心脏移植长期存活患者冠状动脉病变一例

目的　探讨 1例心脏移植长期存活患者冠状动脉病变的原因、诊断和处理。方法　对1例心脏移植术后存活 8年的患者进行长期随访。结果　术后患者生活质量好 ,恢复正常工作 ;血液生化正常 ;心电图无心肌缺血改变 ;肱动脉内皮依赖性血管舒张功能正常 ;心内膜心肌活检未见急性排斥反应征象 ;同位素心肌显像提示左室壁心肌放射性分布进行性减低 ;冠状动脉造影显示左冠状动脉弥漫性狭窄、右冠状动脉近段有一局限性严重狭窄 (>90 % )、远端为轻度弥漫性狭窄 ,行右冠状动脉近段成形和支架植入 ,同位素心肌显像示左室壁心肌放射性分布明显改善。结论　慢性排斥反应可能是导致移植心冠状动脉病变的重要原因 ;定期行同位素心肌显像检查有助于了解心肌血液供应 ;严重的局限性冠状动脉病变可应用冠状动脉成形和支架植入予以治疗。     

心脏移植术后急性排斥反应1例临床监测经验总结

目的 总结心脏移植术后急性排斥反应的临床监测体会.方法 回顾性分析1例心脏移植术后死于急性排斥反应患者的临床资料,分析术后排斥反应监测情况.结果 患者术后半年随访行心内膜心肌活组织检查(活检),结果为Ⅱ级急性排斥反应,经治疗好转出院.术后3年因上呼吸道感染出现气促再次入院,心内膜心肌活检结果为0~ⅠA级改变,病情恶化,...     

心脏移植术后多普勒超声引导下的心内膜心肌活检

目的 评估心脏移植术后在多普勒超声引导下行心内膜心肌活检的应用价值。方法 在心脏移植术后不同时期对8例心脏移植患者共行16次(每例2次)多普勒超声引导下的心内膜心肌活检，活检取材在手术室进行，取材部位为右心室靠近心尖处以及室间隔的右心室面。结果 8例患者中，3例分别于术后第18个月、第24个月和第32个月发生急性排斥反应，其他患者病理诊断为轻度慢性排斥反应。16次取材，无一例发生并发症。结论 在多普勒超声引导下行心内膜心肌活检可以节省费用，减少X线的照射，是一种可行、安全、有效的新方法。     

移植心脏病理学诊断标准及其进展

随着心脏移植外科技术的提高和强效免疫抑制剂的临床应用,心脏移植例数和移植心脏存活时间均显著提升。然而在心脏移植术后的不同阶段,仍然可出现移植心脏右心室衰竭、缺血-再灌注损伤、急性排斥反应、"Quilty病变"、感染和以移植心脏冠状动脉血管病(TCAD)为特征的慢性排斥反应等一系列并发症。心内膜心肌活组织检查(EMB)技术的应用使得包括排斥反应在内的移植心脏多种并发症的病理学特征得以观察和掌握,并成为移植心脏并发症最为准确的诊断手段。本文对移植心脏病理学研究的简史、心脏移植术后主要并发症及其诊断标准以及移植心脏排斥反应诊断研究的最新进展进行阐述,旨在使更多的心脏移植受者受益。     

原位心脏移植术后急性排斥反应的监测

为了探讨心脏移植术后急性排斥反应的监测指标，我们对３例原位心脏移植患者在发生急性中、重度排斥反应时出现的各种临床征象进行了分析，结果发现，心电图、超声心动图、单光子计算机体层扫描、外周血Ｔ淋巴细胞计数、Ｘ线影象等检查枯早期诊断急性排斥反应时产不是敏感指标，认为心的膜心甩活 诊断急性排斥反应的可靠指标     

三例心脏移植的远期心功能

探讨促进心脏移植患者长期存活的因素。方法２例采用原位心脏移植的标准术式，１例采用全心脏原位移植术。供心用冷Ｓｔ．Ｔｈｏｍａｓ停搏液，冷生理盐水保存；移植期经冠状静脉窦持续逆行灌注含钾温血。结果３例患者恢复满意，已分别存活５年、３年和１年余；随访心电图、心导管、超声心动图和心脏ＥＣＴ等检查均证实心功能正常，射血分数分别为６６．０％、６５．６％和６８．５％；第１例和第３例已从事体力劳动，第２例已恢复整日教学工作。结论正确的手术方法、优良的心肌保护、早期发现急性排斥反应和正确的处理等是提高移植后近、远期疗效的重要因素     

