顺行输尿管软镜在复杂上尿路疾病诊治中的应用

目的探讨顺行输尿管软镜在复杂上尿路疾病中的应用价值。方法 2007年1月～2010年7月应用顺行输尿管软镜诊治上尿路疾病23例,其中联合经皮肾镜诊治复杂性肾结石17例（1例伴上盏憩室结石）,膀胱癌尿流改道后梗阻性疾病3例,后腹腔镜下输尿管切开取石术中输尿管软镜明确结石移位2例,诊断性质不明输尿管病变1例。结果 17例复杂性肾结石经皮肾镜下联合输尿管软镜镜检、碎石,结石清除率100%,术后4周复查KUB无结石残留,无术后并发症。3例输尿管肠段吻合口狭窄,狭窄环内切开扩张、输尿管结石碎石1例,术后6周软膀胱镜下经回肠代膀胱拔除双J管,拔管后3个月随访患侧肾积水无加重。2例后腹腔镜下输尿管上段结石切开取石术中结石移位,输尿管软镜镜检明确结石移行入肾盂,改开放手术治疗。1例尿道损伤闭锁膀胱长期造瘘术后,输尿管软镜下活检明确输尿管癌。结论顺行输尿管软镜诊断和治疗上尿路疾病是一种有效的、微创的方法,在复杂性肾结石、输尿管上段结石的联合诊治、尿流改道后并发症的治疗及输尿管病变的诊断和治疗中是安全的、实用的。     

双镜联合治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻合并肾盏结石

目的:探讨肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻(UPJO)合并肾盏结石的手术方法。方法:对4例患者先在腹腔镜下行肾盂狭窄处游离并切开,再从切开处使用输尿管硬镜或输尿管软镜进入患者有结石的目标肾盏,行钬激光碎石术,使用腹腔镜吸引器吸出碎石,碎石取石结束后行腹腔镜下肾盂输尿管成形术。结果:4例患者均手术成功,术后3个月返院复查,肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻解除并且肾盏无残石。结论:腹腔镜联合输尿管镜一期治疗UPJO合并肾盏结石是一种安全、有效、经济、可行的手术方法。     

输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石

目的 总结输尿管软镜结合钬激光治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效及并发症,探讨手术技巧.方法 38 例输尿管上段结石患者接受输尿管软镜钬激光碎石治疗,先使用8/9.8 F 输尿管硬镜探查患侧输尿管,置入导丝后留置输尿管软镜鞘,引入输尿管软镜,钬激光碎石,并使用套石篮套取出较大的结石碎屑.结果 35 例患者一期顺利碎石,3 例因输尿管狭窄难以置入输尿管软镜鞘,留置输尿管内支架2 周后再次手术成功.手术时间31~56 min,平均42 min.术后7 例患者发热,无其他严重并发症.术后1 个月拔除内支架,2 周后复查KUB,结石清除率92.1%.结论 输尿管软镜结合钬激光是处理输尿管上段结石的有效手段,即便输尿管结石进入肾内,也可一期处理,避免了额外的体外碎石操作.     

三种微创技术联合治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石的临床研究

目的：探讨复杂性输尿管上段结石的最佳治疗方法。方法对68例复杂性输尿管上段结石患者行三种微创技术联合治疗。结果33例患者行输尿管镜或联合经皮肾镜碎石取石术（MPCNL）和后腹腔镜下输尿管切开取石术（RLU）治疗后,术中取尽结石率为90．9％（30／33）。11例患者行 MPCNL 或联合经尿道输尿管镜碎石取石术（URL）和 RLU 治疗后,术中取尽结石率为100％。24例行腹腔镜切开取石术（RLU）,术中取尽结石率为100％。手术均获成功,无严重并发症发生。结论对于复杂性输尿管上段结石的微创治疗,应根据临床情况制定多种个性化治疗方案。     

输尿管软镜钬激光碎石及后腹腔镜切开取石治疗直径＞1.5cm输尿管上段结石的疗效比较

目的 对比分析输尿管软镜(F-URS)与后腹腔镜(RUL)两种微创手术方式处理直径＞ 1.5cm的输尿管上段结石的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2015年3月就诊于本院的输尿管上段结石患者140例,所有患者的结石直径均＞ 1.5cm;其中行输尿管软镜钬激光碎石60例,后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术80例,对比分析两种手术方式的手术成功率及临床并发症.结果 在结石清石率上两种手术方式无显著差别;手术时间、平均住院时间及出血情况,输尿管软镜明显优于后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术(P＜0.05).两组手术方式术后均没有发生严重并发症.结论 对于输尿管上段结石,输尿管软镜及后腹腔镜取石术均是高效的手术选择.但输尿管软镜碎石术能明显缩短手术时间及住院时间,尤其对于肥胖结石患者的治疗具有更好的安全疗效性.     

