线粒体通透性转换孔与心肌保护

线粒体在生理情况下是细胞的能量转换器,支持细胞存活;在缺血再灌注损伤时则中介细胞凋亡和坏死,线粒体通透性转换孔（mitochondrial permeability transition pore,MPTP）在此过程扮演了关键角色.抑制MPTP的开放是心肌保护最有前途的药物作用靶点之一,该文综述其研究进展.     

线粒体通透性转换孔与心脏病

线粒体是细胞能量加工器,对维持细胞的正常能量代谢和存活有重要作用。线粒体功能紊乱可引起心肌细胞的凋亡和坏死。线粒体通透性转换孔(mitochon-drial permeability transition pore,mPTP)大量开放是导致线粒体功能紊乱的关键,它与多种心脏病的发生、发展密切相关。该文对mPTP的构成、调控、功能及与心脏病关系的进展作一综述。     

线粒体通透性转换孔与心脑血管缺血性疾病关系的研究进展

<正>线粒体(mitochondrion)是真核细胞重要的细胞器,具有氧化磷酸化、传递电子、贮存Ca2+、能量代谢、抗活性氧等重要生理作用。线粒体上存在一种线粒体通透性转换孔(MPTP)。MPTP开放导致了线粒体膜通透性转换(MPT),MPT参与了线粒体在生理及病理条件下对自身功能的调节。1 MPTP的组成与生理功能MPTP是跨越线粒体外膜和内膜的通道,主要由电压依赖     

线粒体通透性转换孔在心肌缺血/再灌注损伤中的作用

线粒体在生理情况下是细胞的能量转化器,支持细胞的存活,在缺血/再灌注损伤(IR I)中可介导细胞的凋亡和坏死。线粒体通透性转换孔(mPTP)是细胞内外信息交换的中心枢纽。目前认为,mPTP是IR I后细胞发生坏死或凋亡的共同通路,已成为研究心肌保护机制的重要靶点。     

线粒体膜通透性转换孔与心肌缺血/再灌注损伤

线粒体是细胞能量代谢的重要场所,并介导缺血（氧）诱导的细胞凋亡。存在于线粒体内膜上的线粒体膜通透性转换孔（mitochondrial permeability transition pore,mPTP）是调节细胞钙稳态和细胞损伤/修复的重要结构,其不可逆开放引起线粒体结构破坏、膜电位丢失、多种促凋亡蛋白释放,导致心肌坏死和凋亡,在心肌缺血/再灌注损伤中起着非常重要的作用。本文综述mPTP的构成、作用机制及抑制mPTP开放药物的研究进展。     

深低温停循环后大鼠海马线粒体通透性转换孔开闭情况研究

目的通过对深低温停循环大鼠海马线粒体通透性转换孔(MPTP)开闭情况的研究,从亚细胞水平探讨深低温脑保护的机制。方法取成年SD大鼠33只,3只作为供血动物,剩余30只随机分为深低温停循环组(n=10)、常温停循环组(n=10)、正常对照组(n=10)。采用闭胸式体外插管法建立大鼠体外循环模型。其后采用断头取脑法迅速取出大鼠双侧海马组织,提取线粒体后应用蛋白印记法测量线粒体内细胞色素C(CytC)研究MPTP的开闭情况。结果常温停循环组的MPTP较正常对照组、深低温停循环组的开放明显增加(P<0.05);正常对照组的MPTP开放较深低温停循环组的开放少(P<0.05)。结论缺血缺氧可导致MPTP开放;深低温可抑制MPTP开放,保证了细胞的正常代谢活动从而起到脑保护的作用。     

线粒体通透性转换孔与心肌缺血再灌注损伤

线粒体在细胞的存活和死亡中起着重要的作用。线粒体通透性转换孔（MPTP）是线粒体内外信息交流的中心枢纽其功能的发挥依赖于其自身的开放状态。大量研究表明，MPTP在照血再灌注损伤中扮演着重要角色MPTP开放是照血再灌注后细胞坏死和凋亡的共同通路。     