血小板转化生长因子与移植心脏血管病和纤维化关系的研究

目的 探讨血小板转化生长因子(PDGF)与移植心脏排斥反应之间的关系.方法 建立大鼠颈部心脏移植的动物模型.采用供体脾细胞(SPC)和环磷酰胺(CP)以及环孢素A(CsA)治疗移植受体,在移植术后的不同时间,采集移植心脏,对移植心脏血管病和心肌纤维化以及PDGF的表达水平等进行分析.结果 急性排斥反应和CsA治疗的移植组中,冠状动脉的外膜和中层有大量胶原纤维浸润,并有内膜的水肿、血管壁增厚和血管腔狭窄,PDGF在冠状血管和心脏组织中呈高水平表达.SPC和CP预处理后,移植心脏的存活时间明显延长,PDGF在冠状血管和心肌组织中呈低水平表达,移植心脏血管病和心肌纤维化明显减轻.结论 PDGF的表达水平与移植心脏血管病和心肌纤维化的严重程度密切相关,测定移植受体的PDGF水平可以预测移植器官的功能状况,为移植排斥反应的早期诊断和预防提供依据.     

原位心脏移植30例临床分析

目的对30例心脏移植进行分析总结。方法30例患者中,24例的原发病为扩张型心肌病,4例为终末期瓣膜性心肌病,1例为终末期缺血性心肌病,1例为病毒性心肌炎行双心室辅助术后1个月。均在体外循环下行原位心脏移植术,3例采用标准心脏移植术式,27例采用双腔静脉吻合心脏移植术式,体外循环时间(75±24)min,主动脉阻断时间(72±8)min。术后采用环孢素A、霉酚酸酯和泼尼松预防排斥反应,根据血环孢素A的浓度调整CsA的用量。术后早期,每天行心肌内心电图及超声心动多普勒监测,以便早期发现急性排斥反应,必要时行心内膜心肌活检。结果30例患者中,术后死亡5例,3例死于低心排,1例死于感染所致的多器官功能衰竭,1例死于出血。术后并发症有低心排、心律失常、三尖瓣返流、右心衰竭、细菌和真菌感染、肾功能异常及血糖升高,上述并发症除导致死亡者外,其余经治疗好转;4例发生急性排斥反应,给予甲泼尼龙冲击治疗,并调整免疫抑制剂的用量后排斥反应逆转。结论术后并发症的预防和及时正确的处理,是心脏移植成功的关键,尤其是对感染、急性排斥反应、右心功能不全及肾功能异常的预防和处理。     

超声心动图在原位心脏移植后监测急性排斥反应上的应用

原位心脏移植术后对供心的排斥反应是不可避免的,而心脏的急性排斥常是造成病人突然死亡的最重要的原因,因此早期发现,及时处理,终止急性排斥反应于早期阶段是提高术后成活率的重要保证。当前对心脏排斥反应的诊断最可靠方法是心内膜活检,但由于此项技术有一定的难度和要求一定     

心脏移植后经胸超声引导下的颈内静脉径路心内膜心肌活检

经皮穿刺于右心室取材的心内膜心肌活检[1]现在已成为诊断心脏移植术后排斥反应的标准检查方法.我们尝试在最简单的流程,最少的医疗资源消耗,以及对病人产生最小的心理恐惧前提下,开展了经胸超声引导下的颈内静脉径路心内膜心肌活检术.     

1110例冠状动脉搭桥术的早期结果

目的　回顾性总结１９９６ 年１ 月以来１１１０ 例冠状动脉搭桥术（ＣＡＢＧ） 的近期疗效,介绍冠心病搭桥术的体会和经验。　方法　体外循环下行ＣＡＢＧ１０４８ 例,非体外循环ＣＡＢＧ６０ 例。心肌保护均采用冷血含钾停跳液,体外循环时间１１５ ±３５ 分钟,主动脉阻断时间７２ ±２４ 分钟,单支搭桥１１０ 例,２ 支搭桥１４５ 例,３ 支搭桥４１５ 例（３７－３ ％） ,４ 支搭桥或４ 支以上４３９ 例（３９－５％） 。搭桥材料：左乳内动脉７５１ 例,大隐静脉８７７ 例,桡动脉１０１ 例,全动脉化７２ 例。合并手术：室壁瘤切除１１２ 例,室壁瘤折叠１４ 例,左室成形５ 例,瓣膜手术４８ 例,室间隔穿孔修补术５ 例。　结果　住院死亡９ 例,死亡率０－８１％ 。其余患者痊愈出院,心绞痛基本缓解。术后并发症：低心排１１ 例,主动脉球囊反搏７例,围术期心肌梗塞２ 例,脑部并发症３ 例,二次开胸止血４ 例。　结论　选择好靶血管和充分血管化是冠状动脉搭桥术的关键。另外要重视围术期处理。     

