汉族正常(牙合)成年男女面部软组织三维测量与对比研究

目的:建立汉族正常成年男女面部软组织三维参考数据并探寻男女面部特征.方法:选取汉族18~35 岁个别正常男30 人,女32 人,拍摄面部3dMD图像导入mimics软件,对27 个标志点的19 个线距、8 个角度和10 个比例项目进行测算,利用SPSS 19.0统计分析并对比男女面部差异.结果:体现面部及各器官轮廓宽度、高度的线距值男性大于女性(P<0.05),但面部高宽比例男性小于女性(P<0.05);男性鼻额角和鼻凸角小于女性(P<0.05),鼻面角大于女性(P<0.05).结论:汉族正常男性面部整体及各器官轮廓比女性更大,男性面部外形更偏扁圆,女性更显窄长,男性鼻部更前突.     

基于立体摄影技术的三维照相系统获取畸形面部影像的精确性研究

目的 探究基于立体摄影技术的三维照相系统获取畸形面部影像的精确性及其影响因素。方法 采用基于立体摄影技术的三维照相系统采集45个面部畸形的蜡制脸模的表面数据,测量19个面部软组织特征线距,以三坐标仪采集测量结果作为标准值,分析三维照相系统获取畸形面部影像的精确性,以及不同畸形形态与面部区域对测量结果精确性的影响。结果 三维照相系统获取的特征线距的测量值与标准值具有统计学差异（P<0.001）。凸起畸形对三维照相系统的测量误差有显著性影响（P<0.05）,裂隙畸形对三维照相系统的测量误差无显著性影响（P>0.05）。不同面部区域的三维照相系统测量误差有统计学差异（P<0.05）。畸形形态对三维照相系统测量偏大百分比无显著性影响（P>0.05）。中间区域与面部两侧区域的测量偏大百分比具有统计学差异（P<0.05）,左侧区域与右侧区域的测量偏大百分比无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论 对畸形面部影像的分析,基于立体摄影技术的三维照相系统测量正畸临床常规线性项目的精确性受畸形形态与面部区域的影响,但误差在临床可接受范围内。     

光学测量系统在面部外形测量中的应用研究

目的 研究面部三维光学测量系统在面部外形重建和测量中的实用性和可靠性。方法 利用自行研制的面部三维光学测量系统扫描45名正常人面形，结合Geomagic studio软件反求重建面部外形。比较面部内眦间距、鼻长、鼻宽、鼻高、鼻深等的反求测量结果与手工测量结果间的差异。结果 基于面部三维光学测量系统结合反求软件直接重建了45名正常人的面部三维外形，面部测量项目的 反求测量结果与手工测量结果在统计学上无明显差异（P>0.05）。结论 面部三维光学测量系统在面部外形采集、反求重建、三维测量中具有较高的可靠性和较好的实用性。     

无托槽隐形矫治进展评估功能的准确性研究

目的 研究应用iTero软件分析无托槽隐形矫治牙齿的移动情况及牙列宽度的准确性。 方法 采用回顾性病例对照研究设计,纳入样本19例,取初诊（T0）和阶段治疗（T1）石膏模型,进行实际三维模型重叠,测量阶段治疗后上颌牙齿在水平面的移动距离和上下牙列的宽度;应用iTero软件的进展评估功能,测量同一样本阶段治疗后上颌牙齿在水平面的移动距离和上下牙列的宽度,比较二者差异。 结果 应用iTero软件进展评估功能测量的上颌牙齿水平面移动距离的中位数（上、下四分位数）为2.31（1.59,3.22）mm;实际三维模型测量上颌牙齿水平面移动距离的中位数（上、下四分位数）为1.79（1.21,3.03）mm,两组数据之间的差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;在上下牙列宽度测量中,测量了4个指标,包括上颌尖牙间宽度、上颌磨牙间宽度、下颌尖牙间宽度、下颌磨牙间宽度,治疗前iTero软件的进展评估功能测量结果分别为（35.78±2.49）、（56.21±2.51）、（27.43±1.38）、（52.26±2.91）mm,实际测量结果分别为（35.77±2.53）、（56.17±2.47）、（27.40±1.41）、（52.30±2.86）mm,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;阶段治疗后iTero软件的进展评估功能测量结果分别为（37.37±2.86）、（57.76±2.56）、（28.89±2.00）、（54.16±2.19）mm,实际测量结果分别为（37.29±2.94）、（57.71±2.63）、（28.88±2.05）、（54.01±2.15）mm,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论 iTero软件的进展评估功能测量模型重叠的准确性,与以硬腭为参考标志进行实际三维模型重叠测量的结果并不完全一致,临床医生不能完全依赖进展评估的测量结果,但其在分析牙列宽度指标方面具有较好的准确性。     

