应用Ilizarov技术治疗手腕部瘢痕挛缩畸形临床观察

目的 观察Ilizarov技术治疗手腕部瘢痕挛缩畸形的临床效果。 方法 2017年4月~2020年1月,应用Ilizarov技术治疗7例手腕部瘢痕挛缩畸形患者,男3例,女4例;年龄12~52岁,平均24岁;左手部2例,左腕关节1例,右腕关节4例;创面感染致瘢痕增生2例,开水烫伤致瘢痕增生1例,火焰烧伤致瘢痕增生4例。瘢痕形成6月~34年,平均7年。根据Mayo评分法评估手腕部功能,术前患者手腕部功能可5例,差2例。 结果 腕关节畸形均获得矫正,以腕关节中立位为0°测量,腕关节掌屈可达到55~70°,背伸可达0~55°,无明显疼痛及麻木感,手指活动灵活。患者均无针道感染、肢端感觉麻木等并发症。术后随访5月~24月（平均15月）,末次随访时评估手腕部功能,良4例、可3例,较术前显著改善。 结论 应用Ilizarov技术治疗手腕部瘢痕挛缩畸形安全有效,可为烧伤后肢体功能重建提供一种新的疗法。     

蒙娜丽莎之谜

<正>500多年前,意大利人达芬奇创作出历史上最负盛名的肖像画杰作《蒙娜丽莎》。19世纪中叶,"她"正式入驻世界上最著名的艺术博物馆——法国的卢浮宫,刚开始被该馆收藏,"她"的知名度还不是很高,后来到了1911年,该馆的一个油漆     

个体人格类型与气味偏好的关系

目的：探讨气味偏好与个体人格之间的初步关系。为在行为层面上研究人格提供新的路径。方法：以艾森克的现代人格理论模型为框架，采用人格问卷和实验结合的方法进行研究，通过实验法在控制的条件下得到个体的气味偏好数据，通过人格问卷得到同一群体的人格各维度分值。结果：不同人格特征的个体在气味偏好上存在显著差异。结论：气味偏好和人格之间存在一定的联系。     

肾结核病灶中淋巴细胞趋化因子的表达

目的:探讨淋巴细胞趋化因子在正常肾脏和肾结核中的表达以及淋巴细胞趋化因子和浸润CD4 、D8 T细胞在肾脏结核病灶中的分布特点.方法:6例正常肾脏和10例肾结核病变组织,经匀浆后,采用RT-PCR法扩增人淋巴细胞趋化因子(hLptn)的含编码区序列的cDNA;扩增cDNA的克隆至pGM-T Easy T载体,测序;应用免疫组织化学方法检测正常肾脏和肾结核中的hLptn的表达和结核病灶中的CD4、CD8分子的表达.结果:正常肾脏和肾结核组织均表达hLptn mRNA,应用RT-PCR法克隆的cDNA序列与GenBank中U23772的序列一致;hLptn在正常的肾小球、肾小管中和结核病变中残存的肾小球、肾小管中均有表达;结核病变中有散在的CD4和CD8分子阳性细胞,与hLptn的分布无重叠.结论:淋巴细胞趋化因子在肾脏的肾小球和肾小管中呈结构性表达,肾结核肉芽肿中淋巴细胞的募集可能非依赖于hLptn的作用.     

GKT测谎模式研究

犯罪知识测试（Guilty Knowledge Test，简称GKT），是Lykken在1959年引入的一种测谎测试程序。本文就GKT测试的认知原理一定向反应有关理论的发展及其与GKT测试的关系进行了介绍，并以此为起点，对GKT测谎研究的四种范式进行了分析与探讨，最后指出GKT测谎模式还存在的问题、相关的扩展性研究以及发展趋势。     

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本刊编辑部自2011年6月起不再向论著类作者提供纸质单行本,如有需要者可向本刊索取文稿的电子版数据(PDF格式),或登录本刊网站(http://www.cjcep.com)自行下载。     

非实验因素对人体核磁共振代谢组学检测结果的影响

代谢组学被认为是未来诊断疾病和评价患者机能状况的有力手段,但目前的研究结果表明,很多非实验因素,如饮食、运动、环境以及个体差异等均会影响临床实验结果,为保证不同核磁共振(Nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR)实验数据之间的可比性,很有必要在实验设计和数据分析过程中对这些因素进行合理的控制.     