线粒体功能障碍与心肌肥厚的病理发生机制

【摘要】心肌肥厚是心脏对本身超载做出的适应性反应,适度的肥厚能保持心脏功效,但持久的肥厚终究会致使心力衰竭,探究心肌肥厚的发病机制对防止恶化为心力衰竭有重要意义。线粒体是有氧呼吸的主要场所,不仅提供细胞生存所必需的能量,还介导细胞分化、信息传递和细胞凋亡等,线粒体出现任何改变都会影响细胞的存活。由于心肌细胞线粒体密度高,且心肌收缩完全依赖于线粒体氧化磷酸化产生的ATP,因此心脏组织的病理改变往往与线粒体代谢及功能密切相关。越来越多的研究证明线粒体形态和功能异常是心肌肥厚发生发展的重要机制,本文就线粒体功能障碍作为心肌肥厚的发病机制作一论述。     

线粒体通透性转运孔与心肌缺血预处理

线粒体通透性转运孔(Mitochondrial permeability transition pore,MPTP)是位于线粒体内外膜之间的多个蛋白质复合体.本文综述了MPTP生理病理学功能\在缺血-再灌注损伤中的作用及与缺血预处理的相关性.     

线粒体通透性转换孔在精脒介导的心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

目的:研究线粒体通透性转换(PT)孔在精脒介导的心肌缺血/再灌注损伤中的作用。方法:采用Langendorff灌流离体大鼠心脏,全心停灌30min,复灌120min造成心肌缺血复灌模型。采用高效液相色谱法测定心肌组织精脒含量;复灌前10min给予不同浓度精脒,记录左室收缩压(LVSP)、左室压上升/下降最大速率(±dp/dtmax)和左室舒张末期压力(LVEDP);用紫外分光光度法检测复灌10min的冠状动脉(冠脉)流出液乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性;用TTC染色法测心肌梗死面积。检测不同浓度精脒对心肌线粒体PT孔开放改变(520nm吸光度变化)。结果:与对照组比较,大鼠心肌缺血期及再灌期精脒含量均减少(P<0.05);与单纯缺血/复灌组相比,于复灌前10min给予线粒体通透性转换孔特异性阻断剂环孢菌素A(CsA 0.2mol/L)和精脒(0.1mol/L、1μmol/L、5μmol/L),左室收缩舒张功能改善,其中LVSP上升(P<0.01),LVEDP下降(P<0.01),±dp/dtmax提高(P<0.01);冠脉流出液中LDH含量明显减少(P<0.01),梗死面积减少(P<0.01)。而于复灌前10min给予精脒(10μmol/L,15μmol/L),与单纯缺血/复灌组比较,LVSP均明显下降(均P<0.01),LVEDP明显上升(P<0.01),±dp/dtmax下降(P<0.01);复灌10min后冠脉流出液中LDH含量明显增加(P<0.01),梗死面积均增加(均P<0.01);在分离的线粒体给予精脒,高浓度PT孔开放幅度增加;低浓度开放受到抑制。结论:精脒可通过抑制或增强线粒体PT孔开放而对缺血/再灌心肌产生保护或加重损伤的作用。     

过表达Bax抑制剂1通过抑制线粒体通透性转换孔开放及细胞凋亡减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤

目的探讨过表达Bax抑制剂1(BI-1)基因对缺血再灌注损伤的影响及其相关机制。方法 30只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血再灌注组(I/R组)、对照的腺病毒载体组(Ad-EGFP组)、过表达BI-1的腺病毒载体组(Ad-BI-1组)、环孢素A(CsA组)。建立大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤(MIRI)模型后,TTC染色观察各组大鼠心肌梗死面积,TUNEL染色观察心肌细胞凋亡情况,电镜下观察心肌细胞超微结构变化,qRT-PCR检测各组大鼠心肌组织中BI-1 mRNA表达。分离培养乳鼠心肌细胞并按细胞处理方式的不同将其分为对照组、缺氧复氧组(H/R组)、对照的腺病毒载体组(Ad-EGFP组)、过表达BI-1的腺病毒载体组(Ad-BI-1组)、环孢素A(CsA组),免疫荧光法检测BI-1的亚细胞定位,Western blot检测各组细胞中BI-1蛋白表达,Calcein-AM法检测各组心肌细胞线粒体通透性转换孔(MPTP)开放水平;应用Western blot检测凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax、细胞色素C(CytC)及Caspase-3、Caspase-9的表达。结果缺血再灌注后,与假手术组相比,I/R组、Ad-EGFP组、Ad-BI-1组、CsA组大鼠心肌梗死面积显著增加,心肌细胞凋亡数明显增多,心肌线粒体结构受损显著加重(P0.05);而与I/R组或Ad-EGFP组相比,Ad-BI-1组、CsA组大鼠的上述指标明显改善(P0.05)。qRT-PCR结果显示,与假手术组相比,I/R组、Ad-EGFP组、CsA组中BI-1 mRNA表达均显著降低,而Ad-BI-1组BI-1 mRNA表达明显增加(P0.05)。成功分离乳鼠心肌细胞,免疫细胞结果显示BI-1主要定位于心肌细胞内质网;与对照组相比,H/R组、Ad-EGFP组、Ad-BI-1组及CsA组的Calcein-AM荧光强度显著降低(P0.05),而Ad-BI-1组及CsA组较H/R组细胞明显增加(P0.05);Western blot结果显示,H/R组、Ad-EGFP组、CsA组中BI-1蛋白表达较对照组显著降低(P0.05),而Ad-BI-1组BI-1蛋白表达明显增加(P0.05)。此外,在大鼠心肌组织中,与假手术组相比,I/R组、Ad-EGFP组、Ad-BI-1组与CsA组大鼠的Bcl-2/Bax比值均显著降低(P0.05),凋亡蛋白Caspase-3、Caspase-9表达均显著增加(P0.05),而Ad-BI-1组及CsA组大鼠的Bcl-2/Bax比值明显高于I/R组(P0.05),Caspase-3和Caspase-9蛋白表达亦较I/R组明显降低(P0.05)。CytC表达结果显示,在心肌组织总蛋白中,与假手术组相比,I/R组、Ad-EGFP组、Ad-BI-1组及CsA组大鼠中CytC表达均显著升高(P0.05),且后四组之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05);但在心肌细胞线粒体中,I/R组、Ad-EGFP组、Ad-BI-1组及CsA组大鼠的CytC表达均显著降低(P0.05),且Ad-BI-1组及CsA组大鼠较I/R组明显增加(P0.05)。结论过表达BI-1基因能够缩小MIRI大鼠的心肌梗死面积,减轻心肌细胞的凋亡并改善线粒体结构及功能损伤,其作用机制可能是过表达BI-1通过改变Bcl-2/Bax比值,抑制MPTP的开放,减少细胞CytC的释放,降低凋亡蛋白Caspase-3及Caspase-9的活化而发挥上述作用。     

The mitochondrial permeability transition pore as a target for preconditioning and postconditioning

The experimental evidence supporting the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) as a major mediator of lethal myocardial reperfusion injury and therefore a critical target for cardioprotection is persuasive. Although, its molecular identity eludes investigators, it is generally accepted that mitochondrial cyclophilin-D, the target for the inhibitory effects of cyclosporine-A on the mPTP, is a regulatory component of the mPTP. Animal myocardial infarction studies and a recent clinical proof-of-concept study have demonstrated that pharmacologically inhibiting its opening at the onset of myocardial reperfusion reduces myocardial infarct size in the region of 30–50%. Interestingly, the inhibition of mPTP opening at this time appears to underpin the infarct-limiting effects of the endogenous cardioprotective strategies of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and postconditioning (IPost). However, the mechanism underlying this inhibitory action of IPC and IPost on mPTP opening is unclear. The objectve of this review article will be to explore the potential mechanisms which link IPC and IPost to mPTP inhibition in the reperfused heart.     