骨性Ⅲ类错牙合患者后退接触位的头影测量分析

目的:评价骨性Ⅲ类错牙合患者牙尖交错位与后退接触位的头影测量数据差异。方法:选择16例伴下颌有功能性移位的骨性Ⅲ类患者,(RCP位ANB<0°),测量分析治疗前ICP位与RCP位的头颅侧位片。使用SPSS17.0统计软件对数据进行统计分析。结果:在ICP位与RCP位,骨性指标SNB角、颌突角、FMA角、MP-SN角、Y轴角及N-per to Pog距离、ANB角、Wits值、APDI值、反覆盖、ODI值均有显著性统计学差异(P<0.001)。牙性指标U1-L1角(P<0.01),FMIA角(P<0.001)有统计学差异。软组织指标颏前点至零子午线距离(P<0.001),Z角(P<0.01)也有统计学差异。结论:对于存在功能性移位的骨性Ⅲ类患者,术前RCP位头颅侧位片分析对诊断错牙合严重程度和制定治疗方案有重要意义。     

正常面部软组织三维测量

目的 :应用数字化立体摄影测量系统进行正常面部软组织的三维测量。方法 :应用数码相机和我们研制的一套数字化立体摄影测量硬件和软件系统 ,按照一定纳入标准选择 30例正常进行面部软组织三维测量 ,并分男性组与女性组进行对照。结果 :分别建立了正常男性组与女性组的正常值 ,并得到男性组与女性组对照统计分析结果。结论 :本研究应用了一种新的面部软组织三维测量系统对正常面部软组织进行三维测量 ,建立的正常值为错畸形的面部软组织诊断分析提供了新的依据     

北京地区正常(牙合)面部软组织不对称性的三维测量研究

目的应用数字化立体摄影测量系统进行正常(牙合)面部软组织不对称性的三维测量,获得面部软组织在三维方向上的不对称向量.方法选择40例正常(牙合)成人进行面部软组织不对称性的三维测量,计算面部软组织在三维方向上的不对称向量.结果男性组和女性组都是右侧面部较大,但男女无显著性差异;面部不对称量都是在x轴上分布最多;面部越靠面下部的点和越靠外侧面的点,其不对称量越大.结论用三维摄影测量的分析方法显示面部中下部的不对称性更为明显;三维立体摄影测量是较好的研究面部软组织不对称性的方法.     

正常面部软组织三维测量

目的：应用数字化立体摄影测量系统进行正常He面部软组织的三维测量。方法：应用数码相机和我们研制的一套数字化立体摄影测量硬件和软件系统,按照一定纳入标准选择30例正常He进行面部软组织三维测量。并分男性组与女性组进行对照。结果：分别建立了正常He男性组与女性组的正常值。并得到男性组与女性组对照统计分析结果。结论：本研究应用了一种新的面部软组织三维测量系统对正常He面部软组织进行三维测量。建立的正常值亩划He畸形的面部软组织诊断分析提供了新的依据。     

婴幼儿唇腭裂修补全麻术后运用右旋美托咪定预防患儿苏醒期躁动的效果研究

目的 研究探讨婴幼儿唇腭裂修补全麻术后,运用右旋美托咪定预防患儿苏醒期躁动的效果。方法 选取我院2017年12月到2019年12月收治的婴幼儿唇腭裂患者共60例,按照随机数字表法随机分为研究组(30例)和对照组(30例),患儿经常规全身麻醉诱导后均给予七氟醚吸入维持,对照组患儿给予1 μg/(kg·h)的生理盐水持续泵入维持,研究组患儿给予同等容积的右美托咪定泵入维持。比较两组患儿的血流动力学指标、血气分析指标以及麻醉苏醒期躁动指标。结果 两组患儿在T0、T1以及T2阶段的心率(heart rate, HR)和平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure, MAP)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。研究组患儿在T3、T4以及T5阶段的HR和MAP明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组患儿T5阶段的血气分析pH值显著低于对照组,对照组患儿T5阶段的pH值显著高于T0阶段,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),研究组患儿T5阶段pH值与T0阶段比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。研究组患儿T5阶段PaCO₂显著高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组患儿T5阶段与T0阶段比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。研究组患儿躁动评分、缝合口出血发生率及疼痛评分均显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患儿自停止给予七氟醚吸入直至睁眼达到拔管指征的时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 右旋美托咪定可显著减轻婴幼儿唇腭裂修补全麻术后苏醒期躁动的发生风险,可稳定血流动力学,有利于麻醉管理。     

