腭-心-面综合征患者语音治疗方法探讨

目的:探讨腭-心-面综合征异常语音患者有效的语音治疗方法。方法:选取腭-心-面综合征行咽成形术后患者57例(男30例,女27例),年龄4-17岁(平均10.6岁)。在汉语语音教学基础上,用简单易学的行为模式进行诱导,建立正确的发音部位与发音方法。比较治疗前、后的语音清晰度和过度鼻音,采用SPSS16.0软件包分别对数据进行t检验和Wilcoxon符号秩和检验,评价疗效。结果:57例患者经2-8个月的语音治疗,语音清晰度由治疗前的33.75%提高到治疗后的97.86%,差异显著(P<0.01)。治疗前轻度过度鼻音7例,中度33例,重度17例;治疗后异常鼻音消除者38例,轻度异常鼻音17例,中度异常鼻音2例,经秩和检验,两者具有显著差异(P<0.01)。结论:对存在严重语音障碍并伴有学习能力缺陷的腭-心-面综合征患者,在汉语语音教学基础上,应用行为诱导模式,可以恢复正常语音清晰度。     

腭-心-面综合征的诊断与治疗的临床研究

目的:回顾分析110例腭-心-面综合征患者的病例资料,和其中20例患者的治疗结果,为明确临床诊断和确立有效的治疗方法提供依据。方法:收集110例腭-心-面综合征患者(男性57例,女性63例,平均年龄为13.9岁)的临床及影像学资料进行分析,并比较了其中20例患者在接受改良咽后壁组织瓣手术及语音治疗前后的语音清晰度和blowing test结果。结果:110例腭-心-面综合征患者均有过度鼻音,语音清晰度差,临床检查软腭形态正常,但运动功能差,33例患者的IQ值平均为73,20例患者在接受了手术及语音治疗后,语音清晰度均值从治疗前的47%改善到治疗后的98%,吹水泡试验从治疗前的17s提高至治疗后的38s,治疗周期平均为8月。结论:腭-心-面综合征虽然临床表现错综复杂,但所有的患者均有过度鼻音,腭咽部活动度弱等,通过咽成形术及术后的语音治疗可得到令人满意的治疗效果,但治疗周期长,难度较大。     

行为疗法在语音治疗中的应用研究

目的 为提高语音障碍的治疗效果。应用行为疗法治疗腭咽闭合功能不全型（VPI）患者，方法 20例VPI患者，其中先天性腭咽闭合功能不全5例，咽成形术术后10例，腭成形术术后5例，男性10例，女性10例，年龄4.0-38.4岁，平均年龄17.8。采用行为疗法进行语音治疗，并在治疗前后定量检测汉语语音清晰度和吹气实验。结果 治疗效果满意，治疗后的汉语语音清晰度和吹气实验较治疗前有显著提高。结论 行为疗法是一种行之有效的语音治疗方法，但要注意严格掌握适应证和个体化应用。     

成年腭裂患者语音治疗的特点和方法探讨

目的 通过回顾20例成年人的语音治疗，总结其治疗规律，探讨有效的治疗方法。方法 20例成年异常语音患者，男10例，女10例，年龄20—38岁，平均23．5岁。所有患者在语音治疗前均接受常规的专科检查、汉语语音清晰度测试和吹水泡试验，其中17例患者曾行咽后壁组织瓣转移术。语音治疗采取辨听训练、行为治疗、唇音训练、送气音和摩擦音训练、舌外伸训练和综合训练等方法，由浅入深，由简单到复杂。结果 所有患者在语音治疗后异常语音基本恢复正常，辅音脱落和过度鼻音完全消失。其中4例患者在语音治疗中出现并发症。结论 成年人语音治疗虽较儿童困难，但只要治疗方法正确，也能取得令人满意的效果。     

