重症脑静脉窦血栓形成的血管内溶栓抗凝治疗

目的探讨重症脑静脉窦血栓形成血管内溶栓抗凝治疗的效果与安全性。方法选择传统治疗方法无效的重症脑静脉窦血栓形成病例2例,采用在数字减影血管造影(DSA)下静脉窦接触性溶栓抗凝与颈内动脉抗凝溶栓联合治疗。结果2例病人临床症状全部缓解,闭塞静脉窦开通,无严重并发症发生。结论血管内介入溶栓抗凝治疗可能是治疗重症脑静脉窦血栓形成的一种安全有效的方法。     

动脉溶栓治疗脑静脉窦血栓形成3例报告

脑静脉血栓形成 (ＣＶＴ)临床上较少见 ,尤其有关临床治疗报道甚少。我院 2 0 0 1年 8月至 2 0 0 2年 3月采用动脉溶栓治疗 3例脑静脉窦血栓形成患者 ,现报告如下。1　病例1.1　例 1　男 ,39岁。因突发四肢抽搐 1次于 2 0 0 1年 8月 30日入院。患者于 8月 2 9日在行走途中突然跌倒在地 ,口吐白沫 ,双上肢屈曲、双下肢伸直状抽搐 ,抽搐约 5分钟停止 ,无二便失禁 ,立即被送到我院急诊科 ,仍呼之不应。头颅ＣＴ示“左顶叶稍高密度影” ,给予“甘露醇、能量合剂”治疗半小时后清醒 ,对发作之事不能回忆 ,无畏寒、发热、头痛、呕吐等 ,随之以“继…     

多发性脑内静脉窦血栓形成的溶栓治疗（附2例报道）

脑内静脉窦血栓形成 (ＣＶＳＴ)的传统治疗方法多为脱水降颅压、抗感染 ,扩容及对症处理 ,致残率及死亡率均较高。我们最近收治 2例患者采用尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗 ,取得了较好的疗效 ,现报道如下 :1　病　例例 1,男性 ,41岁 ,头痛 1月入院。患者于 2月前曾有不明原因发热史 ,未系统治疗。 1个月前逐渐出现头痛 ,视物模糊 ,伴恶心 ,呕吐 ,非喷射性。 1周前行头颅ＣＴ扫描 ,怀疑“蛛网膜下腔出血” ,给予 2 0 %甘露醇静滴 ,症状未缓解。病程中无抽搐及意识障碍。查体 :ＢＰ 15 / 10ｋＰａ ,神清、语利 ,项强 3指 ,双眼球突出 ,双眼底视乳头边界…     

脑静脉窦血栓形成的全身抗凝治疗与局部溶栓治疗疗效比较

目的 探讨全身抗凝治疗与局部溶栓治疗对脑静脉窦血栓形成的疗效差异. 方法 选择井冈山大学附属医院神经内科自2008年1月至2011年10月收治的脑静脉窦血栓形成患者共42例,根据治疗方式不同分为2组:全身抗凝治疗组及局部溶栓治疗组,每组各21例.对比2组患者NIHSS评分、mRS评分、溶栓后造影及不良反应情况. 结果 全身抗凝治疗组患者神经功能缺损改善率为33.4％,明显低于局部溶栓治疗组的61.9％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).局部溶栓治疗组患者mRS评分明显低于全身抗凝治疗组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).2组患者均行溶栓后造影复查,局部溶栓治疗组患者完全再通率明显高于全身抗凝治疗组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 局部溶栓治疗较全身抗凝治疗更有利于脑静脉窦血栓形成患者神经系统功能缺损的改善,有助于神经功能的恢复.     

脑静脉窦血栓的局部溶栓治疗及随访分析

目的评估脑静脉窦血栓局部溶栓治疗的效果。方法脑静脉窦血栓13例经股动脉插管,行全脑血管造影。明确诊断后,经股静脉插管,微导管超选至血栓内局部溶栓。术后抗凝治疗。3～62个月,进行改良Rankin评分（mRS）,5例行MRI随访。结果 12例治疗后症状缓解或消失,1例死亡。1例复发再次局部溶栓治疗,其余病例疗效满意。结论局部溶栓治疗脑静脉窦血栓安全有效。     