上颌骨形态三维测量的初步研究

目的:本研究旨在建立一套精确的三维测量上颌骨形态的方法。方法 :采用螺旋CT收集30例正常成年人上颌骨三维数据,应用SimPlant 11.04软件对数据进行重建、定点、建立三维坐标系,验证标志点可重复性、测量点到坐标平面的距离,应用SAS 6.12软件初步分析数据,采用t检验进行统计学分析。结果:35个标志点具良好的可重复性(P>0.05);获得标志点到三维坐标的平均距离、标准差;左右对称标志点的三维距离差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),居中的标志点在矢状坐标平面上(P>0.05);经用非对称率公式:Q=(G-K)/G×100%验证,均Q<10%,左右对称标志点在三维上无不对称畸形。结论:本研究建立一套应用螺旋CT及软件精确三维测量上颌骨形态的方法,为分析单侧完全性唇腭裂术后成年患者的上颌骨形态提供了方法基础。     

A comparison study of different facial soft tissue analysis methods

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluate several different facial soft tissue measurement methods.Materials and methodsAfter marking 15 landmarks in the facial area of 12 mannequin heads of different sizes and shapes, facial soft tissue measurements were performed by the following 5 methods: Direct anthropometry, Digitizer, 3D CT, 3D scanner, and DI3D system. With these measurement methods, 10 measurement values representing the facial width, height, and depth were determined twice with a one week interval by one examiner. These data were analyzed with the SPSS program.ResultsThe position created based on multi-dimensional scaling showed that direct anthropometry, 3D CT, digitizer, 3D scanner demonstrated relatively similar values, while the DI3D system showed slightly different values. All 5 methods demonstrated good accuracy and had a high coefficient of reliability (>0.92) and a low technical error (<0.9 mm). The measured value of the distance between the right and left medial canthus obtained by using the DI3D system was statistically significantly different from that obtained by using the digital caliper, digitizer and laser scanner (p < 0.05), but the other measured values were not significantly different. On evaluating the reproducibility of measurement methods, two measurement values (Ls–Li, G–Pg) obtained by using direct anthropometry, one measurement value (N′–Prn) obtained by using the digitizer, and four measurement values (En_Rt–En_Lt, Ala_Rt–Ala_Lt, Ch_Rt–Ch_Lt, Sn–Pg) obtained by using the DI3D system, were statistically significantly different. However, the mean measurement error in every measurement method was low (<0.7 mm). All measurement values obtained by using the 3D CT and 3D scanner did not show any statistically significant difference.ConclusionThe results of this study show that all 3D facial soft tissue analysis methods demonstrate favorable accuracy and reproducibility, and hence they can be used in clinical practice and research studies.     

Reproducibility of facial soft tissue landmarks on 3D laser‐scanned facial images

Authors – Toma AM, Zhurov A, Playle R, Ong E, Richmond S Background – The three‐dimensional (3D) measuring technology is useful to inspect facial shape in three planes of space (X, Y, and Z). Recent work has been directed to analyse craniofacial morphology using facial soft tissue landmarks to identify facial differences among population. The reproducibility of facial landmarks is almost necessary to ensure accurate 3D facial measurements. Objective – The aim of this study is to assess the reproducibility of facial soft tissue landmarks using laser‐scan 3D imaging technology. Subjects and Methods – Facial landmarks were assessed for 30 15½‐year‐old British‐Caucasian children (15 males and 15 females). The sample was recruited from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). The 3D facial images were acquired for each subject using two high‐resolution Konica/Minolta laser scanners. Twenty‐one facial landmarks (63 X, Y, and Z coordinates) were identified and recorded on each 3D facial image by two examiners. The reproducibility of landmarks identification at 2‐week interval was assessed for one of the examiners (intra‐examiner). In addition, the reproducibility of landmarks was assessed between the two examiners (inter‐examiner). Using Bland‐Altman plots, both intra‐ and inter‐examiner assessments had evaluated landmarks reproducibility in three dimensions for the sample divided by gender. The reproducibility of the 3D‐coordinates for each landmark was considered under three categories (< 0.5 mm, < 1 mm, and >1 mm) for both intra‐ and inter‐examiner reproducibility assessments. Results – The distribution of coordinates at the three levels of reproducibility show the following percentages: intra‐examiner: < 0.5 mm (38%), < 1 mm (51%), >1 mm (11%); inter‐examiner: < 0.5 mm (35%), < 1 mm (48%), >1 mm (17%). Generally, 10 landmarks were reproducible to less than 1 mm for both intra‐ and inter‐examiner reproducibility assessments. The Labiale Superius was the most reproducible and Palebrale Superius was the least reproducible landmark. Some landmarks showed greater reliability in certain planes of space; the Glabella was more reliable in the Z than the Y axis. Gender differences were found; Subnasale was more reproducible in the Y‐axis in males compared with females. Conclusions – The reproducibility of facial landmarks should be considered in the three planes of space. The majority of X‐Y‐Z coordinates taken to the 21 facial landmarks were reproducible to < 1 mm which is clinically acceptable. The accuracy of landmarks identification ranged from 0.39 to 1.49 mm. The reliability in identification depends on the clarity and definition of each landmark as well as gender characteristics. The different landmarks reproducibility should be considered when evaluating changes related to growth and healthcare interventions.     

