南昌市公共场所室内空气PM_(2.5)浓度调查

目的了解南昌市公共场所室内空气细颗粒物浓度及其可能的影响因素。方法选取南昌市学校、卫生机构、办公场所、公共交通场所和餐厅共5类63家公共场所进行PM2.5浓度监测,同时现场调查禁烟政策、室内人数及吸烟人数等相关情况。结果公共场所室内PM2.5平均浓度为(93.28±65.42)μg/m3,学校、卫生机构、办公场所、公共交通场所及餐厅室内PM2.5平均浓度分别为(63.46±26.64)、(72.55±39.05)、(103.13±42.01)、(104.36±69.81)、(164.64±138.68)μg/m3。室内PM2.5浓度水平的主要影响因素为吸烟者密度、室外PM2.5浓度、禁烟政策及禁烟标志。结论南昌市公共场所室内PM2.5污染与吸烟相关。     

天津市重点场所室内空气PM2.5及尼古丁调查

目的了解天津市重点室内场所二手烟暴露情况,为促进《天津市控制吸烟条例》实施提供数据支持。方法于2012年12月—2013年2月在天津市7个区5类(医疗卫生机构、政府办公机构、公共交通等候场所、餐饮场所以及酒吧)44个场所进行了室内空气PM2.5监测,并在其中的10个场所进行了空气尼古丁浓度监测。结果餐饮场所的PM2.5浓度中位数在所监测的不同类型场所中最高,为156.0μg/m3,其次为酒吧;而其他场所的男卫生间二手烟暴露较严重,医疗卫生机构为129.5μg/m3,政府办公机构为102.0μg/m3,公共交通等候场所为116.0μg/m3;PM2.5浓度与场所内正在燃烧的香烟数量之间呈正相关(rs=0.281,P0.05);空气尼古丁浓度与PM2.5浓度呈正相关(rs=0.553,P0.05)。结论本次调查的天津市重点场所室内二手烟暴露仍处于较高水平,需要采取更加有针对性的措施减少二手烟暴露,保护公众免受其危害。     

上海部分餐馆室内空气PM2.5浓度监测及禁烟措施调查

目的了解上海餐厅禁烟措施的实施情况,分析不同禁烟规定对减少餐厅就餐区烟草烟雾浓度的效果。方法电话调查餐厅的控烟类型,现场观察禁烟措施的落实情况,并采用AM510型个人智能防爆粉尘检测仪对餐厅室外、非吸烟区、吸烟区细颗粒物PM2.5的浓度进行检测,分析餐厅内3类监测点之间、不同禁烟规定的餐厅之间的烟草烟雾浓度差异。结果电话调查100家餐厅中,21家不禁烟,48家部分禁烟,27家完全禁烟。排除室外PM2.5浓度的影响,完全禁烟餐厅的非吸烟区PM2.5浓度(56.83μg/m3)低于部分禁烟餐厅(66.46μg/m3,F=5.424,P<0.05);部分禁烟餐厅中,非吸烟区PM2.5浓度(84.90μg/m3)低于吸烟区(130.67μg/m3,t=-3.154,P<0.01),吸烟区PM2.5浓度低于不禁烟餐厅(t=2.386,P<0.05)。结论餐厅控烟法规执行有待加强,餐厅分区能在一定程度上减少非吸烟区受吸烟区烟草烟雾的影响,但其效果明显小于完全禁烟,餐厅采取完全禁烟措施非常必要。     

珠海市室内公共场所无烟环境建设对室内外空气PM2.5浓度差的影响

目的了解珠海市室内公共场所无烟环境建设对室内外空气PM2.5浓度差的影响。方法在珠海市香洲、斗门、金湾区随机抽取医院、学校、政府单位、车站、餐厅、旅店、歌舞厅7类公共场所60家,采用统一的调查问卷对选定场所进行调查,并监测场所内外空气PM2.5浓度,对调查结果进行流行病学分析,并采用多元线性模型对公共场所中无烟环境对室内外空气PM2.5浓度差的影响因素进行分析。结果共对60家公共场所进行调查,有禁烟标识的机构数占91.7%,全部区域禁烟的占71.7%,不允许场内吸烟的占78.3%,设置禁烟区的占45.0%。室内外空气PM2.5平均浓度差为(20.7±28.5)μg/m~3,室内外PM2.5平均浓度差异具有统计学意义(P0.01)。无禁烟标识、禁烟政策覆盖部分区域或无禁烟政策、允许场内吸烟和无禁烟区的公共场所室内外空气PM2.5浓度差较高(P0.05或P0.01)。PM2.5浓度差多因素分析显示,允许场内吸烟可增加PM2.5浓度差44.739个单位,或室内张贴禁烟标识可降低PM2.5浓度差24.78个单位。结论禁止吸烟和张贴禁烟标识等无烟环境建设能有效降低室内外空气PM2.5浓度差,提高室内空气质量,建议加强无烟环境建设监督和巡查。     

