型胶原的mRNA表达虽有增加,但差异无统计学意义.Ⅰ型胶原的mRNA表达水平与左心房内径(r=0.336,P=0.004)、房颤持续时间 (r=0.339,P=0.003)呈正相关.结论 房颤患者心房组织存在明显纤维化,Ⅰ型胶原的分子重构可能是房颤时心房纤维化发生的分子机制之一,与房颤的发生和持续有关.     

校正窦房结功能恢复时间对持续性心房颤动患者射频消融术后晚期复发的影响

目的：探讨校正窦房结功能恢复时间（CSNRT）对持续性心房颤动（AF）患者射频消融术后晚期复发的影响。 方法:选取2012年10月—2015年10月潞安集团总院收治的首次经导管射频消融治疗的持续性AF患者30例,均为经至少2种抗心律失常药物治疗无效且有症状的持续性AF患者,在三维标测系统Carto3指导下首先行环肺静脉电隔离术,对未转复窦性心律(窦律)者采用CCL消融策略进行消融,后测定CSNRT。分为窦律维持（未复发）组20例与复发组10例,分析两组的临床基本资料,采用Logistic回归分析持续性AF复发的预测因素。 结果：复发组的CSNRT、左房前后径（LA）和早期复发比例高于未复发组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,两组间年龄、高血压、器质性心脏病、性别、AF病史、术中复律无统计学差异（P>0.05）。CSNRT为持续性AF患者射频消融术后晚期复发的独立预测因素（OR=4.457,95%CI=1.231～12.245,P<0.05）。 结论：CSNRT恢复时间缩短,有利于降低持续性AF患者射频消融术后的晚期复发率,改善窦房结功能有助于持续性AF患者术后患者窦律的维持。     

高血压患者心房颤动急性发作后内皮功能生物学标志的改变

目的 观察高血压患者发生急性心房颤动(房颤)后其内皮功能生物学标志的改变.方法 高血压患者房颤急性发作者37例,在发作时间小于48h内复律,未给予抗凝治疗,复律后窦性心律维持1个月以上.根据是否服用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)和(或)血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(ARB)分为两组:急性房颤1组(使用ACEI/ARB,n=17)和急性房颤2组(未使用ACEI/ARB,n=20),选择20例高血压合并窦性心律者为对照组.急性房颤患者分别于复律前,复律后1、7、14和30天检测血浆内皮素(ET)、一氧化氮(NO)、假性血友病因子(vWF)及可溶性E-选择素水平,并与对照组进行比较.结果 两个急性房颤组房颤急性发作时ET、vWF和E-选择素水平均显著高于对照组,NO水平显著低于对照组;两急性房颤组间上述指标无显著差异.复律后ET在急性房颤1组于第7天降至对照组水平,急性房颤2组于第30天降至对照组水平;NO、vWF水平在急性房颤1组于第14天恢复至对照组水平,急性房颤2组于第30天恢复至对照组水平;两组急性房颤患者E-选择素均于复律后第1天迅速上升,于第7天基本恢复到对照组水平.结论 高血压患者房颤急性发作时存在内皮功能障碍,复律后其内皮功能障碍可持续相当一段时间,ACEI/ARB类药物有助于其内皮功能的恢复.     

基于灰色关联度k-近邻法的房性心律失常识别

目的 研究用灰色理论的灰色关联度结合k-近邻法快速准确地识别窦性、房扑和房颤信号.方法 将心电信号分成训练集和测试集,首先用多尺度小波将心电信号变换到时频域,然后提取小波系数矩阵的奇异值作为信号的特征向量,将所有训练样本的特征向量作为标准模板,求出测试样本特征向量与标准模板之间的灰关联系数,最后结合k-近邻法对测试样本做出判断.分别用MIT-BIH心律失常数据库和犬心外膜信号数据库来评价提出的基于灰关联度的k-近邻法识别心律失常信号的特异性、敏感性和准确率.结果 实验结果表明:和常规灰关联度法、常规k-近邻法、BP神经网络相比,本方法对窦性、房扑和房颤信号有较好的识别性能,且具有识别速度快的优点.结论 本方法不需要大量的训练样本,计算简单,能较准确快速地识别窦性、房扑和房颤信号,有望应用于治疗心律失常的可植入装置.     