输尿管镜下钬激光碎石配合套石篮治疗上段输尿管结石

目的 探讨输尿管镜下钬激光碎石配合套石篮治疗上段输尿管结石的临床效果.方法 回顾性分析输尿管镜下钬激光碎石配合套石篮治疗306例上段输尿管结石患者的临床资料.结果 306 例患者中278 例一次碎石成功,单次碎石成功率为90.8%.手术时间为15～95 min,平均（35±10）min.术后住院时间为1～5 d,平均（3.5＋1.0）d.结石滑落回肾盂或肾盏内8例,比率为2.6%（8/306）,术后1~2周行经尿道输尿管软镜治疗,6例碎石成功.因结石远端输尿管狭窄上镜困难20例,改用微创经皮肾镜（MPCNL）治疗13例,成功11例.因结石残留行体外冲击波碎石（ESWL）治疗9例.术中均无穿孔和黏膜剥脱等并发症发生.结论 输尿管镜下钬激光碎石是治疗上段输尿管结石安全有效的方法,术中配合使用套石蓝,可以有效地避免结石上移并显著提高单次碎石成功率.     

后腹腔镜联合输尿管软镜治疗输尿管上段结石和肾结石的探讨

目的：探讨后腹腔镜联合输尿管软镜治疗输尿管上段结石和肾结石的临床意义。方法：采用后腹腔镜联合输尿管软镜切开取石术治疗输尿管上段结石和肾结石患者36例．结石直径0．8～3．2cm,其中19例术前经ESWL治疗失败。结果：一次性清石成功率80．8％（29/36）;手术时间70～200min,平均94min;术后住院5～10天,无严重并发症发生。结论：后腹腔镜联合输尿管软镜治疗输尿管上段结石和肾结石安全、有效,有临床应用价值。     

套石网篮在经皮肾镜取石术中的应用

目的探讨套石网篮在经皮肾镜取石术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2014年4月~2015年11月我科经皮肾镜取石术中应用套石网篮治疗59例上尿路结石患者的临床资料,其中单发输尿管上段结石8例,输尿管上段结石合并肾结石17例,肾多发结石34例。结果除2例与经皮肾通道平行的肾盏结石残留外,其余患者均一期、单通道碎石并取净结石,无大出血、穿孔、输尿管损伤及伤及周围器官病例。结论经皮肾镜取石术中应用套石网篮治疗上尿路结石,可避免多通道创伤及大出血,防止结石移位,安全、有效,有良好的使用价值。     

腹腔镜超声在经腹腔镜输尿管上段切开取石术中的应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜超声(LUS)在腹腔镜输尿管上段切开取石术中的应用价值。方法 对7例输尿管上段结石患者在腹腔镜输尿管上段切开取石术中应用LUS对输尿管和结石定位。结果 7例LUS检查输尿管均显像，超声引导下顺利游离出输尿管；7例结石均获得准确定位，5例用无损伤钳顺利取出结石，2例按LUS定位切开输尿管后取出结石。LUS检查时间9-20min，平均14min。结论 LUS在腹腔镜输尿管上段切开取石术中有实际应用价值。     

首选后腹腔镜治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石的可行性分析

目的：探讨首选后腹腔镜切开取石术治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石的可行性。方法：回顾性分析2008年11月～2010年6月术前确诊为复杂性输尿管上段结石并行后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术24例患者的临床资料。结果：23例手术获得成功,手术时间65～130rain,平均79．6min;术中出血10～50ml,平均20．1ml。术后随访3～22个月,平均9．1个月,恢复良好。1例因ESWI。后1周内行后腹腔镜左输尿管切开取石术,术中见输尿管周围粘连明显,不易分离,损伤左肾下极迷走动脉而改行开放手术。结论：后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术可安全有效地治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石,有望作为治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石的首选方法。     

Removal of asymptomatic ipsilateral renal stones following rigid ureteroscopy for ureteral stones

