2016年广州市黄埔区手足口病流行病学及病原学特征分析

目的 分析2016年黄埔区手足口病流行病学及病原学特征分析,为该地区制定防控手足口病策略提供参考依据。方法 选取2016年黄埔区报告的手足口病病例进行统计分析,并对患者进行肠道病毒核酸检测及鉴定其型别,观察该地区手足口病的流行概况、人群分布情况及病原学特征。结果 2016年广州市黄埔区报告手足口病250例,无重症病例和死亡病例;发病具有明显的季节性,且有双峰特点,主高峰为5—7月,次高峰为10—11月;病例报告主要集中在0～5岁,共210例,约占总发病例84%,男女性别发病率比为1.60:1,以散居儿童和托幼儿童为主;病原学检测结果显示,CoxA16阳性率38.8%,EV71阳性率43.2%,Cox A16和EV71共同阳性率3.6%,其他肠道病毒阳性率14.4%。结论 2016年广州黄埔区手足口病发病具有明显季节性和人群特征,CoxA16和EV71是主要的病原体,社区应加强对手足口病的宣传教育工作,并与各部门合作,控制并减少疫情。     

2010-2017年惠州市手足口病重症病例流行病学和病原学特征分析

目的 分析2010—2017年惠州市手足口病重症病例流行病学和病原学分布特征,为开展手足口病有针对性的防控工作提供科学依据。方法 通过中国疾病预防控制信息系统和定点收治医院收集2010—2017年惠州市手足口病重症病例个案资料,采用描述流行病学方法和分子生物学检测方法分析重症手足口病的流行病学和病原学特征。结果 2010—2017年全市定点收治医院共报告手足口病重症病例513例,重症发生率为0.27%;发病高峰为4—7月,共报告307例,占报告总数的59.84%;全市各县区均有重症病例报告,以惠城区报告最多,占总数的32.16%。513例重症病例中,男性324例,女性189例,男女性别比为1.71∶1;发病年龄主要为5岁以下儿童,占总数的96.69%;病例职业以散居儿童为主,占总数的89.86%。检出肠道病毒通用引物阳性431例,阳性率为84.02%;其中EV 71核酸阳性323例,占74.94%;Cox A16核酸阳性13例,占3.02%;其他肠道病毒阳性95例,占22.04%。结论 2010—2017年惠州市手足口病重症病例以5岁以下散居儿童为主,EV 71是引起手足口病重症病例的优势流行毒株。     

2009 - 2018年江阴市手足口病流行病学及病原学特征分析

目的 分析2009 - 2018年江阴市手足口病流行病学及病原学特征分析,为防控本市手足口病疫情提供科学依据。方法 对2009 - 2018年江阴市手足口病资料进行描述性流行病学分析,结果 2009 - 2018年江阴市共报告手足口病病例32 718例,重症病例481例,死亡病例2例,年均发病率为203.38/10万,重症发病率2.99/10万,死亡率0.01/10万,病死率0.01/10万,年发病率呈波动上升趋势。江阴市手足口病发病呈双峰分布,每年4 - 7月份为发病主高峰,11 - 12月份为发病次高峰。江阴市各街道及乡镇均有病例报告,发病率前5位地区:澄江街道（288.61/10万）、云亭街道（266.99/10万）、祝塘镇（219.55/10万）、南闸街道（219.33/10万）、周庄镇（218.09/10万）。手足口病普通病例发病年龄集中于1～5岁（79.54%）,而重症病例高发年龄为1～3岁（77.15%）,两者均为男性（58.93%、60.08%）及散居儿童高发（68.00%、75.68%）。共报告手足口病病原学确诊病例864例,EV71占50.00%,Cox A16占32.64%,其他肠道病毒占17.36%。重症确诊病例中,EV71占84.39%。结论 2009 - 2018年江阴市手足口病呈现明显季节、地区、人群分布特征,1～3岁散居儿童为防控重点人群。优势病原为EV71和Cox A16型,扩大自愿接种EV71疫苗比例可有效降低重症手足口病的发病。     

2008-2017年昆明市西山区手足口病流行病学及病原学特征分析

目的 分析2008—2017年昆明市西山区手足口病流行病学特征,为制定手足口病防控措施提供科学依据。方法 通过中国疾病预防控制信息系统收集2008—2017年昆明市西山区手足口病发病数据,采用描述流行病学方法进行分析。结果 2008—2017年西山区共报告手足口病18 282例,其中重症病例572例,死亡3例,年均发病率为253.17/10万。全年均有病例报告,发病高峰集中在5—7月,共报告10 243例,占病例总数的56.03%。报告病例数居前3位的分别为福海街道办事处、前卫街道办事处和马街街道办事处,共报告病例9 925例,占病例总数的54.29%。男性10 739例,女性7 543例,男女性别比为1.42∶1;病例年龄主要集中在0~5岁年龄组,共报告17 185例,占病例总数的94.00%;病例职业以托幼儿童和散居儿童为主,分别报告8 878例（占48.56%）和8 734例（占47.77%）。2 866例实验室诊断病例中, EV 71型1 225例,占42.74%; Cox A16型1 307例, 占45.60%;其他肠道病毒334例,占11.65%。结论 2008—2017年昆明市西山区手足口病流行呈现明显的季节、地区和人群分布特征,优势病原为Cox A16和EV 71,学龄前儿童是防控的重点人群。     