225例左主干狭窄冠状动脉旁路移植术

目的 总结冠状动脉左主干狭窄(LMS)的外科治疗效果和临床经验。方法1999年1月至2003年6月，225例LMS病人接受了冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)。平均年龄63．4岁。左室射血分数(LVEF)≤0．3011例。6例急诊手术，其中3例术前放置主动脉球囊反搏(IABP)。76例在常规体外循环下手术；149例应用非体外循环不停跳技术，术中改为体外循环5例。其中13例全动脉化、3例全静脉化旁路移植术。结果平均术前住院2．3d。平均每例远端吻合口2．95个。死亡13例(5．78％)。结论尽管LMS是预示CABG术后死亡率的独立危险因素，但CABG现在仍是其治疗的第一选择，且是安全、有效的方法。     

冠状动脉内膜剥脱联合旁路移植治疗弥漫性冠状动脉狭窄病变的近中期效果

目的探讨冠状动脉内膜剥脱术(CE)联合冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)治疗弥漫性冠状动脉狭窄病变的近中期效果。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2019年1月在南京市第一医院心胸血管外科接受CE+CABG的248例弥漫性冠状动脉狭窄病变患者的临床资料。男性201例,女性47例;年龄(65.6±8.5)岁(范围:43~79岁)。体外循环手术156例,非体外循环手术92例。共对269根病变血管完成CE,包括前降支108根,右冠状动脉140根,钝缘支21根。共完成旁路移植872支,包括左胸廓内动脉248支,桡动脉48支,大隐静脉576支,每例患者移植(3.5±0.8)支(范围:2~6支)。CE后平均血流量为(26±8)ml/min(范围:13~59 ml/min),血流指数为3.1±0.8(范围:2.0~6.7)。采用t检验或χ²检验比较体外循环和非体外循环患者的手术结果及术后通畅率。结果全组围手术期病死率为1.2%(3/248),2例死于肾功能衰竭,1例死于术后顽固性低心排血量。9例发生围手术期心肌梗死。随访(41.8±21.4)个月(范围:1~68个月)。旁路血管术后1年通畅率为78.4%(182/232),3年通畅率为69.8%(162/232)。左冠状动脉系统通畅率明显高于右冠状动脉系统(1年:87.4%比73.1%,χ²=6.533,P=0.011;3年:78.2%比64.8%,χ²=4.588,P=0.032)。体外循环组和非体外循环组旁路血管通畅率无差异(1年:80.0%比76.9%,χ²=0.277,P=0.599;3年:71.5%比67.9%,χ²=0.300,P=0.584)。结论CE+CABG治疗弥漫性冠状动脉狭窄病变可以获得较满意的完全再血管化,有较好的早、中期效果和旁路血管通畅率。体外循环和非体外循环手术具有相似的早中期结果。     

1198例非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术的早期临床分析

目的　总结分析非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术 (OPCAB)的早期临床结果和经验体会。方法　 1996年 10月至 2 0 0 2年 5月在国内 15个冠心病微创外科中心完成非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术 1198例 ,占同期冠心病手术的 79 5 % ,OPCAB实施率 (即OPCAB占单纯冠状动脉旁路移植术的百分比 )为 85 2 %。年龄平均 (6 1 6± 9 0 )岁 ,男性占 77 3%。 18 7%为左主干病变 ,76 9%为 3支病变。左心室射血分数平均 0 5 6± 0 17。其中二次手术者占 1 5 % ,急诊手术占 9 9%。结果　 2 2例为小切口单支病变旁路移植手术 ,其余均为正中切口、多支病变的OPCAB手术。远端吻合口为 (3 1± 0 9)个 ,乳内动脉桥占 6 5 6 % ,桡动脉桥占 18 0 % ;5 2 %病人使用主动脉内球囊反搏。住院死亡 14例 ,病死率 1 2 %。其中术后心跳骤停或室颤 7例 ,大出血 2例 ,昏迷伴肾功能衰竭 2例 ,大面积脑梗塞 2例 ,呼吸衰竭 1例。并发症中 ,围术期心肌梗死占 0 4% ,急性左心功能衰竭占 0 3% ,严重心律失常占 1 2 % ,呼吸系统并发症占 2 0 % ,器质性神经系统并发症占 1 2 % ,新发或加重的肾功能不全占 0 7% ,出血二次开胸占1 0 % ,胸骨愈合不良占 0 6 %。结论　OPCAB手术安全可行 ,早期效果满意 ,远期效果有待进一步观察。OPCAB具备一     