基于单双极复合标测的心外膜除极信号的相关性分析

目的研究适用于心外膜现场（实时）标测的方法,了解除极波的传播规律与路径。方法将柔性标测电极贴靠在心外膜上,分别在窦性心律和心房颤动（简称房颤）时对左右心房,左右心室等部位进行单极和双极复合标测,同步采集多路数据,现场观察动态等电位图以了解除极波传导的过程。最后计算相邻位点除极波信号的相关系数。结果在窦性心律时,各导联数据具有很强的相关性,可达0．8以上;而房颤时各导联数据的相关性明显降低,多数仅为0．5左右。结论采用单双极复合标测能提高电极的利用率和标测精度。对标测区域内房颤数据进行相关性分析,可了解除极波传播或折返的路径。     

醛固酮受体拮抗剂在预防心房颤动复发中的作用及对心房重构的影响

目的探讨醛固酮受体拮抗剂（螺内酯）在心房颤动恢复窦性心律后预防其复发,对窦性心律有效性的维持以及对心房重构的影响。方法80例持续性房颤患者（持续超过7天）,经药物或电复律后随机分为两组,对照组40例给予胺碘酮0．2g,每日1次,治疗组40例给予胺碘酮0．2g,每日1次,醛固酮受体拮抗剂螺内酯40mg,1次／日,两组均连续服用6个月。于治疗后第1周、2周、1月、2月、4月及6月分别行心电图或HOLTER以检测是否存在房颤复发;复律次日及6月后做超声心动图检查,观察左心房结构及功能变化。随访6个月,观察研究前后血浆醛固酮（Mdosterone,Ald）浓度。结果80例均完成治疗,随访6月,心房颤动复发率对照组32．5％,治疗组12．5％,两组间比较有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。治疗组心房颤动转复6月后患者左心房内径缩小,左房射血分数（LAEF）增高。治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;对照组患者治疗前、治疗后比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论持续性心房颤动复律后,为了维持窦性心律,联合应用胺碘酮、螺内酯较单独应用胺碘酮更加有效,螺内酯的长期服用可缩小扩大的左房,左房压力降低,对肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统激活的抑制可改善心房重构,预防房颤反复复发。     

Symptoms,diagnoses, and sporting consequences among athletes referred to a Danish sports cardiology clinic

As the number of recreational athletes performing exercise and participating in competitions at a high‐level increases, exercise‐induced cardiac symptoms may become a more common problem, not least because recreational athletes often continue high‐level exercise programs into advanced ages. We investigated the prevalence of cardiac symptoms and diagnoses among 201 athletes referred for cardiac evaluation at a Sports Cardiology Clinic in Denmark. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic study of athletes referred for suspected cardiac disease. The athletes were all well‐trained recreational to elite athletes who participated in various sports with different training loads and a wide age span (13–66 years). All patients were referred by physicians, primarily their general practitioner (38%), and palpitations were the most common cardiac symptom (40%). Cardiac symptoms had a sensitivity of 86% in detecting cardiac disease and a specificity of 13%. Cardiac disease was diagnosed in 44% of the patients, and atrial fibrillation was the most prevalent diagnosis (7.5%). Cardiac diseases with therapeutic‐ or sports‐related consequences for the patients were diagnosed in 28% of the population, but only 1% received a recommendation to avoid high‐level sports indefinitely.     