青年人群正常颞下颌关节窝顶厚度CBCT测量分析

目的 获得青年人群正常颞下颌关节窝顶厚度锥形束计算机体层摄影术(CBCT)测量值,为颞下颌关节强直导航手术进行关节窝成形提供理论支持。方法 对132名青年志愿者264侧正常颞下颌关节行CBCT大视野扫描,利用图像处理软件进行三维重建后,在冠状视图和矢状视图中分别寻找并测量双侧颞下颌关节窝顶最薄处的骨质厚度,根据性别、侧别、年龄等分组进行统计学分析。结果 冠状视图中,总人群的测量值为0.940(0.748,1.311)mm,男性的测量值为1.040(0.731,1.675)mm,女性的测量值为0.883(0.753,1.199)mm;矢状视图中,总人群的测量值为0.903(0.720,1.331)mm,男性的测量值为1.073(0.755,1.585)mm,女性的测量值为0.865(0.706,1.090)mm;每个个体获得四组关节窝顶厚度测量值;四组测量值在男性和女性分组之间对比,右侧冠状视图和矢状视图中,男性关节窝顶厚度大于女性,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而左侧男性和女性关节窝顶厚度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);所有个体左右双侧测量值对比,冠状视图中左侧关节窝...     

西安青年正常牙合三维颅颌面硬组织形态分析

目的：建立西安地区青年正常三维颅颌面硬组织测量标准值。方法：选取符合个别正常标准的18岁以上西安籍青年人100名（男女各50人）拍摄 CBCT 及头颅侧位片。选取31个标志点及31个测量项目，分别用 InvivoDental 5．2软件和 Winceph 8．0软件定点测量，测量结果由 SPSS19．0统计软件处理，进行性别间以及三维和二维数据比较。结果：女性下颌垂直向发育更明显，而男性下切牙唇倾度、颅底长度、下颌支高度、下颌体长度及面宽度均明显大于女性；同二维测量值相比，除 U1-NA （mm）外，其余测量值差异均有统计学意义。结论：CBCT 三维测量定点及测量可提供比二维测量更精确形态数据。     

基于激光扫描的面部软组织三维模型准确性评估

目的 评估基于激光扫描所建立的面部软组织三维模型和软组织测量标志点的准确性.方法 在一受试者的面部进行标志点标记,直接测量各标记点间的距离,之后使用Minolta Vivid 9i三维激光扫描仪进行面部扫描合成三维图像后,应用软件测量标记点间距离,对比两种方法的差异.另选择10名成年女性,在激光扫描前预先标记左右耳屏中点为固定标志点,再选取面部其余测量标志点22个.直接测量耳屏点与测量标志点间的距离,之后测量三维成像后耳屏点与测量标志点间距离,对比两者的差异.所有数据进行配对t检验.结果 基于激光扫描所建立的面部软组织三维模型的准确度为（0.72±0.51）mm.其中水平向、垂直向和前后向的准确度分别为（0.70±0.41）mm、（0.73±0.47）mm和（0.72±0.54）mm.59％的软组织测量标志点具有较高的准确性.结论 基于激光扫描的面部软组织三维模型具有较好的准确性.     

A three-dimensional look for facial differences between males and females in a British-Caucasian sample aged 151/2 years old

BACKGROUND: Optical surface scanning accurately records the three-dimension (3D) shape of the face non-invasively. Many software programs have been developed to process and analyze the 3D data, enabling the clinicians to create average templates for groups of subjects to provide a comparison of facial shape. OBJECTIVE: Differences in facial morphology of males and females were identified using a laser scan imaging technology. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This study was undertaken on 380 British-Caucasian children aged 15 and a half year old, recruited from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). 3D facial images were obtained for each individual using two high resolution Konica/Minolta laser scanners. The scan quality was assessed and any unsuitable scans were excluded from the study. Average facial templates were created for males and females, and a registration technique was used to superimpose the facial shells of males and females so that facial differences can be quantified. RESULTS: Thirty unsuitable scans were excluded from the study. The final sample consisted of 350 subjects (166 females, 184 males). Females tend to have more prominent eyes and cheeks in relation to males with a maximum difference of 2.4 mm. Males tend to have more prominent noses and mouths with a maximum difference of 2.7 mm. About 31% of the facial shells match exactly (no difference), mainly in the forehead and chin regions of the face. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in facial morphology can be accurately quantified and visualized using 3D imaging technology. This method of facial assessment can be recommended and applied for future research studies to assess facial soft tissue changes because of growth or healthcare intervention.     