腺病毒介导的肝癌靶向SEA-CD80基因治疗及免疫学机制的初步研究

目的: 观察肝癌靶向性葡萄球菌肠毒素A (SEA)/CD80基因重组腺病毒载体对肝癌的疗效,并对其免疫学机制进行初步研究.方法: 利用AdEasy腺病毒系统分别构建并制备甲胎蛋白(AFP)启动子和增强子Ⅰ调控的SEA和/或CD80基因重组腺病毒载体, 然后采用瘤体内直接注射的方式对小鼠皮下移植性肝癌进行治疗, 采用RT-PCR和Western blot方法检测腺病毒注射部位的SEA和CD80 mRNA和蛋白的表达情况; 采用ELISpot方法和LDH释放实验分别检测脾脏淋巴细胞中肝癌特异性IFN-γ分泌细胞的频数和细胞毒性T细胞(CTLs)对Hepa1-6细胞的特异杀伤活性; 通过观察荷瘤小鼠经治疗后肿瘤体积的变化及生存时间, 评价重组腺病毒对肝癌的治疗作用.结果: 我们构建的腺病毒能够使SEA和/或CD80 mRNA和蛋白靶向地在肝癌组织中表达; 与空载体组和PBS对照组相比, 双基因组和单基因组分泌IFN-γ的T细胞数量均明显增多, CTL对Hepa1-6细胞的特异性杀伤作用均明显增强, 荷瘤小鼠肿瘤体积明显减小, 生存期明显延长; 双基因组的疗效和对免疫系统的激活作用明显高于单基因组; CD80 和SEA的组之间、空载体和PBS组之间无明显差异.结论: 我们制备的肝癌靶向性重组腺病毒对肝癌有良好的治疗作用, 联合基因治疗优于单个基因治疗.     

太行山猕猴距骨的性别判别分析

太行山猕猴主要分布在太行山南坡中条山南端,是我国黄河以北分布最集中、数量最多、面积最大的猕猴自然分布种群。在形态、行为、遗传、食性、骨学方面均具有其特殊性。踝关节的距骨作为最坚固的骨骼之一,在国内有关该部位的研究报道较少。本研究主要对太行山猕猴距骨进行测量统计分析,找出两性间差异较大的变量,建立判别函数,为太行山猕猴的基础研究和生物学研究积累资料。     

Host-feeding patterns of native Culex pipiens and invasive Aedes albopictus mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in urban zones from Barcelona, Spain

The feeding patterns of haematophagous arthropods are of major importance in the amplification and transmission of infectious disease agents to vertebrate hosts, including humans. The establishment of new vector populations in nonnative range might alter transmission networks. The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse) represents an example of how an invasive species can alter the risk of viral transmission to humans. Blood meal molecular identification from two sympatric mosquito species (the invasive Ae. albopictus and the native Culex pipiens) was carried out by polymerase chain reaction-based methods. Samples were collected in Barcelona metropolitan area, Spain, from June to October 2009 as part of a monitoring-control program. Blood meals were identified to the species level in 30 Ae. albopictus and 43 Cx. pipiens. Ae. albopictus acquired blood exclusively from human hosts (100%), whereas Cx. pipiens fed on a diversity of avian and mammalian hosts, including 35.7% of blood meals from humans. Based on mosquito diet, our results suggest that the Ae. albopictus invasion in Spain might increase the risk of virus transmission to humans and could support local outbreaks of imported tropical viruses such as dengue and chikungunya. However, in the studied area, the presence of this invasive species would have a negligible effect on the transmission of zoonotic agents such as West Nile virus. However, Cx. pipiens could amplify and transmit West Nile virus, but avian contribution to its diet was lower than that reported in North America. Feeding patterns of these mosquito species may help to understand the flavivirus outbreaks recently reported in southwestern Europe.     