咽成形术后语音治疗效果的CSL评定

目的：运用计算机语音处理系统（computerspeechlab,CSL）对咽成形术后语音障碍患者的异常辅音（塞擦音、擦音）进行治疗前、后的语音频谱分析,以期对腭咽成形术后患者的语音治疗效果进行定量和图形化分析。方法：腭咽成形术后存在语音障碍患者（清晰度〈35%）40例,男24例,女16例,平均年龄11.48岁。语音治疗前、后分别将辅音音节、字表、词组和短句输入CSL,通过频谱图对含塞擦音（z、c、j、q）和擦音（s、x）的音节（zi、ci、si、ji、qi、xi）中的辅音除阻段的嗓音起始时间（VOT）进行分析,得出量化值,进行统计学分析;在频谱图上,根据治疗前、后有无冲直条和乱纹分布情况进行归纳,评价语音治疗效果,以此评判CSL的应用价值。用SPSS11.5软件包对数据进行t检验。结果：CSL测定结果显示,40例患者的VOT值由治疗前的0.0571s提高到治疗后的0.2262s,经t检验,P〈0.01,具有显著差异;频谱图结果显示,代表塞的冲直条由治疗前消失到治疗后清晰可见或以整齐乱纹开始（z36/40、c30/40、j34/40、q28/40）,代表擦音的乱纹由治疗前稀疏或消失到治疗后的均匀整齐,并有强频集中区。结论：运用CSL检测分析得出,腭咽成形术后严重语音障碍患者可通过语音治疗达到近似正常人的语音清晰度。CSL的定量和图形化分析,提高了语音治疗效果评价的水平。     

腭裂咽成形术后患者语音治疗疗效评价

目的:对腭咽成形术后存在语音障碍的患者进行语音治疗,通过治疗前后语音清晰度比较,评价该方法的疗效。方法:咽成形术后患者82例,年龄4~31岁。采用汉语语音清晰度测试表对患者进行治疗前后语音清晰度检测,根据代偿性发音特点进行系统化语音训练:①腭咽闭合功能锻炼;②音素→音节→词组→短句→短文、会话。训练时按发音部位由前→后,按发音方法由易→难、送气音→不送气音、塞音→擦音→塞擦音。训练周期1.5~12个月,平均3.83个月。结果:以腭咽闭合不全型为特点的代偿性语音患者共71例;其中声门塞音患者语音清晰度由治疗前的46.27%提高到治疗后的97.16%;咽摩擦音患者由治疗前的57.19%提高到治疗后的97.72%。以腭咽闭合良好型为特点的代偿性语音共11例,腭化、侧化音患者语音清晰度由治疗前的71.10%提高到治疗后的98.55%;3组经t检验,P均<0.001,具有极显著性差异。结论:对咽成形术后腭咽闭合不全型的代偿性发音,首先加强腭咽闭合功能,再建立正确的发音部位和方法;对咽成形术后腭咽闭合良好型的代偿性发音,可直接建立正确的发音部位和方法。     

咽成形术后咽后壁瓣脱落语音治疗方法的探讨

采集腭裂术后VPI并行咽成形＋咽后壁瓣转移术后一个月进行复诊的患者12例[1-2]；其中咽后壁瓣固位良好患者6例、咽后壁瓣脱落患者6例，年龄在6—12岁、智力正常、能够讲普通话或由语音治疗师领读可以朗读语音清晰度字表[3]，分别进行语音清晰度测试、blowing试验、以及过度鼻音的声学检查。     

改良咽后壁组织转移瓣在VPI患者的临床应用和研究

目的：客观评价改良咽后壁组织转移瓣效果。方法：对30例行改良咽成形术者术前、术后的吹气试验，汉语语音清晰度以及过度度鼻音进行了定量分析。结果：改良咽后壁组织转移瓣术后的吹气试验，汉语语音清晰度以及过度鼻音有了明显的改善。结论：改良咽后壁组织转移瓣能有效地改善VPI患者的腭咽闭合功能。     

咽成形术失败后再次手术后语音功能的评价

目的：客观评价咽成形术失败后语音障碍患者可以弥补治疗的方法。方法：对6例一期咽成形术后失败患者,再次实施咽后壁组织瓣转移术,术后进行详细观察和随访,并在术后4周开始吹气训练、行为疗法、语音治疗;对每例患者术前、语音治疗前后行汉语语音清晰度、吹气和冷镜检查,同时用CSL比较其音声特征的变化。结果：6例患者术后供区和受区伤口均一期愈合,聘咽闭合功能(VPC)明显改善,经语音治疗后,患者的语音清晰度达到或接近正常。结论：咽成形术失败后再次手术能补救一期咽成形术后失败的部分病例,除应该严格掌握咽成形术失败后再次手术的适应证外,术者熟练的操作技能也非常重要,同时术后语音治疗必不可少。     

