Combined Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy and Radical Prostatectomy

A 59-year-old man with a history of prostate cancer and clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma of the kidney underwent a combined robot-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy and radical prostatectomy. We describe the initial report of a combined robot-assisted operation for both procedures concurrently with a port strategy allowing reuse of ports.     

Transvaginal Route for Kidney Extraction in Laparoscopic Donor Nephrectomy

Background and Objectives:

The aim of this retrospective study was to compare conventional laparoscopic living-donor nephrectomy with transvaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery–assisted living-donor nephrectomy in terms of feasibility and reproducibility.

Methods:

A total of 115 consecutive female patients who underwent laparoscopic living-donor nephrectomy (n = 70) or transvaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery–assisted living-donor nephrectomy (n = 45) were included and compared in terms of operative characteristics, as well as donor and recipient outcomes.

Results:

No significant difference was observed between the laparoscopic living-donor nephrectomy and transvaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery–assisted living-donor nephrectomy groups in terms of mean duration of warm and cold ischemia, operation time, length of hospital stay, arterial anastomoses, visual analog scale pain scores, serum creatinine levels, and receiver outcomes, whereas a significantly higher number of venous anastomoses was noted in the laparoscopic living-donor nephrectomy group than in the transvaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery–assisted living-donor nephrectomy group (P = .029).

Conclusions:

Transvaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery–assisted living-donor nephrectomy seems to be a feasible and reproducible alternative to conventional laparoscopic living-donor nephrectomy in female donors provided the viability of the vagina as an organ retrieval route.     

手助腹腔镜与标准腹腔镜根治性肾切除术的临床研究

目的探讨手助腹腔镜根治性肾切除术与标准腹腔镜根治性肾切除术的临床价值。方法回顾分析2010年1月至2011年12月本中心96例腹腔镜根治性肾切除术患者的临床资料,其中58例为手助腹腔镜组,38例为标准腹腔镜组。对比分析两组患者的术中、术后相关临床指标、并发症及短期随访结果。结果手助腹腔镜组和标准腹腔组的手术时间(65.3min和95.8min)、术中出血量(48.9ml和123.9ml)有明显统计学差异(P<0.05)。所有病例均进行了3～27个月的随访,均未发现肿瘤局部复发或远处转移。结论手助腹腔镜技术保留了腹腔镜手术创伤小、痛苦少、术后恢复快、并发症少等优点,并可缩短手术时间、减少术中出血及损伤周围脏器的风险。     

后腹腔镜肾癌根治性切除术32例临床体会

目的探讨后腹腔镜肾癌根治性切除术的手术技巧及疗效。方法回顾分析2010-09—2015-10间行后腹腔镜肾癌根治性切除术的32例患者的临床资料。结果患者均成功完成手术,手术时间75~190 min,平均105 min,出血量30~400 m L,平均75 m L。术后病理均是肾细胞癌,术后随访3~36个月,未见肿瘤复发转移。结论后腹腔镜肾癌根治性切除术是治疗肾癌的一种安全有效微创的手术方法。     

Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy for Renal Masses 7 Centimeters or Larger

Objective:

To report our operative experience and oncologic outcomes for the laparoscopic management of large renal tumors.

Methods:

All laparoscopic and hand-assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomies performed at our institution were reviewed. Thirty patients with tumors ≥7cm and a pathologic diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma were included.

Results:

Mean operative time was 175.7±24.5 minutes, and mean estimated blood loss was 275.5±165.8 mL. No case required conversion to open radical nephrectomy. The mean hospital stay was 2.4±1.6 days. Four patients (13%) had minor complications. Of the 30 tumors, 18 were pathologic stage T2, 9 were stage T3a, 2 were stage T3b, and one was stage T4. At a mean follow-up of 30 months (range, 10 to 70), 22 patients (73%) were alive without evidence of recurrence, and 5 patients (17%) were alive with disease. One patient (3%) died of complications related to renal cell carcinoma, and 2 patients (7%) died from other causes. Overall survival was 90%, cancer-specific survival was 97%, and recurrence-free survival was 80%.

Conclusion:

Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for large tumors is a technically challenging operation. However, in experienced hands, it is a reasonable therapeutic option for the management of larger RCC neoplasms.     