湖北省2016年手足口病流行病学及病原学特征分析

目的 了解湖北省手足口病例流行病学特征,为下一步制定防控措施提供科学依据。 方法 收集2016年湖北省手足口病的监测数据、实验室手足口监测数据、各级医疗机构报告的手足口病病例对2016年湖北省手足口病例进行流行病学和病原学分析。 结果 2016年湖北省手足口发病高峰分布在5月、6月、10月。从病例数来看,男女性别比为1.46:1;以0~5岁构成比最高,占发病总人数的95.64%;主要发病人群是托幼儿童和散居儿童。2016年实验室共确诊了手足口阳性普通病例10 200例,重症病例137例。普通病例流行主要以其他肠道病毒为主,重症以肠道病毒71型(enterovirus 71, EV 71)为流行株。对2016年重症病例进行了病毒分离,分离到毒株36株,均为EV71型,对毒株进行VP1区核苷酸序列测定和同源性比较及遗传进化分析,其VP1基因型测序结果与我国阜阳、江苏、深圳、北京等地的EV71毒株同源性较高,在96.8%~99.4%之间。 结论 2016年湖北省手足口病流行有明显的季节性、人群性,引起手足口病流行的主要病原体为其他型别肠道病毒,应特别重视对0~5岁年龄组人群手足口病防控工作, 同时加强手足口病监测工作。     

2018—2021年西安市儿童手足口病病例及病原学特征分析

目的 调查西安地区2018—2021年儿童手足口病（HFMD）病例特征,并对其病原学特征进行分析。方法 采用描述性流行病学方法分析西安地区手足口病儿童病例的病例特征,采集儿童病例的肛拭子样本,通过实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）法检测样本的病毒类型,并分析其病原学特征。结果 2018—2021年西安地区手足口病儿童病例累计报告38 720例,年均发病率为278.94/万。其中男23 765例,女14 955例,男女比为1.589∶1;5岁以下手足口病儿童病例36 992例,占比95.54%;每年4—7月份报告病例数最多,占全年总例数的57.67%,春、夏两季是儿童手足口病的高发季节。病原学检测结果显示,11 647例手足口病儿童病例样本中,阳性病例5 739例,阳性率为49.27%,以EV 71阳性（61.30%）为主,其次为Cox A16阳性（24.08%）和其他肠道病毒阳性（14.62%）。不同年份、年龄和季节的阳性检出病原菌分布差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.01）。结论 EV 71病毒是西安地区儿童手足口病的主要病原体,5岁以下儿童是易感人群,在春、夏季节尤其需要注意防护。     

重庆市万州区2009-2015年手足口病流行特征分析

目的 通过分析2009-2015年万州区手足口病的流行特征,为制定有效防控措施提供科学依据。方法 运用描述性流行病学方法对资料进行分析。结果 万州区2009-2015年累计报告手足口病11 304例,其中重症77例,死亡12例。发病年龄主要为5岁以下儿童,占发病数的93.57%,散居儿童和幼托儿童分别占发病总数的63.35%和32.27%。于5-7月和10-12月出现两个发病高峰。430例实验室诊断病例中,肠道病毒EV71阳性196例(占45.58%),Cox A16阳性122例占(28.37%),其它肠道病毒阳性112例(占26.05%)。结论 2009-2015年万州区手足口病高发,病原体以EV71为主,需在5-7月和11-12月对重点地区和人群采取综合防控措施,以降低手足口病的暴发和流行。     

2011—2014年江阴市手足口病流行病学及病原学特征

目的了解2011—2014年江阴市手足口病的流行病学及病原学特征,为该市手足口病的防控工作提供科学依据。方法根据《中国疾病预防控制系统》的手足口病病例信息,利用描述流行病学的研究方法分析2011—2014年江阴市手足口病的流行病学及病原学特征。结果 2011—2014年全市累计报告手足口病12 993例,年平均发病率为196.56/10万,发病主要集中在夏季和秋冬季,4—7月共报告8 758例,占总发病数的67.41%;10—12月共报告1977例,占总发病数的15.22%。发病人群主要是5岁以下儿童,共报告11 412例,占总病例的87.83%。病原学检测方面,普通病例以EV71和Cox A16感染为主,重症病例以EV71感染为主,重症病例的病原型别构成与普通病例的病原型别构成比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论江阴市手足口病流行具有明显的时间、地区、人群分布特征。该市手足口病的防控工作应以幼托儿童和散居儿童为重点人群,同时加强幼托机构及学校的疫情监测,防止暴发疫情的发生。     