The role of the golden proportion in the evaluation of facial esthetics

Objective:To demonstrate if one or more golden relationships between different measurements of the human face exist.Materials and Methods:To make our measurements, we used three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry, which has proved to be the “gold standard” in the field of facial anthropometry. We obtained 3D stereophotogrammetric facial acquisitions of 400 healthy young adult subjects, then had them scored by an Evaluation Jury. Each subject received an esthetic evaluation ranging from 0 to 40. Individuals with a score larger than 28 were considered very attractive (VA), and individuals with a score lower than 12 were considered not attractive (NA). Fifteen subjects per group were chosen by chance, with a final total group of 60 subjects: 15 VA males, 15 NA males, 15 VA females, and 15 NA females. For each subject, a set of facial distances was obtained from the stereophotogrammetric facial reconstruction, and 10 ratios were computed. The effects of sex and attractiveness were tested by analysis of variance. Additionally, Student''s t-tests verified if the ratios were statistically different from the golden ratio.Results:For nine ratios, no significant effects of sex or attractiveness were found. Only the eye-mouth distance/height of the mandible ratio was significantly influenced by sex (P  =  .035) and attractiveness (P  =  .032). Seven out of 10 ratios were statistically different from the hypothetical value of 1.618, and only three of them were similar to the golden ratio.Conclusions:Ratios between 3D facial distances were not related to attractiveness. Most of the facial ratios were different from the golden ratio.     

Accuracy of a non-contact 3D measuring system for dental model analysis

PurposeThis study aimed to assess the accuracy of digital dental models obtained using a new non-contact 3D measuring system compared to direct measurements made on plaster models as the gold standard.MethodsThree examiners independently examined the sizes of various teeth and the intercanine and intermolar arch width on plaster casts and digital models. Each parameter was measured 10 times on each model under uniform conditions. The order of measurements was changed each time.ResultsThe means of the 10 parameters were different between the 2 methods, and the absolute differences ranged between 0.07 and 0.23 mm; some of which were statistically significant (P < 0.05). However, all these differences were less than 0.3 mm, so are not considered clinically significant. The ratios of standard deviation and coefficient of variation were larger than 1 in 7 of 10 parameters, suggesting that the reproducibility of the 3D scanner was slightly less reproducible than the direct measurements, but still clinically acceptable.ConclusionOur non-contact 3D measuring system showed high reliability on repeated measurement of study models, suggesting that the accuracy of model analysis by 3D scanner is equivalent to that of direct measurement of plaster models by digital caliper.     

Are facial expressions reproducible?

OBJECTIVES: To determine the extent of reproducibility of five facial expressions. Design: Thirty healthy Caucasian volunteers (15 males, 15 females) aged 21 to 30 years had 20 landmarks highlighted on the face with a fine eyeliner pencil. Subjects were asked to perform a sequence of five facial expressions that were captured by a three-dimensional camera system. Each expression was repeated after 15 minutes to investigate intrasession expression reproducibility. To investigate intersession expression reproducibility, each subject returned 2 weeks after the first session. A single operator identified 3-dimensional coordinate values of each landmark. A partial ordinary procrustes analysis was used to adjust for differences in head posture between similar expressions. Statistical analysis was undertaken using analysis of variance (linear mixed effects model). RESULTS: Intrasession expression reproducibility was least between cheek puffs (1.12 mm) and greatest between rest positions (0.74 mm). The reproducibility of individual landmarks was expression specific. Except for the lip purse, the reproducibility of facial expressions was not statistically different within each of the two sessions. Rest position was most reproducible, followed by lip purse, maximal smile, natural smile, and cheek puff. Subjects did not perform expressions with the same degree of symmetry on each occasion. Female subjects demonstrated significantly better reproducibility with regard to the maximal smile than males (p =.036). CONCLUSIONS: Under standardized conditions, intrasession expression reproducibility was high. Variation in expression reproducibility between sessions was minimal. The extent of reproducibility is expression specific. Differences in expression reproducibility exist between males and females.