硬膜静脉窦血栓形成及溶栓治疗

报告１２例颅内硬膜静脉窦血栓形成及尝试蝮蛇抗栓酶经颈动脉灌注治疗结果。临床表现为颅内压增高症状，ＤＳＡ发现静脉窦不显影或有充盈缺损，ＭＲＩ显示窦内流空消失，代之以高信号。溶栓后７例症状改善，５例有脑血循环改善的血管造影表现，说明此法是安全有效的，对于缓解高颅压、挽救视力有积极意义。     

脑静脉窦血栓形成诊治体会

<正>1病例资料病例1男,92岁。以"头痛、左眼失明4d"入院,近半年体质量明显下降,无明确糖尿病史。入院体格检查:左眼眶周围淤青、眼球突出、触痛明显、左眼失明及左眼上、下、内收、外展均受限、左眼球固定,左瞳孔直径4mm,对光反应消失,右瞳孔3mm,直接对光反应灵敏,血糖19.2mmol,尿酮体3+,红细胞沉降率26mm/h,纤维蛋白原8.75g/L,INR     

外伤性脑静脉窦血栓形成

目的 探讨外伤性颅内静脉窦血栓形成（CVST）的特点及治疗策略。方法 对11例外伤所致CVST的诊断、治疗进行回顾性分析。结果 11例CVST患者4例继发于颅骨未骨折的闭合性脑损伤，7例继发于颅骨线形骨折；以头部胀痛、视力下降、癫痫发作为其主要临床表现；头颅MRI及MRV和脑血管造影检查为该病提供确诊依据；11例患者中4例行抗凝治疗，7例行血管内治疗；治疗后6例患者痊愈，4例好转，1例无效，无严重并发症发生。本组中9例病人接受门诊和电话随访6个月至3年，疗效稳定，无一例复发。结论 颅脑损伤后不明原因颅内压增高，尤其是并发颅骨骨折时，应警惕CVST发生，尽早行神经影像学检查以明确诊断，血管内治疗协同抗凝治疗可提高其疗效。     

脑静脉窦血管内治疗脑静脉窦血栓形成临床研究

目的对比静脉肝素抗凝与脑介入治疗脑静脉窦血栓(CVST)的有效性和安全性。方法回顾性分析我院14例脑静脉窦血栓患者,按治疗方法分为介入组(脑静脉窦血管内治疗)和抗凝组(静脉肝素抗凝),每组7例,比较2组平均住院时间、血管完全再通率、mRS及并发症发生率。结果脑静脉窦介入组住院时间较抗凝组短,血管完全再通率高于抗凝组,mRS平均评分低于抗凝组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组并发症发生率无显著差异(P0.05)。结论脑静脉窦血管内治疗可改善CVST患者的转归,疗效优于静脉肝素溶栓保守治疗。     

颈内动脉注射尿激酶治疗静脉窦血栓疗效观察

脑静脉窦血栓形成(cerebral venous sinus thrombosis，CVST)是缺血性脑血管病的一种特殊临床类型。临床表现复杂多样，病情危重，且缺乏特异性，病死率较高。近年来，随着磁共振成像(MRI)、磁共振血管造影(MRA)、数字减影血管造影(DSA)的应用，本病已能获得早期诊断。脑内静脉窦血栓形成的传统治疗方法多为脱水降颅压、抗感染、扩容及对症处理，致残率及死亡率均较高。我们在上述原则处理同时，加用尿激酶从颈内动脉局部给药溶栓治疗，取得很好疗效，现报告如下。     

尿激酶联合替罗非斑在颅内静脉窦血栓形成介入性治疗中的应用

目的 探讨尿激酶联合替罗非斑血管内溶栓治疗颅内静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)的疗效和安全性. 方法 广州军区武汉总医院神经外科自2009年1月至2011年1月行尿激酶联合替罗非斑经微导管选择性静脉窦内溶栓、机械性碎栓治疗9例重症CVST患者,分析其临床资料和疗效. 结果 出院前8例患者脑脊液(CSF)压力正常,DSA检查显示7例患者静脉窦主干通畅,皮层静脉和深静脉恢复正常.1例部分再通,皮层静脉部分代偿.术中和术后未发生手术操作相关的并发症;出院时8例患者症状、体征得到改善,其中头痛消失7例,遗留轻度头痛1例.1例死亡. 结论 尿激酶联合替罗非斑经微导管选择性静脉窦内溶栓治疗是CVST安全、有效的治疗手段.     