2009—2020年益阳市手足口病流行病学特征分析

目的 掌握2009—2020年益阳市手足口病的主要流行特征、流行规律,为防控工作提供科学依据。 方法 在中国疾病预防控制信息系统传染病监测系统中获取2009—2020年益阳市手足口病发病数据,从益阳市疾病预防控制中心获取病原学监测数据,采用描述性流行病学方法和SPSS 20.0软件对手足口病发病资料进行统计分析。 结果 2009—2020年,益阳市共报告手足口病病例123 400例,死亡11例。2009年发病率最低(82.36/10万),2014年发病率(382.07/10万)最高。疾病的季节性呈双峰流行,主高峰为4—7月(占58.26%),次峰为10—11月;男女发病率差异无统计学意义(χ²=18.200,P=0.077);≤5岁儿童组发病人数最多,占96.05%;职业分布上,散居儿童占87.30%,幼托儿童病例占9.84%。2010—2020年共检测手足口病病例标本4 578份,病原阳性率为63.54%,肠道病毒71型(EV71)和柯萨奇病毒A组16型(CoxA16)阳性构成比分别为20.04%和24.75%。各年不同病毒分型构成比差异有统计学意义(χ²=363.550,P<0.001)。聚集性疫情主要发生乡镇幼托机构(21起)。 结论 益阳市手足口病自2014年以来呈下降趋势,重点防控人群是≤5岁儿童,重点防控场所为乡镇幼托机构;应关注优势病原体的变化,不同年份检出的优势肠道病毒,相应调整防控措施。     

吉林省2008—2018年手足口病流行特征分析

目的 分析吉林省手足口病流行特征及病原学特点,为制定更加科学、有效的手足口病预防控制措施提供合理化的建议。 方法 使用Excel 2010软件建立吉林省手足口病数据库,采用描述性流行病学方法,对2008—2018年吉林省手足口病疫情资料进行分析。使用SPSS 24.0软件进行统计学分析。 结果 2008—2018年吉林省年均报告手足口病14 672例,年均发病率为53.51/10万。5岁以下儿童发病数占发病总数的79.59%,散居儿童发病数占发病总数的58.00%,男女性别比为1.46∶1。呈现隔1年流行强度增强的特点。除2016年发病高峰出现在8月外,其他年度发病高峰均出现在7月。年平均发病率前三位的地区分别为延边朝鲜族自治州、通化市以及四平市。实验室诊断手足口病病例其他肠道病毒(enterovirus,EV)阳性占37.20%。共报告重症1 197例,散居儿童占79.37%。共报告死亡病例35例,死亡年龄均为5岁以下。 结论 吉林省手足口病的高发季节为7—8月,高发人群为5岁以下儿童,做好夏季5岁以下儿童防控是工作重点。     

Heat-related illnesses, deaths, and risk factors--Cincinnati and Dayton, Ohio, 1999, and United States, 1979-1997

During the summer of 1999, a heat wave occurred in the midwestern and eastern United States. This period of hot and humid weather persisted from July 12 through August 1, 1999, and caused or contributed to 22 deaths among persons residing in Cincinnati (18 deaths) and Dayton (four deaths). A CDC survey of 24 U.S. metropolitan areas indicated that Ohio recorded some of the highest rates for heat-related deaths during the 1999 heat wave, with Cincinnati reporting 21 per million and Dayton reporting seven per million (CDC, unpublished data, 1999). This report describes four heat-related deaths representative of those that occurred in Cincinnati or Dayton during the 1999 heat wave, summarizes heat-related deaths in the United States during 1979-1997, describes risk factors associated with heat-related illness and death, and recommends preventive measures.     

International standards and international reference preparations: amphotericin B, vancomycin, capreomycin, cefalotin, demethylchlortetracycline, gentamycin, gramicidin S, kanamycin and kanamycin B, lincomycin, lymecycline, methacycline, paromomycin, rifamycin SV, ristocetin and ristocetin B, spiramycin, and triacetyloleandomycin

Each of the preparations described here was obtained and evaluated at the request of a WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization. Unless otherwise stated, a standard procedure was used to distribute the material into individual ampoules. The procedure was as follows. Upon receipt by the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), London, materials were stored temporarily in the dark at a temperature of -10°C or lower, and protected from moisture. At a convenient time they were brought back to room temperature, mixed, and distributed into individual neutral glass ampoules so that each ampoule contained 50-100 mg of powder. If it was known that the material was light-sensitive non-actinic glass ampoules were used. After exhaustive drying in vacuum over phosphorus(V) oxide, the ampoules were either constricted (up to 1963) or fitted with capillary leak plugs, dried for a further period under the same conditions, filled with dry nitrogen, and sealed by fusion of the glass. The total drying period varied from 8 to 38 days according to the nature of the material. After they had been tested for leaks, the ampoules were stored in the dark at -20°C.     