Association of plasma osteopontin levels with coronary calcification evaluated by tomographic coronary calcium scoring

Evidence indicates that proteins controlling bone mineralization are also involved in the regulation of coronary calcification. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the association between plasma osteopontin (OPN) levels and coronary calcification quantified by using tomographic coronary calcium scoring. Plasma OPN levels were measured from samples of 80 intermediate-risk asymptomatic patients (56 ± 10 years) who underwent tomographic coronary calcium scoring via multislice computed tomography for incremental risk stratification. There was no significant difference regarding OPN levels between patients with and without coronary calcification in the whole study population. Of 49 patients not receiving renin–angiotensin system inhibitors and/or statins, plasma OPN levels of patients with coronary calcification (38.7%) were significantly higher than those without coronary calcification (61.3%) (8.88 ± 2.85 vs. 6.79 ± 2.41, P = 0.008, respectively). On a binary logistic regression model, only age and plasma OPN level were found to be significant independent associated variables for the presence of coronary calcification in patients not receiving these medications (odds ratio for age, 1.15, P = 0.017; for plasma OPN levels, 1.63, P = 0.014). Our results indicate that plasma OPN levels may be predictive of coronary calcification, suggesting an important role of OPN in the atherosclerotic calcification pathogenesis.     

Intensive Use of Intravascular Ultrasound during Coronary Angioplasty. A Six-month Campaign

Background - Compared to coronary angiography, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) gives additional information important for the percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) procedure, but is time-consuming and may cause complications. Aim - To evaluate, during a period of intensive use of IVUS, the impact of IVUS on the final decision on balloon/stent diameter, consumption of devices, time-consumption and IVUS-related complications. Method - During a 6-month period, IVUS was contemplated in all PTCA procedures and the reason for not using IVUS was specified. We used CVIS during the first, and Endosonics during the last 3 months, and both periods started with 1 week of hands-on practice. All procedures were to be planned according to an initial quantitative coronary angiography (QCA), and the finally achieved result, material used and complications were registered. Results - The proportion of IVUS/PTCA was 37% during, 8% 6 months before and 12% 6 months after the study period. Three hundred and twenty-three patients were included in the study (57% of all patients), 199 of them were subjected to IVUS. The indications for PTCA during the study period were stable angina (58%), unstable angina (32%) and acute myocardial infarction (10%). The main reasons for not doing IVUS were use of 6F guiding catheter (13%), urgent procedure (12%) and occluded vessel (11%). Initial QCA detected 253 stenoses in 199 patients and 64 additional stenoses were treated, most of them probably detected by IVUS. QCA systematically underestimated vessel size, particularly in small vessels. There was a non-significant trend to more accurate estimations towards the end of the study in small vessels. Dissection, probably due to IVUS, occurred in two cases (1%). There were no significant differences in the number of devices used in IVUS compared to non-IVUS patients. The procedural time was 24 min longer in IVUS than in non-IVUS cases and more stenoses were treated per procedure in the IVUS group. Conclusion - Coronary angiography often underestimated balloon/stent size but in an unpredictable way, with a substantial proportion of significant stenoses being undetected. IVUS had few serious complications, did not increase device consumption but prolonged procedural time.     

冠状动脉病变程度与冠心病危险因素的相关分析

目的探讨冠心病患者冠状动脉病变的严重程度与冠心病危险因素的关系。方法选择冠心病患者116例为冠心病组,选择冠状动脉样硬化狭窄程度〈50%的患者66例为对照组。分析冠状动脉狭窄程度与冠心病危险因素的关系。结果多因素分析结果显示,LVEF、Ccr与冠状动脉粥样硬化程度呈负相关,而hs-CRP与冠状动脉粥样硬化程度呈正相关（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论冠状动脉狭窄程度与LVEF、Ccr呈负相关,与hs-CRP呈正相关。     