大龄腭裂患者治疗模式的初步研究

目的改进大龄腭裂患者的治疗模式,提高大龄腭裂患者术后的腭咽闭合率和语音清晰度。方法对37例年龄大于6岁（含6岁）的腭裂患者进行同期腭裂与腭咽肌瓣咽成形整复术,并对其术后10~15个月的效果进行了随访和语音评估。结果22例患者术后腭咽闭合完全,15例术后虽仍有腭咽闭合不全,但在鼻咽纤维镜下腭咽闭合度达85%以上;所有患者X线侧位咽腔造影显示软腭与咽后壁贴合;语音检测显示,高鼻音和鼻漏气程度显著下降,辅音清晰度提高。结论本研究中建立的大龄腭裂患者治疗模式可以显著提高腭裂患者术后的腭咽闭合率和语音清晰度,为改善其生存质量创造了条件。     

吹气训练在74例腭裂患者语音治疗中的效果评价

目的 评价吹气训练在腭裂患者语音治疗中的效果。方法 选择符合纳入标准的腭裂咽成形术后表现为腭咽闭合不全（VPI）代偿性语音患者74例,平均年龄10.98岁,采用吹气训练行为疗法与汉语语音训练相结合原则,在运用屏气时吹水泡、吹气球训练基础上,进一步诱导辅音擦音、塞音送气方式。采用SPSS 21.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果 4~6岁组、7~12岁组和≥13岁组患者吹水泡平均时间由训练前的6.37、7.0和9.96 s分别提高到24.87、26.96和29.07 s,差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。训练前各组患者均无法完成吹气球动作,训练后各组吹气球成功率分别达到88.9%（4~6岁组）、84.0%（7~12岁组）和90.9%（≥13岁组）。训练前各组患者擦音f和s、塞音p均为脱落或弱化,训练后达到正常语音清晰度,差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。结论 屏气的吹气训练方法对增强腭咽闭合功能及塞音和擦音的送气诱导有显著效果。     

鼻音计仪对腭裂语音分析的研究

鼻音计仪是一种对发音器官进行生理学研究的仪器,它能客观的反映出受试者鼻音化率的程度。本文应用鼻音计仪对60名腭裂术前患者进行了语音分析,患者平均年龄6.3岁,均为不完全腭裂或单侧完全腭裂,其鼻音化数值均为50％以上,且绝大部分超过70％,体现明显的鼻漏气和元音鼻音化,其图型按峰型特点大致可分为三类:①高平型;②起伏型;③低平型。分别反映出发音部位或发音方式的异常。其所占比例对术后语音训练提供了可靠依据。     

Clinical outcomes of the furlow z-plasty for primary cleft palate repair

Objective: To review the clinical outcomes following the Furlow Z-plasty for primary cleft palate repair. The primary objective was to determine if the presence of an associated sequence or syndrome (i.e., Pierre Robin sequence), age at palate repair, cleft type, or surgeon experience influenced speech outcomes after a Furlow Z-plasty. Design: The outcomes of 140 patients who underwent palate repair were analyzed retrospectively. Speech evaluations were performed to score the severity of hypernasality, nasal escape, articulation errors, and velopharyngeal insufficiency. Results: The mean age at latest evaluation was 4 years 9 months (age range 2 years old to 12 years old and 4 months). Of the 140 patients, 83% had no evidence of hypernasality, 91% had no presence of nasal escape, and 69% had no articulation errors. Overall, 84% of patients had no evidence of velopharyngeal insufficiency. Secondary posterior pharyngeal flap to correct velopharyngeal insufficiency was required in only 2.1% of patients. The formation of an oronasal fistula occurred in only 3.6% of patients. Nonsyndromic patients with Pierre Robin sequence and syndromic patients did just as well as purely nonsyndromic patients in terms of velopharyngeal insufficiency, hypernasality, and nasal escape. Syndromic patients were more likely to make mild-to-moderate articulation errors. In addition, age at palate repair, cleft type, and surgeon experience had no statistically significant effect on speech results. Conclusions: The Furlow Z-plasty yielded excellent speech results in our patient population with minimal and acceptable rates of fistula formation, velopharyngeal insufficiency, and the need for additional corrective surgery.     