济南市公共场所和工作场所控烟现状分析

了解济南市主要公共场所、工作场所的控烟现状。通过现场观察、场所内人群拦截调查、场所内空气PM2.5浓度监测及机构知情人问卷调查的方式,了解济南市控烟工作情况。结果表明,公共场所/工作场所禁烟总体情况距离项目目标还有很大差距。有26.38%的调查对象过去1周内在工作场所遭受被动吸烟;吸烟区的使用、劝阻制度的执行有待加强;PM2.5浓度普遍超标严重,且影响因素较多;不同机构控烟能力差距较大。由此可见,办公环境、外出用餐环境空气质量不容乐观,可通过在办公场所划分吸烟区和非吸烟区并进行有效隔离,使用通风设备等方法降低PM2.5浓度。各单位控烟能力急需加强,尤其是医疗卫生机构以外的其他各类机构。     

杭州市区公共场所尼古丁暴露水平的研究

目的了解杭州市区公共场所尼古丁暴露水平,为控烟工作提供参考。方法采集和检测加入无烟单位的医院和饭店的空气中尼古丁浓度,检测场所中工作人员班末尿液和头发中的尼古丁浓度。结果空气中尼古丁检出浓度为0.13～0.21μg/m3,检出率为19.32%,不同采样点间差异无统计学意义。工作人员的班末尿液尼古丁浓度未检出;头发中尼古丁浓度较高,最高达20μg/g,检出率为35.56%,不同工作场所人员差异有统计学意义。结论杭州市区公共场所二手烟影响不大,尼古丁暴露水平低,非公共场所二手烟影响仍然严重。     

创无烟单位对职工控烟知信行改变的效果评价

目的评价江苏省南通市疾控中心创建无烟单位对职工控烟知信行改变的效果,通过一系列干预措施,达到无烟单位标准。方法采用问卷调查的方法,了解南通市疾控中心在职工作人员控烟知识、态度、行为改变情况。结果南通市疾控中心186名在职工作人员吸烟率从20.4%下降到17.7%,其中男性吸烟率干预前后分别为42.7%和37.1%,戒烟率为5.6%,女性吸烟率为0,吸烟者每天吸烟量大为减少,不吸烟者工作场所二手烟暴露率从82.4%降为0,职工对《烟草控制框架公约》认识明显提高,知晓率由8.1%提高到67.0%,对工作场所禁烟态度明显改变,由52.7%提高到72.6%。结论公共场所禁烟是减少二手烟危害的有效途径,制度的制定与执行是控烟的关键,健康教育与健康促进是控烟的根本举措,南通市疾控中心创无烟单位取得良好效果。     

中国部分疾病预防控制机构室内烟草烟雾浓度测定

目的检测室内工作场所烟草烟雾浓度,评价禁烟政策在降低烟草烟雾暴露中的作用。方法选取10个省市的14个卫生机构的办公楼,调查办公楼内的禁烟规定;用尼古丁作为烟草烟雾的标志物,评估禁烟规定对烟草烟雾暴露的作用。结果14个办公楼中,有4个实行了全面禁烟或部分禁烟规定。有禁烟规定办公楼的办公室的尼古丁浓度80百分位点低于2μg/m3,无禁烟规定办公楼的办公室尼古丁浓度80百分位点为20μg/m3。70%以上的吸烟办公室的尼古丁浓度超过1μg/m3;35%的非吸烟办公室和50%的走廊的尼古丁浓度超过1μg/m3。有1个办公楼在2006年1月1日颁布了禁烟规定,之后其尼古丁浓度大幅度下降:办公室的尼古丁平均值下降到原来的1/4以下,走廊下降到1/8以下。结论工作场所是烟草烟雾暴露的一个重要场所。禁烟或限制吸烟都可以有效降低室内烟草烟雾的暴露。     