刘氏中剑水蚤防治蚊幼虫的研究

作者在济宁市各种水域中广泛采集了中剑水蚤，经过培养后一种鉴定为刘氏中剑水蚤（Ｍｅｓｏｃｙｃｌｏｐｓｌｅｕｃｋａｒｔｉ），在实验室及现场中进行了系统评价。在室内，刘氏中剑水蚤对三种蚊幼虫均有较高的捕食力，２０２０比例下，中剑水蚤对白纹伊蚊Ⅰ龄幼虫在２４、４８和７２ｈ捕食率分别为９６％、１００％和１００％，对淡色库蚊幼虫分别为６５％、７５％和８０％，对中华按蚊分别为７５％、９０％和９０％。蚊笼模拟试验表明，中剑水蚤可分别于８、９和１０周内消灭白纹伊蚊、淡色库蚊和中华按蚊的幼虫种群，成蚊于２周后消失。大池培养经济易行，获得成功。现场试验证明，刘氏中剑水蚤在蚊虫孳生地可成功地建立自己的种群，存活时间长于蚊虫季节，因此可长期防治蚊幼虫。中剑水蚤防治白纹伊蚊的效果好于淡色库蚊。应用中剑水蚤的长持效和Ｂ．ｓ．及Ｂ．ｔ．ｉ．的速效，在防治淡色库蚊和白纹伊蚊方面取得了更明显的效果，幼虫密度降低率９０％以上，持效整个蚊虫季节。因此二者合用可作为蚊虫综合防治的一个组成部分。     

上海市中心城区成蚊种群动态及新变化研究

为全面掌握上海中心城区蚊虫种群动态及新变化,选取城区蚊虫较易出现的公园和绿化区域环境类型（人民广场及人民公园地区）,采用CO：诱捕法进行连续超过220d的成蚊动态监测研究。结果显示,2012年224d共捕捉到蚊虫20826头,包括3属6种;淡色库蚊和白纹伊蚊为上海中心城区优势蚊种（构成比分别为71．8％和19．7％）;不同蚊种季节分布差异性显著,淡色库蚊和白纹伊蚊高峰期分别位于5～6月和7～8月,且整体上淡色库蚊密度高于白纹伊蚊（除8月下旬外,其余均P〈0．05）,三带喙库蚊在7月中下旬显著上升（分别为681和580头／旬）;蚊虫13变化趋势波动幅度较大,在相同的月份或季节亦出现较大日变化差异;将2008～2011年历史监测数据与2012年进行趋势比较,仅个别年份间有显著相关性：不同年份间的旬分布亦存在统计学差异。本研究提示,上海市中心城区的优势蚊种仍为淡色库蚊和白纹伊蚊,该两种蚊种的季节分布与某些文献报道存在差异,主要由上海城区的气候特点决定;上海城区的蚊媒防治工作仍应针对这两种蚊虫的季节分布采取针对性的有效防控措施,此外三带喙库蚊对城市环境的适应性不断提高,为上海城区的蚊媒防治工作提出了新的挑战。     

Behavioral differences of invasive container-dwelling mosquitoes to a native predator

Aquatic prey show behavioral modifications in the presence of predation-risk cues that alleviate their risk from predation. Aedes albopictus (Skuse), Aedes japonicus (Theobald), and Culex pipiens L. are invasive mosquitoes in North America, and their larvae are prey for the native mosquito predator, Toxorhynchites rutilus (Coquillett). Ae. albopictus and Ae. japonicus are recent invaders, whereas Cx. pipiens has been in the United States for >100 yr. In the presence of predation-risk cues from Tx. rutilus larvae, Cx. pipiens larvae increased the time spent resting at the surface (least risky behavior) more than the other prey species. Ae. japonicus larvae increased resting at the surface of the containers more than Ae. albopictus larvae in the presence of predation-risk cues. Cx. pipiens larvae spent more time motionless at the surface even in the absence of predation-risk cues when compared with the other species, indicating that Cx. pipiens larvae are the least vulnerable prey. As compared with the other prey species, Ae. albopictus larvae exhibited more high-risk behaviors both in the presence and absence of predation-risk cues, indicating that they are the most vulnerable prey. Ae. albopictus is the superior competitor; however, predation by Tx. rutilus larvae may prevent competitive exclusion by Ae. albopictus and promote coexistence among the three prey species.     

