Control charts: type of data plotted determines type of chart selected

Determining whether data are attribute or variable is a key first step. The size of samples and the timing of measurements also are important considerations. Be sure you know what you are measuring--and why.     

未破裂型或流产型输卵管妊娠的超声诊断

目的:探讨未破裂型或流产型输卵管妊娠的超声图象特征及诊断价值。方法:对26例未破裂型或流产型输卵管妊娠患者的超声图象进行回顾性分析。结果:2003~2006年超声检出未破裂型或流产型输卵管妊娠26例,均经手术和保守治疗证实。结论:超声能直接显示孕囊在宫内或宫外,也能显示盆腔包块及液体的性质、特征,故应首选。     

Insulin detemir in the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes

Insulin detemir is a soluble long-acting human insulin analogue at neutral pH with a unique mechanism of action. Following subcutaneous injection, insulin detemir binds to albumin via fatty acid chain, thereby providing slow absorption and a prolonged metabolic effect. Insulin detemir has a less variable pharmacokinetic profile than insulin suspension isophane or insulin ultralente. The use of insulin detemir can reduce the risk of hypoglycemia (especially nocturnal hypoglycemia) in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. However, overall glycemic control, as assessed by glycated hemoglobin, is only marginally and not significantly improved compared with usual insulin therapy. The weight gain commonly associated with insulin therapy is rather limited when insulin detemir is used. In our experience, this new insulin analogue is preferably administrated at bedtime but can be proposed twice a day (in the morning and either before the dinner or at bedtime). Detemir is a promising option for basal insulin therapy in type 1 or type 2 diabetic patients.     

杓型和非杓型老年高血压与靶器官损害关系的探讨

目的　探讨杓型、非杓型和老年单纯收缩期高血压与靶器官损害的关系。方法　选择老年高血压病人 110例和非老年高血压病人 5 0例进行 2 4h动态血压监测 ,动态心电图 ,头颅CT或MRI,超声心动图测定室间隔厚度、左室舒张末直径并按Devereux校正公式计算左心室质量指数 (LVMI) ,2 4h微量白蛋白排泄量 (MAU)。结果　老年非杓型组和单纯收缩期高血压组的左室肥厚检出率明显高于杓型高血压组 (P <0 .0 0 1) ;老年非杓型组的复杂房性与室性心律失常例数和老年单纯收缩期高血压组复杂房性心律失常例数均明显高于老年杓型组和非老年杓型组 (P <0 .0 1) ;老年、非老年非杓型和老年单纯收缩期高血压组的脑卒中发生率均高于杓型组 (P <0 .0 0 1) ;非老年杓型组、老年杓型组和老年非杓型组的血肌酐、MAU虽然逐渐增高 ,但无统计学意义。结论　老年非杓型和单纯收缩期高血压多伴有左室肥厚、严重心律失常、脑卒中等靶器官损害     

Insulin glargine in the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes

Insulin glargine is an analogue of human insulin that is modified to provide a consistent level of plasma insulin over a long duration. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies show that a single injection of insulin glargine leads to a smooth 24-hour time-action profile with no undesirable pronounced peaks of activity. In clinical trials, this profile has been associated with at least equivalent, if not better, glycemic control than other traditional basal insulins and a significantly lower rate of overall and nocturnal hypoglycemia. The convenience of a once-daily injection, a lack of need for resuspension (insulin glargine is a clear solution when injected), and lower rates of hypoglycemia should translate into improvements in patient treatment satisfaction. This review appraises the evidence for the view that insulin glargine represents an advance in basal insulin therapy for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients.     

Intensive insulin therapy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes

Intensive insulin regimens can produce substantial clinical benefits for patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, but they are associated with an increased incidence of hypoglycaemia. This article discusses such regimens and whether the risk of hypoglycaemia can be reduced by using the new basal insulin analogue, insulin glargine.     

Systematic review of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of fracture

The authors conducted a systematic review of published data on the association between diabetes mellitus and fracture. The authors searched MEDLINE through June 2006 and examined the reference lists of pertinent articles (limited to studies in humans). Summary relative risks and 95% confidence intervals were calculated with a random-effects model. The 16 eligible studies (two case-control studies and 14 cohort studies) included 836,941 participants and 139,531 incident cases of fracture. Type 2 diabetes was associated with an increased risk of hip fracture in both men (summary relative risk (RR) = 2.8, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2, 6.6) and women (summary RR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.6, 2.7). Results were consistent between studies of men and women and between studies conducted in the United States and Europe. The association between type of diabetes and hip fracture incidence was stronger for type 1 diabetes (summary RR = 6.3, 95% CI: 2.6, 15.1) than for type 2 diabetes (summary RR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.3, 2.2). Type 2 diabetes was weakly associated with fractures at other sites, and most effect estimates were not statistically significant. These findings strongly support an association between both type 1 and type 2 diabetes and increased risk of hip fracture in men and women.     

校正721型分光光度计波长误差的一种有效的方法

本文根据721型分光光度计波长精度超差范围（中华人民共和国计量器具检定规程JJG375－85），阐述了一种简便易行的校正仪器波长误差技巧及具体操作方法。     

Genetics of type III hyperlipoproteinemia

One hundred forty-seven relatives of 43 patients with “classical” type III hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) having the apolipoprotein (apo) E2/2 phenotype were studied to determine the occurrence of hyperlipidemia and the presence of further possible genes for lipoprotein disorders in these families. In 12 pedigrees primary dyslipidemia was prevalent among patients and respective blood-relatives. In these kindreds the coexistent presence of genes for familial combined hyperlipidemia (n = 6), familial hypertriglyceridemia (n = 5), and familial hypercholesterolemia (n = 1), respectively, was supposed. Our results, therefore, confirm and extend previous data on the multifactorial genesis of the diseases. Besides homozygosity for a receptor binding-defective isoform of apo E (apo E2), additional genes for familial lipoprotein disorders might operate in the pathogenesis of type III HLP. This is the largest family study performed so far in this primary lipoprotein disorder. Genet. Epidemiol. 14:283–297,1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

脉冲式封管与普通式封管对于深静脉置管的应用比较

目的比较脉冲式封管与普通式封管对于有效防止深静脉置管封管后再次应用时输液不畅的效果。方法观察组用10ml稀释肝素液（125U／ml）脉冲式封管（推一下停一下）,每推注0．2ml,暂停1S,再推注0．2ml,如此反复进行至完成封管。对照组用10ml稀释肝素液缓慢推注封管。两组在封管时均采用边推注封管液边退针的正压封管。将活塞夹闭在深静脉置管的近端。比较两组封管的效果。结果两组封管结果,观察组深静脉置管针的堵管发生牢远远小于对照组,而输液速度快于对照组。结论脉冲式封管对保护深静脉置管在输液中的应用效果明显好于普通式封管。