颅内静脉窦血栓形成血管内治疗的疗效及获益分析

目的 该研究旨在评估血管内治疗与传统抗凝治疗颅内静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)的临床效果及患者的获益情况,为临床工作提供参考依据,达到规范诊疗的目的.方法 回顾性收集2017年1月至2020年9月该院收治的CVST患者,对其进行出院后3个月至46个月的电话随访,最终纳入115例CVST患者,75例在抗凝治疗的基础上接受了血管内治疗,另40例仅接受单纯抗凝治疗.分析不同治疗方法的临床治疗效果与患者获益情况.结果 两组治疗均可以明显改善患者预后情况,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001).接受血管内治疗预后良好(mRS=0～2分)的患者(96.0％)多于接受单纯抗凝治疗的患者(87.5％),但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);接受血管内治疗完全恢复(mRS=0分)的患者(78.7％)与抗凝治疗完全恢复的患者(77.5％)比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).将一般临床资料中有统计学意义的指标及已被证实影响预后的因素作为协变量进行调整,仍未发现不同的治疗方法与预后良好(mRS=0～2分)、完全恢复(mRS=0)有关,P均＞0.05.血管内治疗住院中位费用44 616.83元,单纯抗凝治疗住院中位费用19 328.02元,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001).血管内联合治疗住院中位时间16 d,抗凝治疗住院中位时间15 d,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 血管内治疗与抗凝治疗均能显著改善患者的预后,但两者差异无统计学意义.血管内治疗住院费用高于单纯抗凝治疗.血管内治疗与单纯抗凝治疗相比,没有减少住院时间.     

Loco-regional thrombolysis in the treatment of cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis: report of two cases

Although intravenous (i.v.) heparin is widely used as the first line treatment for cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis (CVST), the most appropriate therapy for this disease is still controversial. We report 2 cases of CVST who were successfully treated by means of loco-regional thrombolysis with urokinase. In the first case we chose this treatment instead of i.v. heparin because clinical conditions of the patient appeared critical for life on hospital admission; in the second case loco-regional thrombolysis was performed because a full-dose heparin treatment over 8 days failed to improve the clinical picture of the patient. In the literature, there are no established criteria for the use of loco-regional thrombolysis in CVST. On the basis of our own experience and few previous reports on the matter, we suggest that loco-regional thrombolysis should be considered an appropriate treatment for CVST when patients are at life risk, when an involvement of deep cerebral veins is present or when, after full heparinization, patients are doing poorly clinically.     

CT静脉造影在脑静脉窦血栓形成诊断中的价值

目的探讨CT静脉造影(CTV)在脑静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)诊断中的价值。方法对16例CVST患者行脑CTV检查,在工作站处理获得二维和三维血管重建图像。结果窦腔内充盈缺损在CTV横断层图像上表现为"空三角征"。16例中11例为多发性CVST,其中8例以上矢状窦受累为主,3例以横窦受累为主;5例为单一静脉窦受累,其中2例为上矢状窦、2例为直窦、1例为下矢状窦。16例二维或三维重建图像均可见静脉窦不规则狭窄或闭塞,静脉属支不同程度扩张。11例出现脑水肿,6例出现脑梗死,4例发生脑出血。结论CTV对CVST诊断具有很高的敏感性和特异性。     

重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂动脉内溶栓和血管内支架成形术治疗急性脑梗死

目的 评价重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(r-TPA)超选择动脉内溶栓和血管内支架成形术治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析45例急性脑梗死病人的临床资料,其中颈内动脉闭塞16例,大脑中动脉闭塞25例,椎-基底动脉闭塞4例.将微导管超选择送至血管闭塞部位,注入r-TPA行动脉内溶栓.其中血管明显狭窄7例,溶栓后采用支架血管内成形术.结果 溶栓后完全再通31例,部分再通14例.治疗前欧洲卒中评分(European stroke scale,ESS)为(55.50±13.25),治疗后7dESS评分为(90.85±15.36),两者有显著性差异(P＜0.01).7例血管明显狭窄者,支架置入术后血管残余狭窄＜16％.结论 r-TPA早期超选择动脉内接触性溶栓,是治疗急性脑梗死的有效方法之一.对合并严重动脉狭窄的病人,动脉内溶栓结合血管内支架成形术安全可行.     

