Medical services for sports injuries and illnesses in the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games

BACKGROUND: Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games was the second Games held amid the COVID-19 pandemic. To a certain extent, it has altered the way sporting activities operate. There is a lack of knowledge on injury risk and illness occurrence in elite winter sport athletes amid the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to describe the incidence of injuries and illnesses sustained during the XXIV Olympic Winter Games in Beijing from February 4 to 20, 2022.     

冬奥会/冬青奥会运动损伤资料分析

目的 分析既往冬奥会和冬青奥会赛事期间运动员出现运动损伤的特征。 方法 收集2010年、2014年冬奥会和2012年冬青奥会的注册运动员资料,包括各比赛项目损伤人数、损伤部位、损伤类型和严重程度等信息,统计分析其流行病学特征。 结果 共收集6370人次注册运动员信息,记录789次运动损伤,每1000人次注册运动员损伤率为123.9,平均11%的运动员至少受伤1次。三届赛事损伤率比较有显著性差异(χ² = 12.301, P= 0.002),女性比男性更容易受伤(χ² = 5.220, P= 0.022)。损伤率最高的项目前3名分别为单板滑雪(23.9%)、自由式滑雪(23.2%)和雪车(18.0%);损伤人次最多的项目前3名分别为冰球(160人次,20.3%)、高山滑雪(128人次,16.2%)和单板滑雪(113人次,14.3%)。最常累及的部位前3名为膝部(54人次,13.6%)、头部(41人次,10.3%)和腰椎/腰部(27人次,6.8%);最常见的损伤类型前3名为挫伤/血肿/擦伤(123人次,30.9%)、扭伤(包括脱位/半脱位或韧带断裂) (71人次,17.8%)和拉伤(包括肌肉断裂/撕裂或肌腱断裂) (47人次,11.8%)。有251例损伤(31.8%)预计会影响运动员继续比赛或训练,其中81例为严重损伤(32.3%)。结论 冬季运动赛事致伤率高,受伤类型多,危重患者多,不同比赛项目中损伤率和损伤人数差异很大。训练和医疗救治上要重点关注受伤风险高的单板滑雪、自由式滑雪和雪车项目,还有损伤人数多的冰球和高山滑雪项目。未来需要关注具体运动项目的技术特点、损伤危险因素和机制研究,减少运动损伤的发生,同时要加强运动损伤绿色通道建设,减少伤残和促进伤员运动功能的恢复。     

Drug analysis at the 1988 Olympic Winter Games in Calgary.

A comprehensive drug testing program was carried out during the 16 days of the 1988 Olympic Winter Games in Calgary, Canada. State-of-the-art technology was applied, involving high-resolution gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, fluorescence polarization immunoassay, and radioimmunoassay. Samples from selected athletes were screened for five drug classes: stimulants, narcotic analgesics, anabolic steroids, beta-blockers, and diuretics. In addition, samples were also screened for local anesthetics, corticosteroids, beta-human choriogonadotropin, and cannabinoids. During the 16-day event, 428 urine samples were processed and 3090 screening procedures performed. We describe the methods for analysis at the Olympic Games and present the results.     

2008北京奥运会开幕式应急医疗保障

目的 研究超大型国际性集会的应急医疗保障.方法 回顾分析2006年北京奥运会开幕式应急医疗保障,对12万人区分为观众、演职人员、运动员及媒体人员,按集结区域、流动方向、流动路线、流动高峰,进行应急医疗保障,对保障结果进行统计.结果 573伤病员在开幕式期间得到了应急医疗救治,其中27人转送到奥运定点医院.无群体伤害事件发生,无一例死亡.结论 建立完善的应急医疗体系,超强配置院前急救力量,反复演练形成应急救援实力,按伤病员流动方向与流量部署医疗站点是本次开幕式的应急医疗保障的成功经验.     