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility and outcome of flexible ureteroscopic removal of small (<1-cm) asymptomatic renal stone(s) following rigid ureteroscopy for ureteral stones. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ten female and nineteen male patients underwent rigid ureteroscopy and holmium lasertripsy for removal of ureteral stone(s). All had asymptomatic renal stone(s) on the same side, which were then removed using flexible ureteroscopy. The renal stones were either removed intact with a tipless Nitinol basket or fragmented with the laser to small pieces (<2 mm), with basket removal of larger fragments. The number and size of stones, total operative time, added time needed for flexible ureteroscopy, and intraoperative and postoperative complications were recorded. Follow-up at 1 month included a plain abdominal film and renal ultrasonography or noncontrast CT scan. RESULTS: Fifty-six renal stones with a mean size of 5.7 mm were treated. Fourteen patients had stones on the right side, and 15 had stones on the left. The mean total operative time was 56.5 minutes, with a mean added time of 16.7 minutes for flexible ureteroscopy. Stones were removed intact in 18 patients and fragmented in 8 patients, resulting in an immediate success rate of 90%. There were three failures. One-month follow-up confirmed all patients were either stone-free or had residual fragments <2 mm in diameter, with no new-onset hydronephrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Removal of small asymptomatic renal stones at the time of ureteroscopy for ureteral stones appears safe and effective and requires little additional operative time.     

Transurethral ureteroscopic removal of ureteral calculi

Rigid ureteroscopy was used for transurethral removal of ureteral stones. Calculi were extracted under direct vision using flexible grasping forceps or a stone basket. If the size of the stone precluded the use of these techniques, we disintegrated the stone using an electro-hydraulic lithotriptor (EHL) or ultrasonic lithotriptor (USL). Between January, 1985 and October, 1985, 35 ureteroscopic procedures were performed for removal of ureteral stones. In 27 cases (77%) the stone was removed successfully. All stones could be removed in mid and lower ureter. However, in upper ureter, the success rate was only 50%. In 8 instances, ureteroscopy failed to remove the ureteral calculus and 6 underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy, 2 open surgery. Of the ureteral stones, 12 were removed with grasping forceps or a basket manipulation. EHL and USL were used successfully to remove calculi in 15 cases. To make smooth passage of the ureteroscope, a 6F UPJ occlusion balloon catheter was introduced into the ureter and the balloon was inflated in the intramural ureter for 24 hours preoperatively. We have found this to be a useful procedure for smooth passage of the ureteroscope. Most common complication of ureteroscopic stone removal was fever (29%). In 1 case, the ureter was penetrated by the scope. The patient was treated with an indwelling ureteral catheter for 2 weeks. After the catheter was removed, an excretory urogram demonstrated normal ureter without extravasation or obstruction. We conclude that ureteroscopic stone removal can be done safely with careful passage of the scope and careful manipulation of calculi.     

ccccc逆行输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗孤立肾肾结石的疗效观察

目的 探讨输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术在治疗孤立肾肾结石中的临床应用价值.方法 回顾分析本院使用奥林巴斯电子输尿管软镜钬激光碎石处理的39例孤立肾肾结石患者的临床资料,其中肾盂肾盏多发性结石20例,孤立肾感染性结石4例,肾盏憩室内结石10例,肾盏嵌顿结石4例,多发性肾乳头黏膜下钙化1例.术中先行输尿管硬镜镜检,留置斑马导丝并放置F12～ 14输尿管扩张鞘后经鞘或直接沿斑马导丝入镜.软镜进入肾盂后首先镜下观察肾盂及上、中、下各盏并定位结石,根据结石位置选用365μm或200μm光纤,功率选择在0.5～1J、15～ 30Hz范围,以表面蚕蚀、周缘穿孔、中央穿孔等方法将结石完全粉碎2mm以内,若患者留置输尿管鞘,则以冲水引流、套石蓝取石等方法将结石取出或部分取出.所有患者常规留置DJ管2周,术后第1d拔除导尿管,术后2周拔除DJ管,术后4周常规复查泌尿系平片（KUB）或双肾CT平扫,评估结石排净率.残留结石≥4mm为有临床意义的结石残留.结果 本组39例患者34例成功置放输尿管鞘,输尿管镜鞘放置成功率87.2％,进镜成功率100％,术中寻找结石成功率100％.一期手术成功碎石33例,结石均排尽或残余结石＜4mm,无需进一步处理.另3例下盏憩室内结石,2例下盏结石,1例肾乳头黏膜下钙化结石/残石均≥4mm,辅助体外冲击波碎石或2期输尿管软镜手术.结论 输尿管软镜对比经皮肾镜,具有微创安全、手术并发症少的特点,而且几乎可以达到肾内集合系统所有位置,结合钬激光适合治疗各类孤立肾肾结石.     