Zinc, copper, and magnesium and risks for all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality

BACKGROUND: Experimental data suggest that zinc, copper, and magnesium are involved in carcinogenesis and atherogenesis. Few longitudinal studies have related these minerals to cancer or cardiovascular disease mortality in a population. METHODS: Data from the Paris Prospective Study 2, a cohort of 4035 men age 30-60 years at baseline, were used to assess the association between serum zinc, copper, and magnesium and all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality. Serum mineral values measured at baseline were divided into quartiles and classified into low (1st quartile, referent group), medium (2nd-3rd quartiles), and high (4th quartile) values. During 18-year follow up, 339 deaths occurred, 176 as a result of cancer and 56 of cardiovascular origin. Relative risks (RRs) for each element were inferred using Cox's proportional hazard model after controlling for various potential confounders. RESULTS: High copper values (4th quartile) were associated with a 50% increase in RRs for all-cause deaths (RR = 1.5; 95% confidence interval = 1.1-2.1), a 40% increase for cancer mortality (1.4; 0.9-2.2), and a 30% increase for cardiovascular mortality (1.3; 0.6-2.8) compared with low values (1st quartile). High magnesium values were negatively related to mortality with a 40% decrease in RR for all-cause (0.6; 0.4-0.8) and cardiovascular deaths (0.6; 0.2-1.2) and by 50% for cancer deaths (0.5; 0.3-0.8). Additionally, subjects with a combination of low zinc and high copper values had synergistically increased all-cause (2.6; 1.4-5.0) and cancer (2.7; 1.0-7.3) mortality risks. Similarly, combined low zinc and high magnesium values were associated with decreased all-cause (0.2; 0.1-0.5) and cancer (0.2; 0.1-0.8) mortality risks. CONCLUSIONS: High serum copper, low serum magnesium, and concomitance of low serum zinc with high serum copper or low serum magnesium contribute to an increased mortality risk in middle-aged men.     

Psychological distress, gender, and health lifestyles in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine

This paper examines the relationship between psychological distress, gender, and health lifestyles in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine. These countries have been subjected to highly stressful and extensive social change associated with the transition out of communism. Data were collected by face-to-face interviews (n = 10,406) in November 2001. Distress was measured by 12 psychological distress symptoms. Health lifestyles focused on measures of alcohol consumption, smoking and diet. We found that females carried a much heavier burden of psychological distress than males, but this distress did not translate into greater alcohol consumption and smoking for these women or for men. The greatest influence of distress on health lifestyle practices was on daily diets in that both less distressed females and males consumed a more balanced diet than more distressed persons. Our findings suggest that it is the normative demands of a particular lifestyle, rather than distress, that principally shapes the pattern of heavy male drinking. This is an important finding as some sources indicate heavy drinking is largely responsible for the health crisis in the former socialist states.     

Dietary sodium, calcium, and potassium, and blood pressure

The cross-sectional association of systolic blood pressure with dietary sodium, calcium, and potassium, as estimated from dietary histories, was investigated by multiple regression analysis of data gathered in the Netherlands in the early 1950s in a general health examination of 2,291 middle-aged civil servants and spouses of civil servants. A statistically significant negative trend with systolic blood pressure was seen for calcium intake in both males and females, even after adjustments for covariates. For sodium and potassium intake, the observed negative trends were not significant after multivariate analyses. In addition, no consistent associations were found between diastolic blood pressure and the micronutrients after multivariate analyses, except for a significant negative association with calcium intake in females. In this study population, blood pressure was a strong independent risk factor of total mortality: 15- and 25-year mortality was about twice as high for hypertensives (greater than or equal to 160 mmHg) as for normotensives (less than 160 mmHg). These findings support the conclusion in recent epidemiologic studies that higher intakes of calcium are associated with lower systolic blood pressure, and they extend the evidence to an earlier time period.     

Professional and Consumer Publications, Programs, Audiovisuals, and Software

Books, curricula, audiovisuals, and other resources that nutrition professionals may use for reference, continuing education, or in a formal or informal education setting are designated “professional.” Books, handouts, diet plans, and other resources specified by authors as being written for general audiences are categorized as “consumer.” Inclusion of any material in this section does not imply endorsement by the Society for Nutrition Education. Evaluative comments contained in the reviews reflect the views of the authors. Prices quoted are those provided by the publishers at the time materials were submitted. They may no longer be current when the review is published.