Robotic‐Assisted Laparoscopic Donor Nephrectomy with Transvaginal Extraction of the Kidney

Transvaginal recovery of the kidney has recently been reported, in a donor who had previously undergone a hysterectomy, as a less‐invasive approach to perform laparoscopic live‐donor nephrectomy. Also, robotic‐assisted laparoscopic kidney donation was suggested to enhance the surgeon's skills during renal dissection and to facilitate, in a different setting, the closure of the vaginal wall after a colpotomy. We report here the technique used for the first case of robotic‐assisted laparoscopic live‐donor nephrectomy with transvaginal extraction of the graft in a patient with the uterus in place. The procedure was carried out by a multidisciplinary team, including a gynecologist. Total operative time was 215 min with a robotic time of 95 min. Warm ischemia time was 3 min and 15 s. The kidney was pre‐entrapped in a bag and extracted transvaginally. There was no intra‐ or postoperative complication. No infection was seen in the donor or in the recipient. The donor did not require postoperative analgesia and was discharged from the hospital 24 h after surgery. Our initial experience with the combination of robotic surgery and transvaginal extraction of the donated kidney appears to open a new opportunity to further minimize the trauma to selected donors.     

Pure Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) Transvaginal Nephrectomy

Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) within urology has largely been limited to experimental animal studies and diagnostic procedures in humans. Attempts to complete a pure NOTES transvaginal nephrectomy have thus far been unsuccessful. We report the first clinical experience with pure NOTES transvaginal nephrectomy.     

经脐单孔腹腔镜阴式肾切除术2例报告并文献复习

目的：报告经脐单孔腹腔镜阴式肾切除术的经验与体会,初步探讨其临床应用价值.方法：1例右侧输尿管上段结石并右肾重度积水、右肾无功能和1例左侧输尿管下段结石并左肾重度积水、左肾无功能患者均行经脐单孔腹腔镜阴式肾切除术.患者取截石位,患侧腰部垫高,取脐缘弧形切口长约3 cm,分别置入Trocar及腹腔镜、操作器械.按照普通腹腔镜方法,充分游离肾脏后将其完整切除,装入自制标本袋,于阴道后穹窿分别切开长约3 cm、4 cm切口,将标本自阴道取出.结果：2例手术均顺利完成,手术时间分别为160 min、260 min,术中失血量分别为150 ml、280 ml.均于术后第1天下床活动.例1于术后第2天肛门通气并进饮食,术后腹腔引流管引出淡红色液体较少,术后第6天尤液体引出予拔除;术后第7天脐部切口拆线痊愈出院.例2术后肠道功能恢复延迟,腹胀.经对症治疗于术后第11天肛门通气并进饮食;术后第12天拔除腹腔引流管并拆线痊愈出院.脐部切口均不明显,阴道切口愈合良好.结论：对有手术指征的患者行经脐单孔腹腔镜阴式肾切除术,脐部切口术后恢复后被周围的皱褶所遮蔽,美容效果良好,且能有效预防脐部切口疝形成,值得临床选用.     

Laparoscopic and Open Partial Nephrectomy: A Matched-Pair Comparison of 200 Patients

Background

Laparoscopy is currently challenging the role of the open approach for nephron-sparing surgery (NSS), yet comparative studies on this issue are scant.

Objective

To compare surgical, oncologic, and functional outcomes after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) and open partial nephrectomy (OPN).

Design, setting, and participants

We undertook matched-pair (age, sex, tumour size) analysis of patients who underwent elective NSS for renal masses either by laparoscopic (Klagenfurt) or open (Vienna) access.

Measurements

Surgical data, complications, histologic and oncologic data, and short- and long-term renal function of the open and laparoscopic groups were compared.

Results and limitations

In total, 200 patients matched for age, sex, and tumour size entered the study after either LPN or OPN and were followed for a mean of 3.6 yr. Surgical, ischemia, and hospitalisation times were shorter in the LPN group (p < 0.001). Blood loss and complication rates were comparable in both groups. Malignant tumours were pT1 stage renal-cell cancer only in both groups. The positive surgical margin (PSM) rate was 4% after LPN and 2% after OPN (p = 0.5); positive margins were not a risk factor for disease recurrence. Kaplan-Meier estimates of 5-yr local recurrence-free survival (RFS) were 97% after LPN and 98% after OPN (p = 0.8); the respective numbers for distant free survival were 99% and 96% (p = 0.2). Five-year overall survival (OS) for patients with pT1 stage renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was 96% after LPN and 85% after OPN. The decline in glomerular filtration rate at the last available follow-up (LPN: 10.9%; OPN: 10.6%) was similar in both groups (p = 0.8). We recognise the retrospective nature, limited follow-up, and sample size as shortcomings of this study.