逆行输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗孤立肾肾结石的疗效观察

目的:探讨输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术在治疗孤立肾肾结石中的临床应用价值。方法：回顾分析本院使用奥林巴斯电子输尿管软镜钬激光碎石处理的39例孤立肾肾结石患者,其中肾盂肾盏多发性结石20例,孤立肾感染性结石4例,肾盏憩室内结石10例,肾盏嵌顿结石4例,多发性肾乳头黏膜下钙化1例。术中先行输尿管硬镜镜检,留置斑马导丝并放置F12～14输尿管扩张鞘后经鞘或直接沿斑马导丝入镜。软镜进入肾盂后首先镜下观察肾盂及上、中、下各盏并定位结石,根据结石位置选用365μm或200μm光纤,功率选择在0.5～1J、15～30Hz范围,以表面蚕蚀、周缘穿孔、中央穿孔等方法将结石完全粉碎2mm以内,若患者留置输尿管鞘,则以冲水引流、套石蓝取石等方法将结石取出或部分取出。所有患者常规留置DJ管2周,术后第1天拔除导尿管,术后2周拔除DJ管,术后4周常规复查泌尿系平片(KUB)或双肾CT平扫,评估结石排净率。残留结石≥4mm为有临床意义的结石残留。结果：本组39例患者34例成功置放输尿管鞘,输尿管镜鞘放置成功率87.2%,进镜成功率100%,术中寻找结石成功率100%。一期手术成功碎石33例,结石均排尽或残余结石<4mm,无需进一步处理。另3例下盏憩室内结石,2例下盏结石,1例肾乳头黏膜下钙化结石/残石均≥4mm,辅助体外冲击波碎石或2期输尿管软镜手术。结论：输尿管软镜对比经皮肾镜,具有微创安全,手术并发症少的特点,而且几乎可以达到所有肾内集合系统所有位置,结合钬激光适合治疗各类孤立肾肾结石。     

Percutaneous endoscopic ureterolithotomy of two different stones in a single session

The authors report a rare case of percutaneous endoscopic ureterolithotomy of 2 ureteral stones. Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (SWL) treatment of the renal stone was performed. The stone was crushed into 2 pieces, with 1 of them located in the upper part, and the other in the middle part of the ureter. Further SWL treatments and ureteroscopy were unsuccessful. The authors then decided to perform a percutaneous ureterolithotomy. In conclusion, percutaneous ureterolithotomy is a good choice of treatment, when ureteral stones cannot be removed by SWL or ureteroscopy.     

Rigid and flexible ureteroscopy. Apropos of 200 consecutive cases

191 patients underwent a total of 200 ureteroscopies. Indications for these were as follows: ureter stones (172 cases); ureteral anomalies undiagnosed by other methods (20 cases); therapeutic ureteroscopy (8 cases). Stones: ureteroscopy for stones was carried out using either a rigid instrument (156 cases) or a flexible ureteroscope (16 cases). The localization of the stones was pelvic (123 cases), iliac (18 cases) or lumbar (10 cases). The stones were either removed directly using the basket under visual control (74/139 cases), or removed by ultrasonic/laser fragmentation (65/139 cases). As regards the rigid ureteroscope, success rates were 89% (139/156); 15 patients required additional therapy. Repeated ureteroscopic interventions always provided positive results. As concerns flexible ureteroscopy, we only had one positive result; 15 failure cases warranted repeated additional treatments. In three instances, failure with flexible ureteroscopy was corrected by using the rigid device during the same surgical period. We observed a single case of major complication in this series, i.e., a laterovesical urinoma which necessitated surgical drainage and was linked to the lack of ureteral drainage following ureteroscopy. Diagnostic ureteroscopic examinations: in 20 instances, ureteroscopy allowed to diagnose with precision the ureteral abnormality. No complication was reported following diagnostic ureteroscopy. Therapeutic ureteroscopy: such interventions were carried out to introduce a guide into the renal cavities (3 cases); to remove a double J stent, the lower extremity of which had moved up into the ureter (3 cases); or to carry out endoscopic ureterotomy (2 cases). Ureteroscopy is a safe and reliable method for the treatment of ureteral stones, and more particularly of stones localized in the distal part of the ureter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