北京市33家医院三类场所烟草烟雾暴露情况

目的了解北京市33家医院门诊大厅、候诊区和手术室等候区三类场所的烟草烟雾暴露情况。方法采用现场观察法观测96个监测点的控烟环境、吸烟现象,并使用国际上通用的Side Pak AM510个人型气溶胶监测仪对各监测点的细颗粒物（PM2.5）浓度进行监测。结果80个监测点观察到禁烟标识,31家医院有2个以上的监测点张贴禁烟标识;12家医院观察到吸烟现象;7．1％的城区监测点和37．5％的郊区监测点观察到吸烟者,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。96个室内监测点PM2.5浓度的几何均数为28．84μg／m^3。其中,30个（31．3％）点的PM2.5浓度高于40μg/m^3,63个（65．6％）监测点室内外PM2.5,浓度比（I／O）大于1。门诊大厅、候诊区和手术室等候区观察到吸烟现象的比例分别为18．2％（6／33）、6．1％（2／33）和36．7％（11／30）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。3类场所中,手术室等候区PM2.5浓度〉40μg／m]的比例最高。结论为了保护就诊者及医务工作者免受烟草烟雾危害,需要院方进一步加大控烟工作的力度,更需要政府在出台控烟立法、加大控烟宣传等方面做出努力,以提高吸烟者对“室内公共场所禁止吸烟”的认识,并增强公共场所控烟的约束力。     

宁波市居民二手烟暴露情况分析

目的调查分析宁波市居民二手烟的暴露情况,为制定相关的控烟措施提供有力依据。方法通过多阶段分层整群抽样方法,对宁波市1077名现住居民进行问卷调查。结果 65.34%的不吸烟者每周都有几天要被迫吸入二手烟,几乎每天都暴露于二手烟的占28.22%。25.36%的不吸烟者家中室内每天有人抽烟。在场所工作的不吸烟者有60%在工作时吸入二手烟,其工作场所规定不能吸烟的不到1/4。暴露于二手烟的频率、家中室内吸烟及允许吸烟情况、家中吸烟规定等均有性别差异（P〈0.05）。结论应建立并完善控烟法律法规,加大控烟教育宣传力度,扩大无烟工作场所和公共场所建设,提高公民免受二手烟危害的认识。     

天津市公共场所被动吸烟现状调查

目的了解天津市公共场所禁烟进展及公众被动吸烟现状，为政府决策提供依据。方法采用文献回顾、现场观察和问卷调查的方法，对主要公共场所进行调查。结果天津市与公共场所禁烟相关的法律法规只有《天津市公共场所禁烟条例》。现场观察了43个公共场所，禁烟场所42个，有相关禁烟规定场所31个；有控烟相关宣传材料场所19个；有禁烟标志且数量较多的场所39个，设置了吸烟区的有11个。调查对象家庭内任何区域都不能吸烟、只能在部分区域吸烟和任何地方都能吸烟的比例分别为39．5％、28．2％和31．7％。其中，工作场所内任何区域都不能吸烟、只能在部分区域吸烟和任何地方都能吸烟的比例分别为44．3％、34．9％和20．1％；过去7天，82．3％的人在公共场所、工作场所或家庭曾被动吸烟。绝大多数人认为学校、医院、公共交通工具和办公室应该完全禁烟。结论公众被动吸烟暴露的改善应采取综合性措施，包括吸烟和被动吸烟均有害健康的宣传；无烟公共场所、工作场所的立法和无烟家庭创建等。     

The short-term impact of national smoke-free workplace legislation on passive smoking and tobacco use

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to evaluate the short-term impact of national smoke-free workplace legislation on employee exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at work and on employee smoking habits. METHODS: We performed 2 cross-sectional studies in 9 medium-sized and large Finnish workplaces, before and after implementation of national smoke-free workplace legislation. We assessed tobacco smoke exposure via questionnaire and indoor air nicotine measurements. RESULTS: Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke declined considerably after the legislation was implemented.Tobacco consumption among smokers diminished. Nicotine concentrations fell significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Legislation was more efficient than voluntary workplace-specific smoking restrictions in reducing passive smoking and cigarette consumption.     