Torino 2006 Winter Olympic Games: Highlight on Health Services Organization

Background: Mass gatherings require attention toward planning and execution of dedicated medical care. Objectives: The aims were to describe the organization and provision of medical care in the Torino 2006 Winter Olympic Games in light of the epidemiology of illnesses and injuries among athletes during this event. Methods: The organization integrated 18 medical centers operating at Olympic venues, three polyclinics inside the Olympic Villages, and 13 pre-existing Olympic Hospitals. The design was a retrospective study, with review of medical records at Olympic medical facilities. All the athletes who attended any medical center or polyclinic were eligible. The main outcomes included type of injuries and illnesses affecting athletes, incidence of injuries and illnesses by provenance and discipline, and rate of hospital admissions. Results: A total of 330 athletes received medical care and 676 medical encounter forms were documented, with an overall medical utilization rate of 12.66%. Skeleton, snowboard, bobsleigh, and alpine and freestyle skiing had the highest medical attendance rate relative to other disciplines (p < 0.001). The majority of injuries and illnesses were of a minor nature. A total of 23 visits required hospital admissions (3.40%). Conclusion: The described model of medical coverage for such events seemed to be practical and efficient for the athletes, without depleting services to the general population. The risk of severe injury and illness seemed to be low. These data could be useful for planning medical services in future mass gatherings.     

Going for gold: blood planning for the London 2012 Olympic Games

The Olympics is one of the largest sporting events in the world. Major events may be complicated by disruption of normal activity and major incidents. Health care and transfusion planners should be prepared for both. Previously, transfusion contingency planning has focused on seasonal blood shortages and pandemic influenzas. This article is the first published account of transfusion contingency planning for a major event. We describe the issues encountered and the lessons identified during transfusion planning for the London 2012 Olympics. Planning was started 18 months in advance and was led by a project team reporting to the Executive. Planning was based on three periods of Gamestime. The requirements were planned with key stakeholders using normal processes enhanced by service developments. Demand planning was based on literature review together with computer modelling. The aim was blood‐stock sufficiency complimented by a high readiness donor panel to minimise waste. Plans were widely communicated and table‐top exercised. Full transfusion services were maintained during both Games with all demands met. The new service improvements and high readiness donors worked well. Emergency command and control have been upgraded. Red cell concentrate (RCC) stock aged but wastage was not significantly increased. The key to success was: early planning, stakeholder engagement, service developments, integration of transfusion service planning within the wider health care community and conduct within an assurance framework.     

以强化英语培训为重点增强奥运护理服务能力

目的：提高护士的英语水平,增强奥运护理服务能力。方法：采取全员培训、对两类人员重点培训以及对奥运医疗服务队成员强化培训的分层次、分阶段方式进行。结果：2007年全院护士英语考试成绩（73.58分）较2005年（62.35分）有了很大提高,同时增强了英语实际能力。体会：培训内容要紧密结合护理工作特点,培养实际应用能力;培训标准要突出个体化,提高学习兴趣;培训手段上要体现多样化特点,增强学习效果。     

奥运会保障急救护理人才培训的组织管理

为了在奥运期间为各国运动员、奥林匹克大家庭成员、国际媒体以及奥运会和残奥会的所有参与者提供及时、有效的医疗和转运服务,为奥运会的顺利进行提供有力的医疗保障,北京护理学会急诊专业委员会对北京地区三级医院的1822名急诊护士进行了急救理论和8项技术操作的短期脱产培训,为时4d.培训后学员急救理论和技术操作合格率、平均分都比培训前有显著提高.认为组织短期大规模培训不仅需要设立可行的培训目标和内容,而且需要配套的组织管理,通过管理来紧密学员和组织者的关系,以达到满意效果.     

Effects of a closed-loop system against SARS-CoV-2 at the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games: a descriptive and modeling study

BACKGROUND: To assess the efficacy of the epidemic prevention measures of the “closed-loop” system adopted by the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games(BOWG).METHODS: We retrospectively collected and analyzed information, including age, sex, nationality, vaccination status, date of diagnosis, and date of entry, from 280 SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals identified during the BOWG. A susceptibility-exposed-infectious-remove model was employed to evaluate the effectiveness of epidemic prevention strateg...     

Emergency medical services legal issues for the emergency physician

This article discusses the elements of the legal system that impact emergency physicians and their legal responsibilities. It addresses the specific responsibilities of the emergency physician providing on-line direction to EMS units in the field, and the legal principles that control. Special emphasis is placed on compliance with new federal legislation and addressing medical-legal issues presented by field personnel during patient care situations.     

Emergency services for children and young people.

The health care needs of a child are very different to those of an adult but when it comes to paediatric care in the accident and emergency department there is little or no consideration of children's specific needs. This article describes the present situation and makes recommendations for the future.