Congenital absence of the nose and nasal fossae

We describe a case of complete nasal agenesis and absence of the nasal fossae, without alterations in the central nervous system. The physical and intellectual development of the infant to date has been absolutely normal. Opening of the nasal respiratory passage was not required in our patient as he did not show respiratory problems during deglutition. - Microphthalmia in the right eye with iridoretinal coloboma and right cryptorchidism were also noted. When the child was 9 months old a right orbital asymmetry became evident due to a growth deficit of the microphthalmic eye. This improved after placement of an expandable prosthesis in the orbit to stimulate its growth. - When the child is 4 years old, he will start to use a nasal prosthesis supported by implantology. Final reconstruction of the nasal pyramid will take place after he is 15 years of age.     

Pressure-flow measurements for selected nasal sound segments produced by normal children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this prospective study was to: (1) report simultaneous oral-nasal pressures, nasal airflow rates, and velopharyngeal orifice areas for nasal sounds produced by children and adolescents; (2) determine whether data could be statistically classified by age, sex, or utterance type; and (3) provide guidelines for determining typical from atypical productions. PARTICIPANTS: The study involved 56 subjects, with two boys and two girls representing each age from 5 to 18 years. Subjects had no history of speech therapy, were judged as having normal speech and resonance at the time of testing, and had no upper respiratory tract infections or allergies at the time of testing. METHODS: All subjects repeated /mphaaa;/ and "hamper" at normal pitch and loudness after an examiner model. Mean oral-nasal pressures, nasal airflow rates, and velopharyngeal orifice areas were calculated for each subject's utterances. A discriminate function analysis determined whether data could be grouped by age and sex. RESULTS: Significant differences in mean data for age groups of 5 to 9 years, 10 to 13 years, and 14 to 18 years were observed. Data showed decreases in pressures and increases in nasal airflow and orifice areas with age. Variability in pressure stayed consistent or decreased with age, but variability in nasal airflow and orifice areas increased with age. CONCLUSION: We propose a scheme for categorizing velopharyngeal function for oral and nasal sound production to be used in clinical testing.     

Juvenile periodontitis Localization of bone loss in relation to age, sex, and teeth

The distribution of bone loss in 156 patients, 12-32 years old, with juvenile periodontitis was analyzed according to age, sex, and teeth affected. The criteria for bone loss were: vertical or horizontal bone loss involving more than one-third of the root as judged by radiographs. Three age groups were established: 12-18, 19-25, and 26-32 years old. Three types of bone loss localization were defined: I. First molars and/or incisors. II. First molars, incisors and some additional teeth (total less than 14 teeth). III. General involvement . There was a dominance of female patients. The ratio females: males decreased from 5.3:1 in the youngest age group to 1.5:1 in the oldest. The mean number of involved teeth increased with age from 5.3 teeth in the youngest group to 11.6 in the oldest. The frequency of type I bone loss decreased from 55% in the youngest group to 7% in the oldest. Type II occurred with the same frequency (55-58%) in all three age groups. Type III was not seen in the youngest group whereas it increased from 17% in the middle to 35% in the oldest group. Of the total number of involved teeth, the first molars were most frequently affected, followed by the incisors. Maxillary teeth were involved to a slightly higher degree than mandibular teeth, and there was a strong "mirror effect" between involved teeth of right and left jaw halves.     

Analysis of velopharyngeal function and speech outcomes of Sommerlad palatoplasty combined with sphincter pharyngoplasty in surgical repair of older patients with cleft palate：experience from a major craniofacial surgery centre in eastern China

We aimed to evaluate velopharyngeal function and speech outcomes of Sommerlad palatoplasty combined with sphincter pharyngoplasty in surgical repair of cleft palate in patients over five years old. Fifty-eight patients were reviewed between the years 2013 and 2017, 31 of whom were treated with Sommerlad palatoplasty combined with sphincter pharyngoplasty, (mean age 15 (range 9 - 22) years), and 27 were treated with Sommerlad palatoplasty alone (mean age 18 (range 10-25) years). Velopharyngeal function was evaluated by radiographic lateral cephalometry and nasoendoscopy. Hypernasality, nasal emissions, and intelligibility were used to assess speech. The rate of velopharyngeal competence was 20/31 in the palatoplasty plus pharyngoplasty group and 7/27 in the palatoplasty alone group after surgical treatment (p = 0.003). The improvements in hypernasality (p = 0.024), air emission (p = 0.004), and speech intelligibility (p = 0.004) in the palatoplasty plus pharyngoplasty group was better than that in the palatoplasty alone group. It has been suggested that the surgical approach with the palatoplasty together with the sphincter pharyngoplasty has a higher rate of success in surgical repair of older patients with cleft palate.     