The effects of resource type and ratio on competition with Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens (Diptera:Culicidae)

The introduction of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in the United States has been associated with declines in abundance of resident mosquito species, presumably because of resource competition, as larvae of Ae. albopictus have been illustrated as superior competitors under certain resource conditions. We evaluated the hypothesis that varying the type and ratio of two food resources (Foxtail grass: American elm) alters the competitive outcome of Ae. albopictus and Culex pipiens (L.). We measured survivorship, development time, size, and adult longevity, and estimated the population growth index (A') of populations raised both alone and in equal number with the interspecific competitor, across five ratios of the two food resources. Competition was asymmetric with Ae. albopictus, the superior competitor across all resource treatments; however, the competitive advantage Ae. albopictus had over Cx. pipiens was reduced as grass became the predominant resource. With elm as the predominant resource, the population growth index (A') for both Ae. albopictus and Cx. pipiens was lower in intraspecific and interspecific competition treatments, respectively. The treatments also impacted adult life history, as life spans of both Ae. albopictus and Cx. pipiens varied when they emerged from larval conditions with different resource and competition treatments. We discuss the possible differences in the two species' efficiencies in exploiting the two resource types. Despite some resource conditions alleviating the competitive effects of Ae. albopictus on Cx. pipiens, competition remained asymmetric; thus, additional mechanisms are likely operating under field conditions when the two species coexist.     

Asymmetrical competition and patterns of abundance of Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae)

We tested for competitive advantage among larvae of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Culex pipiens L. in a laboratory experiment and determined the frequency and spatial and temporal patterns of co-occurrence in the field in East St. Louis, IL. In a laboratory competition experiment at multiple combined densities of Ae. albopictus and Cx. pipiens larvae, Ae. albopictus survivorship and developmental times were significantly affected by conspecific densities but not by Cx. pipiens densities. In contrast, Cx. pipiens survivorship and developmental times were significantly affected by both conspecific and Ae. albopictus densities. Per capita rate of increase (r') for Ae. albopictus cohorts declined significantly due to density of conspecifics, but not density of Cx. pipiens. Interspecific competition between Ae. albopictus and Cx. pipiens under these laboratory conditions was strong and asymmetrical, with the effect of Ae. albopictus on Cx. pipiens much stronger than the reverse. In monthly samples from tire sites in East St. Louis, Ae. albopictus was highly seasonal, occurring in relatively low abundance from early May to July and increasing in abundance in August and September. Co-occurrence corresponded to the seasonality of Ae. albopictus, with Cx. pipiens encountering Ae. albopictus in more tires and at higher numbers within a tire, in August and September. Abundance of both species was high in residential areas and was unrelated to overstory cover, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus. Abundance of Ae. albopictus, but not of Cx. pipiens, was positively associated with conductivity. We expect Cx. pipiens to suffer from the effects of interspecific competition in tires in which it encounters Ae. albopictus. Interspecific competition between these species may be of both ecological and medical importance.     

Wolbachia在我国蚊虫体内感染组织定位的透射电镜观察和PCR检测

通过透射电镜的超微形态观察和分组织的PCR检测发现 ,在我国尖音库蚊复合组和白纹伊蚊体内感染的Wolbachia株不仅局限于生殖组织内。在淡色库蚊 (Cx .pipienspallens)和骚扰库蚊 (Cx .pipiensmolestus)雌蚊卵巢、中肠和胸部肌肉组织中都有B大组Pip组Wolbachia株的感染 ,而头部没有检测到感染。在白纹伊蚊雌蚊卵巢、中肠组织中存在A大组和B大组Pip组的Wolbachia株双重感染 ,胸部肌肉组织中仅发现B大组Pip组Wolbachia株的单独感染 ,头部没有检测到感染     

A model to predict evaporation rates in habitats used by container-dwelling mosquitoes