Hormonal contraceptives as a risk factor for cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis

This review will focus on recent developments in our understanding of cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis (CVST), as a side effect of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) use. Case-control studies have shown an increased risk of CVST in women who use COCs, especially third-generation contraceptives that contain gestodene or desogestrel. Several studies have indicated that the combination of COCs and thrombophilia greatly increased the risk of CVST, particularly in women with hyperhomocysteinaemia, factor V Leiden and the prothrombin-gene mutation. Women with thrombophilia who developed CVST while taking oral contraceptives should be definitively advised to stop using COCs. These patients should be considered for preventive therapy with low doses of heparin in prothrombotic situations such as bed rest or pregnancy, and the duration of anticoagulation should be considered on a case-by-case basis. Patients may be considered candidates for chronic treatment with antiplatelet agents. The best and most cost-effective screening method for thrombophilia in women who are planning to conceive is selective screening based on the presence of previous personal or family history of either prior extracerebral or cerebral venous thromboembolism events.     

Neurological and cognitive long-term outcome in patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis

OBJECTIVES: The main aim of the present study was to assess long-term neurological and cognitive outcome in patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). METHODS: We re-investigated by means of a face to face interview all patients with a confirmed diagnosis of CVST, collected at our Department over the years 1990-2000. During the interview the presence of headache, epileptic seizures, visual deficits and a new episode following the first occurrence of CVST were checked. Moreover all patients underwent a neurological examination, a functional evaluation, a cognitive assessment to rule out aphasia, apraxia and working memory deficits. Depression of mood was also investigated. RESULTS: On the whole 34 patients entered the study: 10 patients referred episodic headache following the disease. In three cases epileptic seizures were present. A new event occurred in only one patient. Four patients showed pyramidal signs, in two cases visual deficits were present. All patients had no functional disability. We found a mild non-fluent aphasia in three patients, working memory deficits in six patients and depression of mood in six cases. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates a good neurological and cognitive long-term outcome in patients with CVST.     

Interobserver agreement in the magnetic resonance location of cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis

The interobserver variation in the magnetic resonance (MR) location of cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis (CVT) has not been previously reported. Four independent observers rated a convenience sample of 40 MR/MR angiographies to assess whether or not each dural sinus and major cerebral veins were occluded. Interobserver reliability was measured using κ statistics. Interobserver agreement was comparable between the six pairs of raters. Agreement was excellent for thrombosis of the deep cerebral venous system ( κ  = 1.00), cerebellar veins ( κ  = 1.00), superior saggital sinus ( κ range: 0.82–1) and right jugular vein ( κ range: 0.84–0.95); good to excellent for the right transverse/sigmoid sinus ( κ range: 0.75–0.90) and the left jugular vein ( κ range: 0.65–0.85); moderate to excellent for the left lateral sinus ( κ range: 0.59–0.78) and the straight sinus ( κ range: 0.59–0.92); poor to good for the cortical veins ( κ range: 0.02–0.65). Agreement between observers varies with the location of CVT. It is good or excellent for most of the occluded sinus and veins, except for the cortical veins. This study suggests that information on the location of CVT can be reliably collected and used in multicentre studies.     

Intrasinus thrombolysis in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: Experience from a university hospital,India

Background:Intrasinus thrombolysis (IST) is believed to improve outcome in patients of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) unresponsive to heparin.Purpose:The purpose of this article is to describe our experience with IST in patients of CVST unresponsive to heparin.Results:Twenty-four patients received IST. The presenting symptoms included headache (n = 19), seizures (n = 16), and altered sensorium (n = 14); signs included papilledema (n = 20) and hemiparesis (n = 15). Nineteen patients received unfractionated heparin (UFH), four received low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), and one received both. In one patient, microcatheter could not be passed, two patients bled intracranially, and three had nonintracranial bleeds. Among four deaths, none was due to iatrogenic bleeding. On discharge, 10 patients (43.5%) had good improvement with the modified Rankin Scale (score; mRS) ≤2 and eight (34.8%) had partial improvement with mRS = 3, 4. Seventeen patients (73.9%) had mRS ≤2 at 6 months follow-up. Bleeding complications of urokinase were less than those of alteplase. Recanalization of the involved sinuses was achieved in all. Early intervention led to successful recanalization. Functional recanalization decreased intracranial bleeding.Conclusion:Till date, our study is the largest series of IST in CVST reported from India. IST may be more effective than systemic heparin anticoagulation in moribund and unresponsive patients despite the potential for bleeding manifestations. Functional recanalization is adequate for good results. However, a randomized prospective study comparing heparin anticoagulation with IST is warranted.