Conclusions

In experienced hands, LPN provides similar results compared to open surgery. PSM rates were comparable after LPN and OPN. Current experience questions the indication of secondary nephrectomy in these patients.     

Renal Function After Nephron-sparing Surgery Versus Radical Nephrectomy: Results from EORTC Randomized Trial 30904

BackgroundIn the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) randomized trial 30904, nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) was associated with reduced overall survival compared with radical nephrectomy (RN) over a median follow-up of 9.3 yr (hazard ratio: 1.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03–2.16).ObjectiveTo examine the impact of NSS relative to RN on kidney function in EORTC 30904.Design, setting, and participantsThis phase 3 international randomized trial was conducted in patients with a small (≤5 cm) renal mass and normal contralateral kidney who were enrolled from March 1992 to January 2003.InterventionPatients were randomized to RN (n = 273) or NSS (n = 268).Outcome measurements and statistical analysisFollow-up estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR; milliliters per minute per 1.73 m²) were recorded for 259 subjects in the RN arm and 255 subjects in the NSS arm. Percentages of subjects developing at least moderate renal dysfunction (eGFR <60), advanced kidney disease (eGFR <30), or kidney failure (eGFR <15) were calculated for each treatment arm based on the lowest recorded follow-up eGFR (intent-to-treat analysis).Results and limitationsWith a median follow-up of 6.7 yr, eGFR <60 was reached by 85.7% with RN and 64.7% with NSS, with a difference of 21.0% (95% CI, 13.8–28.3); eGFR <30 was reached by 10.0% with RN and 6.3% with NSS, with a difference of 3.7% (95% CI, –1.0 to 8.5); and eGFR <15 was reached by 1.5% with RN and 1.6% with NSS, with a difference of –0.1% (95% CI, –2.2 to 2.1). Lack of longer follow-up for eGFR is a limitation of these analyses.ConclusionsCompared with RN, NSS substantially reduced the incidence of at least moderate renal dysfunction (eGFR <60), although with available follow-up the incidence of advanced kidney disease (eGFR <30) was relatively similar in the two treatment arms, and the incidence of kidney failure (eGFR <15) was nearly identical. The beneficial impact of NSS on eGFR did not result in improved survival in this study population.RegistrationEORTC trial 30904; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00002473.     

Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy in a Pelvic Ectopic Kidney: Keys to Success

Background and Objectives:

Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy of a pelvic kidney for renal cell carcinoma is a procedure with little precedent, but one that offers the advantages of the minimally invasive approach. We present our experience with this unique procedure.

Methods:

A 64-year-old male with a history of end-stage renal disease was diagnosed with a 2.6-cm enhancing mass in a pelvic left kidney with 2 separate sources of blood supply. He was offered either an open radical nephrectomy or a laparoscopic radical nephrectomy and opted for the minimally invasive approach.

Results:

The procedure was performed successfully without complications and with minimal blood loss. The case was marked both by difficulty in mobilizing the sigmoid colon and the limited working space of the pelvis, which made localization of the numerous hilar vessels challenging.

Conclusions:

Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for a pelvic ectopic kidney appears to be safe and efficacious. Success is dependent on familiarity with pelvic anatomy, optimal port placement, and preprocedure knowledge of the often-complicated vascular anatomy of the ectopic kidney. Preoperative imaging to delineate anomalous vascular anatomy is mandatory, and ureteral catheter placement is helpful for intraoperative identification purposes.     

NOTES Hybrid Transvaginal Radical Nephrectomy for Tumor: Stepwise Progression Toward a First Successful Clinical Case

Background

Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) has been used to perform nephrectomy in the laboratory; however, clinical reports to date have used multiple abdominal trocars to assist the transvaginal procedure.

Objective

To present our stepwise technique development and the first successful clinical case of NOTES transvaginal radical nephrectomy for tumor with umbilical assistance without extraumbilical skin incisions.

Design, setting, and participants

The four transvaginal NOTES procedures were performed at two institutions after obtaining institutional review board approval. Various operative steps were developed experimentally in three clinical cases, and on March 7, 2009, we performed the first successful case of NOTES hybrid transvaginal radical nephrectomy without any extraumbilical skin incisions. Using one multichannel access port in the vagina and one in the umbilicus, laparoscopic visualization, intraoperative tissue dissection, and hilar control were performed transvaginally and transumbilically. The intact specimen was extracted transvaginally.