再次冠状动脉旁路移植术42例临床分析

目的 总结再次冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)的临床特点及手术效果.方法 对2002年1月至2010年12月连续收治的42例CABG术后患者行再次CABG.其中男性29例,女性13例;年龄46～78岁,平均(61.2±2.1)岁.非体外循环CABG患者31例,心肺转流下CABG患者11例,同期分别行主动脉瓣置换术及主动脉根部替换+右半主动脉弓置换术各1例.结果 全组死亡3例,1例因术中右心室破裂死亡,1例因术后心力衰竭死亡,1例发生肾功能衰竭导致多器官功能衰竭死亡,围手术期病死率为4.8%.其余40例术后呼吸机辅助呼吸时间9～27 h,平均(17±7)h.术后心绞痛均消失,围手术期无心肌梗死发生,顺利恢复出院.术中接受主动脉内球囊反搏6例.术后随访38例,随访时间6～54个月,均无心绞痛发作;12例复查冠状动脉CTA,显示移植血管均通畅.结论 随着手术技巧和围手术期管理的改进,合理采用各种技术,再次冠状动脉旁路移植术可以取得满意疗效.

Abstract：

Objective To determine the clinical characteristics and outcomes of redo CABG.Methods The outcomes of 42 consecutive patients who underwent redo CABG from January 2002 to December 2010 was analyzed.There were 29 males and 13 females,aging from 46 to 78 years old with a mean of(61.2 ± 2.1)years.Off-pump CABG was applied for 31 patients and on-pump CABG for 11 patients.There were 1 patient underwent concomitant aortic valve replacement and 1 patient underwent aortic root and right aortic arch replacement respectively.Results Three patients died of right ventricle rupture,heart failure and multiple system organ failure respectively and the perioperative mortality rate was 4.8%.The post-operatively mechanical ventilation time varied from 9 to 27 h with a mean of(17 ±7)h.There was no residual angina and perioperative myocardial infarction in the remaining patients who were all discharged uneventfully.Intraoperative 6 patients had accepted intraaortic balloon counterpulsation.During the followup from 6 months to 4.5 years for 38 patients,which showed no evidence of recurrent angina and postoperative coronary CT angiography in 12 patients showed the patency of grafts is good.Conclusion Satisfactory outcome of redo coronary artery bypass grafting can be achieved if proper indication were choosed and reasonable management were performed.     

Morphologic expression of the left coronary artery in pigs. An approach in relation to human heart

Introduction

In spite of its importance as an experimental model, the information on the left coronary artery in pigs is sparse.

Objective

To determine the morphologic features of the left coronary artery in pigs.

Methods

We evaluated 158 pig hearts. The left coronary artery was perfused with synthetic resin after their ostia had been catheterized. Diameters and courses of the vascular beds were measured with an electronic caliper (Mitutoyo^®).

Results

The diameter of left coronary artery was 6.98 ± 1.56 mm and its length was 3.51±0.99 mm. It was found to end up by bifurcating itself into the anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex artery in 79% of the cases, and by trifurcating in 21% of the cases, with the presence of the diagonal artery. The anterior interventricular artery ended up at the apex in 79.7% of the cases, and the circumflex artery at the posterior aspect of the left ventricle in 64% of the case, this artery never reached the posterior interventricular sulcus. An anastomosis between the terminal branches of the anterior interventricular artery and the posterior interventricular artery was found in 7.6% of the specimens. The antero-superior branch of the anterior interventricular artery occurred in 89.9% of the hearts. A left marginal branch was observed in 87.9% of the cases with a diameter of 2.25±0.55 mm.

Conclusion

Compared with humans, pigs have shorter left coronary artery trunks and branches; even the circumflex artery never reaches the posterior interventricular sulcus. Our findings are useful for the design of experimental hemodynamic and procedural models.     

冠状动脉造影检出心肌桥91例分析

目的探讨心肌桥（MB）的冠状动脉造影及临床特征。方法回顾分析5209例冠状动脉造影中检出的91例MB病例的冠状动脉造影及临床特点，分析MB与冠状动脉粥样硬化及缺血性心脏事件的关系。结果MB检出率1．75％，其中左冠状动脉前降支MB86例，对角支4例，回旋支1例，孤立性MB患者75例。91例中，31例无典型临床症状，44例表现为心绞痛等临床症状，8例MB近段有粥样硬化病变，7例MB合并其他冠脉血管的粥样硬化，1例MB合并肥厚型心肌病。结论MB有促进其近段血管发生粥样硬化病变的可能；MB的狭窄程度越严重，引起心肌缺血越严重。