《上海市公共场所控制吸烟条例》对降低网吧被动吸烟水平的效果评估

目的评估《上海市公共场所控制吸烟条例》对降低网吧被动吸烟水平的效果。方法选择上海市中心城区、城乡结合区、郊区各一行政辖区,每个行政辖区抽取10家网吧,共30家网吧纳为研究对象。分别于《上海市公共场所控制吸烟条例》实施前3个月（2009年12月）及实施后5个月（2010年8月）,对该30家网吧进行两次重复横断面调查,包括现场观察、环境PM2．5监测及网吧员工问卷调查。结果条例实施前抽样网吧室内外PM2．5浓度差值为623．79μg／m3,实施后为462．10μg／m3（t=1．37,P=0．181）;中心城区网吧室内外PM2．5浓度差值从实施前821．38μg／m3下降为实施后369．78μg／m3（t=3．52,P〈0．01）。员工在网吧场所的被动吸烟率从实施前63．93％下降为实施后36．36％（X^2=17．88,P〈0．01）;自报被动吸烟程度为“一般”或“严重”的百分率从74．36％下降为45．45％（x^2=10．19,P〈0．01）;每天被动吸烟小时数从（6．08±3．92）h下降为（4．23±4．44）h（t=2．37,P〈0．05）。员工对网吧全面禁烟支持率从实施前49．47％上升为实施后75．14％（x2=25．49,P〈0．01）;工作场所全面禁烟支持率从44．68％上升为66．48％（X2=17．46,P〈0．01）;劝阻顾客吸烟行为意愿率从24．35％上升为79．10％（x^2=110．69,P〈0．01）。结论《上海市公共场所控制吸烟条例》一定程度地降低网吧被动吸烟水平,但效果有限,该条例应得到进一步的有效实施。     

浙江省43家公共场所被动吸烟调查分析

目的了解浙江省公共场所被动吸烟现况，为制定浙江省被动吸烟控烟政策提供依据。方法采用现场观察法，收集全省车站等候室、商场、医院、学校、疾病预防控制机构、政府对外办公楼等场所共6类43家公共场所禁烟的情况，并采用拦截式调查方法问卷调查629名成年人，了解其被动吸烟的相关信息。结果34．88％的公共场所为禁烟场所，16．28％的公共场所划分了无烟区。成人烟草烟雾的接触情况是：67．24％的被调查者为被动吸烟者，77．42％的被调查者家庭室内可以吸烟，76．47％的人报告常去的娱乐场所室内可以吸烟，62．17％的人报告工作场所室内可以吸烟。在支持公共场所禁烟方面，89．51％的人支持在公共交通工具上禁烟，88．71％的人支持在学校里禁烟，83．15％的人支持在医院里禁烟，92．53％的人支持在办公室全部或者部分禁烟，79．33％的人支持在餐厅全部或者部分禁烟，61．37％的人支持在酒吧全部或者部分禁烟。单因素分析结果表明，非吸烟者、高学历者、对被动吸烟的危害有认知的人更加支持餐厅禁烟，OR值分别是2．689、1．393和2．670。结论浙江省公共场所被动吸烟情况比较严重，群众普遍支持在公共场所开展禁烟工作。     

江西省公共场所禁烟及人群被动吸烟状况调查

目的了解江西省公共场所吸烟状况，以及成年人和青少年吸烟和被动吸烟状况，为制定被动吸烟控烟对策提供依据。方法采用现场观察法对南昌市、景德镇市和井冈山市共44个公共场所吸烟状况进行调查，对600名成年人和800名学生进行问卷调查，问卷内容包括吸烟和被动吸烟情况、吸烟相关知识和态度、学校开展控烟健康教育状况等。结果公共场所控烟标识率为65．9％，吸烟发现率为37．1％，吸烟劝阻率为8．2％，交通工具等候室地面烟头数量较多，吸烟者较多。成年人吸烟率为32．7％，其中男性为61．8％，女性为2．4％，分别有76．0％、86．7％和64．8％的成年人在家庭、室内娱乐场所和室内工作场所中存在吸烟情况。学生尝试吸烟率为27．8％，其中男生为40．9％，女生为11．7％，分别有66．6％和20．5％在调查前7天内遭受过和每天遭受被动吸烟的危害，学校控烟健康教育活动开设率较低。结论江西省城市公共场所禁烟实施情况不理想，青少年和成年人被动吸烟情况严蕈。     

兰州市控烟现状调查分析

目的了解甘肃省兰州市公共场所的烟草流行和控烟状况,为全市无烟环境创建及出台地方性控烟法规提供数据支持和科学依据。方法分层随机抽取兰州市城区和郊区医疗卫生机构、教育机构、政府/疾控机构、交通场所和交通工具共128家(辆),通过问卷调查、人群抽样调查和PM2.5浓度监测。结果我市总的吸烟率为34.4%,非吸烟者每周二手烟暴露率为68.8%;用烟待客和把烟作为礼物送人所占比例较高。结论兰州市吸烟率和二手烟暴露率均高于全国总体水平(GATS城市调查数据);在过去一年内用烟待客∕用烟作为礼物的比例较高,不良生活习惯严重;公众对在公共交通工具、学校和医院禁止吸烟措施支持度比例最高,因此,我市在保护市民健康免受二手烟危害的措施上,必须要加强宣传,提高市民健康意识;在公共场所进行无烟环境创建;同时,要出台符合《烟草控制框架公约》的地方性无烟法律。     