Measurements

All perioperative data were accrued prospectively. A stepwise progression to the successful completion of the fourth case is systematically presented.

Results and limitations

Intraoperatively, at incrementally more advanced stages of the procedure, the first three NOTES clinical cases were electively converted to standard laparoscopy because of rectal injury during vaginal entry, of failure to progress, and of gradual bleeding during upper-pole dissection after transvaginal hilar control, respectively. The fourth case was successfully completed via transvaginal and umbilical access without conversion to standard laparoscopy. Operative time was 3.7 h, estimated blood loss was 150 cm³, and hospital stay was 1 d. Final pathology confirmed a 220-g, pT1b, 7-cm, grade 2, clear-cell renal cell carcinoma with negative margins. The patient was readmitted for an intraabdominal collection that responded to drainage and antibiotics.

Conclusions

We report our stepwise progression and the initial successful clinical case of NOTES hybrid transvaginal radical nephrectomy for tumor, assisted with only one umbilical trocar. Although transvaginal nephrectomy is feasible in the highly selected patient with favorable intraoperative circumstances, considerable refinements in technique and technology are necessary if this approach is to advance beyond mere anecdote.     

Laparoscopic treatment of post renal transplant lymphoceles

Background: Traditionally, a post transplant lymphocele (PTL) is drained by widely opening the wall connecting the lymphocele cavity to the intraperitoneal space via laparotomy. We hypothesize that laparoscopic techniques can be effectively used for the treatment of PTL.Methods: Patients requiring intervention for PTL between 1993 and 2002 were identified via a retrospective review. Results of drainage via laparotomy and laparoscopy were compared.Results: During the study period 685 renal transplants (391 cadaveric, 294 living) were performed. The incidence of lymphocele was 5% [34/685 (36 cases)]. The indications for surgical drainage were local symptoms (69%), graft dysfunction (14%), or both (17%). The mean time to surgical therapy was 4.9 months. Laparoscopic drainage was performed in 25 patients (74%) and open drainage in 9 patients (26%). Open procedures were performed in cases for: previous abdominal surgery (5), undesirable lymphocele characteristics or location (2), or with concomitant open procedures (3). There were no conversions or operative complications in either group. There was no difference in operative time for the laparoscopic group vs the open group (108 ± 6 vs 123 ± 18 min, p = 0.8). Hospital stay was significantly shorter for the laparoscopic group (1.7 ± 0.8 vs 3.8 ± 1.0, p = 0.0007), with 88% of laparoscopic patients being either overnight admissions or same day surgery. Two patients (5%) developed symptomatic recurrences requiring reoperation [1 laparoscopic (4%), 1 open (10%)].Conclusions: Laparoscopic fenestration of a peritransplant lymphocele is a safe and effective treatment. The large majority of patients treated with laparoscopic fenestration were discharged within one day of surgery. Unless contraindications exist, laparoscopy should be considered first-line therapy for the surgical treatment of posttransplant lymphocele.     

单孔三通道后腹腔镜肾切除术(附2例报告)

目的:探讨应用单孔三通道后腹腔镜技术完成肾切除术的可行性。方法:应用单孔三通道后腹腔镜技术对2例成人无功能肾患者施行肾切除术。腋后线肋缘下作3 cm切口,扩张腹膜后间隙。置入自制的单孔三通道穿刺器,腹腔镜通道为5 mm,另外两个操作通道分别为12 mm和5 mm。手术操作通过前端可弯曲的手术钳、手术剪和超声刀、吸引器完成。结果:2例手术均取得成功。手术时间分别为156 min和174 min;出血量为100 ml和150 ml;术后住院时间均为7天。患者腰部仅留一3 cm大小的手术瘢痕。未发生术中术后并发症。结论:基于胚胎性自然腔道手术(E-NOTES)理论,我们验证了在单孔腹腔镜下建立后腹腔空间及完成肾脏手术的可行性。随着技术和设备的改进,该技术可望为患者提供有效的治疗选择。     

Hybrid transvaginal nephrectomy

This case study reports one case of transvaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) in a 23-yr-old woman with right flank pain and recurrent urinary tract infection due to a nonfunctional right kidney. She underwent nephrectomy by transvaginal NOTES using the endoscope by vaginal access and two additional 5-mm trocars in the abdomen. Total procedure time was 170 min and estimated blood loss was 350 cc. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course and was discharged 12h after the procedure.