风湿性心脏病房波传导的研究

目的 采用心外膜标测方法,对风湿性心脏病慢性房颤患者及窦性心律患者心房房波的传导顺序进行比较研究。方法 选择风心病慢性房颤患者23例及风心病窦性心律患者12例,采用48导同步心外膜标测,通过心外膜电图对房颤的同形态房波及窦性房波的传导顺序进行分析,并对房波传导时间及波宽进行比较。结果 窦性心律组右房侧壁上部房波最为领先,平均右房房波早于左房房波(72.2±19.8)ms,慢性房颤组患者同形态房波则以左房后下部房波最为领先,平均左房房波早于右房房波(80.2±25.7)ms;窦性心律组房波心房传导时间为(149.5±28.4)ms,慢性房颤组同形态房波心房传导时间为(151.5±35.4)ms,两者心房传导时间比较无明显差异,P>0.05;窦性心律组房波波宽为(41.3±12.7)ms,慢性房颤组房波波宽(39.0±10.5)ms,两者波宽比较无明显差异,P>0.05。结论 风心病窦性心律患者心房房波由左房传向右房,而慢性房颤患者的房波由右房传向左房,窦性房波与慢性房颤同形态房波的心房传导时间及波宽无显著差别。     

直视下超声消融肺静脉治疗慢性房颤

目的　探讨术中直视下经球囊超声消融系统进行静脉消融治疗 5例慢性房颤的疗效。方法　选择 5例风湿性心脏病二尖瓣病变合并慢性房颤病人 ,采用球囊在体外循环直视下行肺静脉内超声消融 ,同时行二尖瓣置换术 ,消融部位为肺静脉根部 ,总计对 2 0根肺静脉进行了超声消融 ,消融温度 6 0℃ ,时间为 2 0 0s。结果　复跳后心外膜标测示 3例为窦性心律 ,术后平均随访 4 3(2 8～ 6 1)d ,仅 1例 (2 0 % )患者房颤未再发作。结论　心脏手术术中采用经球囊超声系统进行肺静脉消融操作方便 ,但效果仍有待进一步评价     

Exercise testing in the presence of complete heart block

A 28-yr-old female presented for preoperative evaluation. The resting ECG revealed sinus arrhythmia with complete heart block with a junctional escape rhythm and a ventricular rate of 43 bpm. The patient was in no apparent distress, and resting blood pressure was 80/50 mm Hg. Physical examination was largely unremarkable, with the exception of a soft, nontender, movable abdominal mass. The patient complained of mild dyspnea with stair climbing, but she was otherwise asymptomatic. Although high-grade atrioventricular (AV) block is considered a relative contraindication for exercise testing, this patient was referred for an exercise ECG stress test to assist in determining whether a electronic pacemaker or other therapy was necessary. A symptom-limited maximal ECG treadmill test was performed using the Bruce protocol. The resting HR before the test was 47 bpm, and resting blood pressure was 70/50 mm Hg. Beginning with the first stage of the test, sinus rhythm with a first-degree AV block was observed. The patient achieved 10.2 METs, with an HRpeak of 122 bpm and a peak blood pressure of 122/70 mm Hg. No ectopy was noted during exercise, no ST segment changes occurred during exercise or recovery, and the patient remained asymptomatic. The test was terminated because of the patient's inability to keep pace with the treadmill. On the basis of these results, no medical therapy or electronic pacemaker was recommended at this time, and the patient was permitted to undergo surgery for uterine fibroid tumors. This case illustrates that although complete heart block is a relative contraindication to exercise testing in some patients, the benefits of testing outweigh the risks.     

心房颤动冷冻球囊消融与磁导航指导下消融放射暴露对比研究

目的对比分析心房颤动(房颤)冷冻球囊(CRYO)消融术与磁导航(RMN)指导下房颤消融术两种消融方式, 探讨房颤消融术中减少放射暴露的方法。方法回顾性分析本院144例冷冻消融患者(CRYO组)和121例磁导航指导下房颤消融患者(RMN组)术中在线随机参考点累积皮肤表面入射剂量(CD)和X射线照射时间, 分析不同类型患者辐射剂量及手术效果之间的差异。结果与RMN组相比, CRYO组患者的手术时间明显缩短[(165.0±23.6)、(97.8±18.4)min, t=26.05,P<0.001], 但X射线暴露时间明显延长[(8.1±3.1)、(23.4±6.2)min,t=-24.57, P<0.001]、CD值明显增加[(232.3±130.7)、(669.0±387.5)mGy, Z=-12.29,P<0.001]。随访两组患者总体维持窦性心律比例未见明显差异(71.9%、75.7%, P=0.618)。多元回归分析提示, 肥胖患者、非阵发性房颤患者、肺静脉存在变异患者与CRYO组患者CD值增加有关(t=5.47、2.23、3.39, P<0.05), 且CR...     