腹膜后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术的应用体会(附62例报告)

目的:探讨腹膜后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗输尿管结石的适应证、手术技巧及临床效果。方法:回顾分析腹膜后腹腔镜肾盂、输尿管切开取石术治疗输尿管结石62例患者的临床资料,其中肾盂结石8例,输尿管上段结石50例,中段结石4例。术前6例行体外冲击波碎石术(extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy,ESWL)无效,5例行输尿管镜取石术失败,余未行其他治疗。结石直径10～25mm。结果:62例腹膜后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术均获成功,手术时间35～120min,平均50min;术中出血5～30ml,平均15ml。无输血及中转开腹,术后漏尿4例。术后5～7d拔除后腹膜腔引流管,术后住院6～8d。随访55例6～18个月,肾积水均明显好转,无结石复发和输尿管切开处狭窄。结论:腹膜后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术可作为ESWL或输尿管镜治疗输尿管结石失败的补救措施,具有安全、可靠、创伤小、净石率高等优点。治疗较大的中上段输尿管结石尤其炎性包裹的结石可作为首选方法。     

电子输尿管软镜钬激光碎石治疗复杂肾结石45例分析

目的探讨电子输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术在治疗复杂肾结石中的临床应用价值。方法回顾分析我科使用奥林巴斯电子输尿管软镜钬激光碎石处理的45例复杂肾结石患者,其中肾盂肾盏多发性结石23例（含10例孤立肾结石）,孤立肾感染性结石4例,肾盏憩室内结石11例,肾盏嵌顿结石4例,多发性肾乳头黏膜下钙化3例。术中先行输尿管硬镜镜检,留置斑马导丝并放置F12～14输尿管扩张鞘后经鞘或直接沿斑马导丝入镜。软镜进入肾盂后首先镜下观察肾盂及上、中、下各盏并定位结石,根据结石位置选用365,μm或200μm光纤,功率选择在0．5～1J、15～30Hz范围,以表面蚕蚀、周缘穿孔、中央穿孑L等方法将结石完全粉碎至2mm以内,若患者留置输尿管鞘,则以冲水引流、套石蓝取石等方法将结石取出或部分取出。所有患者常规留置double-J管2周,术后第1天拔除导尿管,术后2周拔除double-J管,术后4周常规复查泌尿系平片（KUB）或双肾CT平扫,评估结石排净率。残留结石≥4mm为有临床意义的结石残留。结果本组45例患者39例成功置放输尿管鞘,输尿管镜鞘放置成功率86．7％,进镜成功率100％,术中寻找结石成功率100％。一期手术成功碎石38例,结石均排尽或残余结石〈4mm,无需进一步处理。另2例下盏憩室内结石,2例下盏结石,3例肾乳头黏膜下钙化结石／残石均≥4mm,辅助体外冲击波碎石或2期输尿管软镜手术。结论输尿管软镜特别是最新一代的电子输尿管软镜,视野清晰、微创安全,几乎可以达到所有肾内集合系统所有位置,结合钬激光适合治疗各类复杂肾结石。     

输尿管镜与后腹腔镜手术治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效比较

目的 比较输尿管镜碎石取石术与后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗单侧输尿管上段结石的疗效,探讨两种术式的适应证及技术要点.方法 收治64例单侧输尿管上段结石患者,随机分成两组,32例行腰硬麻下输尿管镜钬激光碎石取石术,32例行气管全麻下后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术,两组术中均留置双J管,比较两组的手术时间、术后住院时间、结石清除率及手术并发症.结果 两组手术均取得成功,无一例中转开放手术.输尿管镜组与后腹腔镜组的平均手术时间为51.0±10.8 minVS 43.8±8.1 min(t=3.02,P=0.0037),住院时间为3.0±1.3 d VS 3.1t±0.9 d (t=-0.36,P=0.7217),一次手术结石清除率为87.5％ (28/32) VS 100％ (32/32),输尿管镜组术中4例发生结石上移,术后配合ESWL清除结石.两组术后随访3个月以上,未见输尿管狭窄等并发症.结论 对于单侧输尿管上段结石,后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术较输尿管镜碎石取石术一次手术结石清除率高,手术时间短,是一种安全、有效的方法.