线粒体PT孔在心功能自然衰退过程中的作用

目的 研究线粒体通透性转换孔(MPTP)在大鼠心功能自然衰退过程中的作用.方法 SD大鼠按月龄随机分为3﹑6﹑9和12月龄组.左心室插管法检测各组大鼠心室功能;分离心肌线粒体,测定MPTP开放程度;HE染色法观察心肌形态结构;Tunel法检测心肌细胞凋亡.结果 随年龄增长,大鼠左室收缩压(LVSP)逐渐降低,左室收缩末压(LVEDP)逐渐升高(P<0.01),各组间比较均有统计学差异(P<0.05);各组间线粒体MPTP开放程度随月龄增加而增加(P<0.01);HE染色显示,与3月龄组相比,12月龄组心肌细胞体积变小,胞核浓缩,胞质嗜酸性增强.9月龄、12月龄与3月龄相比,心肌细胞凋亡指数(AI)均升高(P<0.01),但这一现象未在6月龄组发现.结论 MPTP开放程度随鼠龄增加而逐渐增加,这种开放改变可能是随月龄增加心肌细胞逐渐出现凋亡、心功能自然衰退的一个重要机制.     

The Cardioprotective Effect of Necrostatin Requires the Cyclophilin-D Component of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore

Background Necrostatin (Nec-1) protects against ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury in both brain and heart. We have previously reported in this journal that necrostatin can delay opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) in isolated cardiomyocytes. Aim The aim of the present study was to investigate in more detail the role played by the MPTP in necrostatin-mediated cardioprotection employing mice lacking a key component of the MPTP, namely cyclophilin-D. Method Anaesthetized wild type (WT) and cyclophilin-D knockout (Cyp-D−/−) mice underwent an open-chest procedure involving 30 min of myocardial ischemia and 2 h of reperfusion, with subsequent infarct size assessed by triphenyltetrazolium staining. Nec-1, given at reperfusion, significantly limited infarct size in WT mice (17.7 ± 3% vs. 54.3 ± 3%, P < 0.05) but not in Cyp-D−/− mice (28.3 ± 7% vs. 30.8 ± 6%, P > 0.05). Conclusion The data obtained in Cyp-D−/− mice provide further evidence that Nec-1 protects against myocardial IR injury by modulating MPTP opening at reperfusion.     

Modulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore complex in GSK-3beta-mediated myocardial protection

Recently we found that the level of anti-infarct tolerance afforded by ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and erythropoietin (EPO) infusion was closely correlated with the level of Ser9-phospho-GSK-3beta upon reperfusion in the heart. To get an insight into the mechanism by which phospho-GSK-3beta protects the myocardium from ischemia/reperfusion injury, we examined the effects of IPC and EPO on interactions between GSK-3beta and subunits of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) in this study. Rat hearts were subjected to 25-min global ischemia and 5-min reperfusion in vitro with or without IPC plus EPO infusion (5 units/ml) before ischemia. Ventricular tissues were sampled before or after ischemia/reperfusion to separate subcellular fractions for immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation. Reperfusion increased mitochondrial GSK-3beta by 2-fold and increased phospho-GSK-3beta level in all fractions examined. Major subunits of mPTP, adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) and voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), were co-immunoprecipitated with GSK-3beta after reperfusion. Phospho-GSK-3beta was co-immunoprecipitated with ANT but not with VDAC. IPC+EPO significantly increased the levels of GSK-3beta and phospho-GSK-3beta that were co-immunoprecipitated with ANT to 145+/-8% and 143+/-16%, respectively, of baseline but did not induce phospho-GSK-3beta-VDAC binding. A PKC inhibitor and a PI3 kinase inhibitor suppressed the IPC+EPO-induced increase in the level of phospho-GSK-3beta-ANT complex. The level of cyclophilin D co-immunoprecipitated with ANT after reperfusion was significantly reduced to 39+/-10% of the control by IPC+EPO. These results suggest that reduction in affinity of ANT to cyclophilin D by increased phospho-GSK-3beta binding to ANT may be responsible for suppression of mPTP opening and myocardial protection afforded by IPC+EPO.