Fortuitously discovered persistent left superior vena cava in young competitive athletes. Clinical implications of sports physicians.

This report describes two athletes with persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) accidentally identified during preparticipation medical evaluation. The clinical implications of PLSVC for sports physicians are also discussed. A 16-year-old male ice hockey player and an 18-year-old male high-level field hockey player visited our institute for medical evaluation prior to participating in competition. Neither complained of palpitation, faintness or syncope, which would have suggested a possible cardiac rhythm disturbance, or had been informed of any abnormalities in previous physical examinations. Nonetheless, echocardiography revealed dilated coronary sinuses, and venography confirmed PLSVC and, in one case, showed the absence of the right superior vena cava. Electrocardiograms showed the field hockey player to have an ectopic atrial rhythm with left axis deviation of the frontal plane P-wave and the ice hockey player to have normal sinus rhythm. Symptom-limited treadmill testing revealed nothing abnormal, and after explaining the possible rhythm instability and the potential risk associated with cardiac surgery, the subjects were permitted full participation in competitive sports. Although information is scarce, available data on PLSVC suggest it is benign for competitive athletes. Nevertheless, complications arising from other cardiovascular anomalies, from potential cardiac rhythm disturbances, and from cardiac surgery necessitated by major injuries should be considered prior to participation in competitive sports.     

缬沙坦对豚鼠心房肌细胞电生理的影响

 目的 从心肌细胞电生理的角度探讨血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻断药(ARB)类药物抗房颤的可能机制.方法 采用全细胞膜片钳技术的电流钳方法记录单细胞动作电位,采用全细胞膜片钳技术的电压钳方法记录心房肌细胞的延迟整流钾电流(Ik).观察ARB类药物缬沙坦对豚鼠心房肌细胞动作电位及离子通道电流的影响.结果 缬沙坦100 μM可延长心房肌细胞动作电位时程,尤其是APD50从(52.2±6.5) ms延长至(58.6±7.8 ms,P<0.01),APD90从(94.0±11.7) ms延长至(105.3±14.0 ms,P<0.01),而对RMP、APA无显著影响.缬沙坦100 μM明显抑制心房肌细胞IK的峰值电流,从5.33±0.13(pA/pF)减小至4.49±0.48(pA/pF)(P<0.05),并呈电压依赖性.结论 高浓度缬沙坦延长心房肌细胞动作电位时程、APD50及APD90.缬沙坦抑制心房肌细胞延迟外向钾电流,可能是引起其动作电位时程延长的一个重要因素.缬沙坦延长心房肌动作电位时程,可能在房颤的转复及房颤转复后窦性心律的维持中有价值.     

Lone Atrial Fibrillation

In brief Prompted by President George Bush's episode of atrial fibrillation (AF) while jogging, the authors reviewed the cases of eight apparently normal, physically active men who had AF. Episode triggers included exercise and the ingestion of caffeine, alcohol, cold water, and ice cream. None of the patients had clinical hyperthyroidism. One patient had a subsequent stroke, despite anticoagulation therapy. Most of the patients were able to prevent recurrence by avoiding triggering factors. When AF recurs despite such avoidance and the use of digoxin or beta-blockers, a class 1A antiarrhythmic agent can be tried.     