Effect of media campaigns and smoke-free ordinance on public awareness and secondhand smoke exposure in Taiwan

This study evaluated the effect of Taiwan's smoke-free ordinance and media campaigns on public awareness and secondhand smoke exposure. The authors conducted 3 waves of research--in July 2008 (before media campaigns), in December 2008 (during media campaigns), and in March 2009 (3 months after implementation of the smoke-free law). National representative samples of 1074, 1084, and 1094 people, respectively, were interviewed successfully by telephone in the 3 surveys. The results showed that general awareness of smoke-free workplace legislation rose dramatically from 28.5% in July 2008 to 87.6% in December 2008 to 93.6% in March 2009. Exposure to secondhand smoke in the workplace fell from 28.5% in July 2008 to 24.9% in December 2008 to 7.3% in March 2009, and household secondhand smoke exposure decreased from 36.8% to 34.3% to 21.3%, respectively, during the same period. Multivariate analyses results indicated that media campaigns, smoke-free ordinance implementation, having higher education, and having higher income were associated with more awareness of the smoke-free workplace legislation. In addition, smoke-free ordinance implementation, being female, having higher education, and having higher income were associated with less likelihood of reporting secondhand smoke exposure in the workplace. In conclusion, smoke-free ordinance implementation and media campaigns were effective in raising public awareness of the new law and reducing secondhand smoke exposure in workplaces, in public places, and at home.     

Attitudes towards second hand smoke amongst a highly exposed workforce: survey of London casino workers

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine knowledge, attitudes and experiences of London casino workers regarding exposure to second hand smoke (SHS) in the workplace. DESIGN: Postal survey of 1568 London casino workers in 25 casinos who were members of the TGWU or GMB Trade Unions. MAIN RESULTS: Of the workers, 559 responded to the survey (36% response), 22% of whom were current smokers. Of the respondents, 71% report being nearly always exposed to heavy levels of SHS at work, and most (65%) want all working areas in their casino to be smoke-free. The majority (78%) are bothered by SHS at work, while 91% have wanted to move away from where they are working because of it. Fifty-seven per cent believe their health has suffered as a result of SHS. Of the workers who smoke at work, 59% believe that they would try to quit smoking if no one was allowed to smoke in the casino. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of responders are bothered by SHS, and many are concerned about the health impacts. Most want all working areas in their casino to be smoke-free. Despite difficulties in generalizing from this limited sample, these findings add weight to the argument that the legislation on smoking in public places in England should encompass all workplaces, without exemption.     

Restaurant and bar owners' exposure to secondhand smoke and attitudes regarding smoking bans in five Chinese cities

Despite the great progress made towards smoke-free environments, only 9% of countries worldwide mandate smoke-free restaurants and bars. Smoking was generally not regulated in restaurants and bars in China before 2008. This study was designed to examine the public attitudes towards banning smoking in these places in China. A convenience sample of 814 restaurants and bars was selected in five Chinese cities and all owners of these venues were interviewed in person by questionnaire in 2007. Eighty six percent of current nonsmoking subjects had at least one-day exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) at work in the past week. Only 51% of subjects knew SHS could cause heart disease. Only 17% and 11% of subjects supported prohibiting smoking completely in restaurants and in bars, respectively, while their support for restricting smoking to designated areas was much higher. Fifty three percent of subjects were willing to prohibit or restrict smoking in their own venues. Of those unwilling to do so, 82% thought smoking bans would reduce revenue, and 63% thought indoor air quality depended on ventilation rather than smoking bans. These results showed that there was support for smoking bans among restaurant or bar owners in China despite some knowledge gaps. To facilitate smoking bans in restaurants and bars, it is important to promote health education on specific hazards of SHS, provide country-specific evidence on smoking bans and hospitality revenues, and disseminate information that restricting smoking and ventilation alone cannot eliminate SHS hazards.     

State-specific trends in smoke-free workplace policy coverage: the current population survey tobacco use supplement, 1993 to 1999

We examined trends in smoke-free workplace policies among all indoor workers in the United States using the National Cancer Institute's Tobacco Use Supplement to the Census Bureau's Current Population Survey (total n = 270,063). Smoke-free was defined as smoking not permitted in public or common areas or in work areas of a worksite. Nationally, we found that nearly 70% of the US workforce worked under a smoke-free policy in 1999. At the state level, a greater than 30-percentage-point differential existed in the proportion of workers with such policies. Although significant progress has been made to reduce worker exposure to environmental tobacco smoke on the job, we predict further progress may be difficult unless comprehensive regulations to protect all workers are implemented at the national, state, or local level.