腭裂术后腭咽闭合完全患者的语音治疗效果及影响因素分析

目的 对术后腭咽闭合完全、经过语音治疗获得正常语音的腭裂患者进行语音治疗方法、治疗时间及相关因素分析。方法 对2012—2013年在四川大学华西口腔医院唇腭裂外科采用音韵治疗改变构音位置的方法进行规范的语音治疗后获得正常语音的32例腭裂患者进行回顾分析。分析辅音错误构音的类型、语音治疗总次数、语音治疗前辅音错误个数、语音治疗距离手术的时间、语音治疗时的年龄等。采用SPSS 16.0对治疗次数与语音治疗距离手术的时间、辅音错误个数及类型以及训练时的年龄进行相关因素分析。结果 32例患者中,治疗次数≤5次者10例;6~10次者17例;11~20次者5例。治疗次数与错误音节数呈正相关（r_s=0.394,P=0.026）,错误音节数每增加1个,治疗次数平均增加0.570次,可信区间为0.137~1.004。治疗次数与年龄呈负相关趋势（P=0.055）,5~10岁的患者比大于10岁的患者治疗次数更少,需要的时间更短。治疗次数与治疗距离手术的时间无相关性（r_s=-0.136,P=0.459）。结论 术后腭咽闭合完全的腭裂患者经过规范的语音治疗,语音都能康复至正常水平或接近正常,但所需治疗时间有差异。错误音节数越多的患儿,治疗次数越多;10岁以上的患者比10岁以下患者所需的治疗时间更长。     

Speech sample effects on pressure and flow measures in children with normal or abnormal velopharyngeal function.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the effect of certain test phoneme contexts on oral pressure and nasal flow values in young children with normal velopharyngeal (VP) function. Comparison was made with responses from children with abnormal function. SPEAKERS: Ten children judged to have normal VP function (mean age = 5.2 years) and five children with VP incompetence (mean age = 7.8 years) were evaluated. Both groups were able to produce the speech sample with standard articulatory postures. Subjects were from the local community and a university cleft palate clinic. DESIGN: Simultaneous oral pressure and nasal flow recordings were obtained from the speakers as they produced /p/ in speech stimuli that varied in terms of test phoneme position in the syllable (releasing and arresting), adjacent vowel height (high, middle, and low), or adjacent consonant characteristics (voicing, placement, and manner). Within-subject differences in pressure and flow were examined to evaluate specific stimulus contrasts in each speaker group. SETTING: Data were collected in the Speech Physiology Laboratory in the Hearing and Speech Department at the University of Kansas Medical Center. RESULTS: There were few speech sample effects on oral pressure for children with VP competence. Nasal flow for this group occurred infrequently but was present at least once in 80% of the subjects. The speakers with VP incompetence demonstrated predictable phoneme context effects (higher flow and lower pressure for a nasal context; higher flow for a high vowel context). CONCLUSION: The finding of no significant stimulus effects for the normal speakers suggests the need for little concern when choosing stimuli for normative study of oral pressure. However, certain stimulus contexts should be considered for data collection if results are to be applied to children with abnormal velopharyngeal function.     

口腔门诊治疗中1429例患者应用笑气镇静技术的回顾性分析

目的 回顾性分析笑气镇静技术在口腔门诊中的使用情况及效果.方法 对2016年1月1日至2018年12月30日期间在广州医科大学附属口腔医院门诊使用笑气吸入镇静治疗的1429个病例进行如下分析:病例的人群分布、牙科治疗项目、使用笑气吸入的原因、不同年龄段患者的镇静效果和不良反应.结果1429例患者中,男性587例,女性8...