Inflammation and atrial remodeling after a mountain marathon

Endurance athletes have an increased risk of atrial fibrillation. We performed a longitudinal study on elite runners of the 2010 Jungfrau Marathon, a Swiss mountain marathon, to determine acute effects of long‐distance running on the atrial myocardium. Ten healthy male athletes were included and examined 9 to 1 week prior to the race, immediately after, and 1, 5, and 8 days after the race. Mean age was 34.9 ± 4.2 years, and maximum oxygen consumption was 66.8 ± 5.8 mL/kg*min. Mean race time was 243.9 ± 17.7 min. Electrocardiographic‐determined signal‐averaged P‐wave duration (SAPWD) increased significantly after the race and returned to baseline levels during follow‐up (128.7 ± 10.9 vs. 137.6 ± 9.8 vs. 131.5 ± 8.6 ms; P < 0.001). Left and right atrial volumes showed no significant differences over time, and there were no correlations of atrial volumes and SAPWD. Prolongation of the SAPWD was accompanied by a transient increase in levels of high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, proinflammatory cytokines, total leucocytes, neutrophil granulocytes, pro atrial natriuretic peptide and high‐sensitivity troponin. In conclusion, marathon running was associated with a transient conduction delay in the atria, acute inflammation and increased atrial wall tension. This may reflect exercise‐induced atrial myocardial edema and may contribute to atrial remodeling over time, generating a substrate for atrial arrhythmias.     

Differential atrial performance at rest and exercise in athletes: Potential trigger for developing atrial dysfunction?

Highly trained athletes show an increased risk of atrial arrhythmias. Little is known about atrial volumes and function during exercise in this population. Our aim was to analyze atrial size and contractile function during exercise. Fifty endurance athletes with 11 ± 8 h of training per week and 30 sedentary control subjects were included. Echocardiography was performed at baseline and during exercise. Left (LA) and right atrial (RA) size and function were assessed by two‐dimensional echocardiography. Peak negative strain (Sa) during atrial contraction and active atrial emptying volume (AEV) were measured. Athletes and control subjects showed a significant increment of deformation and AEV of both atria with exercise (P < 0.01 vs baseline for LA and RA). Among athletes, a subgroup with significant LA (n = 8)/RA (n = 15) dilatation (≥40 mL/m²) showed a significantly lower increment in AEV with exercise (LA?AEV: 1.4 ± 1.1 mL/m² vs 2.1 ± 0.9 mL/m², P = 0.04; RA?AEV: 0.9 ± 0.8 mL/m² vs 2.3 ± 1.1 mL/m², P < 0.01) and lower increment in deformation vs other athletes (LA?Sa: ?3.2 ± 2.9% vs ?9.5 ± 4.4%, P < 0.01; RA?Sa: ?2.5 ± 3.3% vs. ?9.8 ± 3.3%, P < 0.01). During exercise, active atrial strain increases, but less in athletes compared to controls, but due to larger atrial volumes, they reached similar increases in atrial emptying volume. However, this overall lesser deformation increases from a subgroup with significant atrial dilatation showing impairment in atrial contractile reserve.     

Left ventricular filling behaviour in ultra endurance and amateur athletes: a stress Doppler-echo study.

To evaluate the impact of different training levels on left ventricular (LV) filling dynamics, Doppler mitral flow was derived in 25 amateur endurance-trained athletes (amateurs) aged 31 +/- 9 years, with a personal marathon record > 200 min, and in 26 ultra endurance athletes (top athletes) aged 32 +/- 8 years, with a personal marathon record < 170 min, during bicycle exercise in supine position. In particular atrial filling fraction as the relative share of atrial contribution to LV filling was measured. During exercise (150 watt) atrial filling fraction increased significantly more in amateurs from 25% to 34% compared to top athletes from 25% to 29% (p < 0.001). Two min post exercise atrial filling fraction already reached baseline values in top athletes (25%), while it remained significantly elevated in amateurs compared to baseline values (29%, p < 0.001). Only ten min post exercise atrial filling fraction showed baseline values in amateurs (26%). Rate pressure product was not significantly different at all levels of exercise. Thus, while atrial filling fraction rose in both study groups during exercise, it returned earlier to baseline values in top athletes than in amateurs. This indicates a better cardiac adaptation to physical stress and a better diastolic performance during exercise in endurance athletes with a higher training level.