Container-dwelling mosquitoes use a wide variety of container habitats. The bottle cap is often cited as the smallest container habitat used by container species. When containers are small, the habitat conditions can greatly affect evaporation rates that in turn can affect the species dynamics within the container. An evaporation rate model was adapted to predict evaporation rates in mosquito container habitats. In both the laboratory and field, our model was able to predict actual evaporation rates. Examples of how the model may be applied are provided by examining the likelihood of Aedes albopictus (Skuse), Aedes aegypti (L.), and Culex pipiens pipiens (L.) completing their development within small-volume containers under typical environmental conditions and a range of temperatures. Our model suggests that under minimal direct sunlight exposure, both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus could develop within a bottle cap before complete evaporation. Our model shows that under the environmental conditions when a plastic field container was sampled, neither Ae. albopictus or Cx. p. pipiens could complete development in that particular container before the water evaporated. Although rainfall could replenish the habitat, the effects of evaporation would increase larval density, which could in turn further decrease developmental rates.     

Development of lymphatic filarial parasite Wuchereria bancrofti (Spirurida: Onchocercidae) in mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) fed artificially on microfilaremic blood

The efficiency of laboratory colonies of mosquitoes such as Anopheles stephensi Liston, Aedes aegypti (L.) Liverpool strain, Ae. aegypti wild type, Aedes albopictus (Skuse), Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles, Culex sitiens Wiedemann, and Armigeres subalbatus Coquillett in supporting the development of Wuchereria bancrofti (Cobbold) (Spirurida: Onchocercidae) microfilariae to infective larvae was investigated. The mosquitoes were fed on heparinized microfilaremic human blood by using a membrane-feeding unit with Parafilm as membrane. The rate of infection, parasite development, and parasite burden were compared with that in the known vector mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Cx. quinquefasciatus showed the highest percentage of infection, followed by Ae. aegypti Liverpool strain and An. stephensi. The rate of development of the parasite was more or less similar in all the three species, and infective larvae were found on day 13. When the larvae were harvested on day 17, Cx. quinquefasciatus yielded the highest numbers, followed by Ae. aegypti Liverpool strain and An. stephensi. The percentage of infection was low, and the development was slow in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus compared with the other susceptible species. The parasite developed to second-stage larvae only by day 22 and to infective larvae by day 28. When 2-wk-old Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were fed on microfilaremic blood, they could develop the parasite to infective larvae by day 13 postfeeding. All other species of mosquitoes tested were found to be refractory to parasite development. It is shown that Cx. quinquefasciatus is the most suitable mosquito host for the production of infective larvae. However, Ae. aegypti Liverpool strain, which is commonly used for Brugia malayi filarial parasite, also can be used for generation of W. bancrofti infective larvae to circumvent the problem of maintaining two mosquito species.     

Tires as habitats for mosquitoes: a review of studies within the eastern United States

Discarded vehicle tires are a common habitat for a variety of container mosquito species. I reviewed the literature from the last 50 yr on mosquitoes collected within tires in the eastern United States with four objectives: to examine the historical and contemporary issues of tires as a habitat for mosquitoes, to identify tire-inhabiting species, to summarize findings from studies that focused on biotic and abiotic characteristics of tires, and to offer future directions to aid our understanding of tire-inhabiting mosquitoes. Thirty-two species have been documented, including seven invasives, with the most frequently encountered being Aedes triseriatus, Ae. albopictus, Ae. atropalpus, Culex restuans, Cx. pipiens, Cx. territans, Anopheles punctipennis, and Toxorhynchites rutilus. The proclivity of these species to occupy small containers is one possible explanation for their occurrence in tires. The native species Ae. triseriatus was abundant and the most often collected, particularly in central and northern regions, whereas the invasive Ae. albopictus was most abundant in the south. One half of the studies investigating aspects of the tire environment compared mosquito populations between sunlit and shaded tires, with the general finding that this factor alone led to dramatic differences in larval species composition and abundance patterns. Less frequently investigated factors, e.g., tire orientation, detritus, and proximity to humans, also were found to affect patterns of occupancy by mosquitoes. For the future, I suggest more surveys are needed in understudied areas, as well as quantitative experiments to determine habitat associations and community dynamics in tires, which are especially necessary to assist in understanding invasions. Discarded tires are important for studies of vector dynamics, because of their abundance near human populations and because they expand the habitat range of mosquitoes that vector pathogens.