原发性高血压血清瘦素水平变化

将76例原发性高血压患者按有无糖代谢异常及肥胖分为单纯高血压组、高血压 糖代谢异常组及高血压 肥胖组;健康体检者68例按体质量指数(BMI)分为正常对照组、单纯肥胖组.检测各组血清瘦素、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、空腹血糖(FBG)及餐后血糖(PBG)、总胆固醇、甘油三酯水平.发现高血压各亚组血清瘦素水平均高于正常对照组;直线相关分析显示,瘦素分别与BMI、SBP、DBP、FINS呈正相关;多元逐步回归分析示,瘦素与性别、FBG、FINS、SBP、BMI、WHR相关.认为原发性高血压患者血清瘦素水平明显高于正常人群,血清瘦素水平增高与高血压、胰岛素抵抗关系密切.     

哈萨克族高血压病人的血浆抵抗素

目的 分析新疆哈萨克族(哈族)HT高血压(HT)患者血浆抵抗素水平及其与胰岛素抵抗(IR)、血糖、血脂、血压及肥胖度指标的关系.方法 以新疆哈族HT患者67例及哈族健康人60例为研究对象.均测量血压、身高、体质量、腰围(WC)及臀围,抽取空腹静脉血,检测血浆抵抗素、胰岛素(FINS)、血糖(FPG)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、载脂蛋白A1(Apo-A1)、载脂蛋白B(Apo-B).计算体质量指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR)、体内脂肪百分比(BF%)、HOMA胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)等进行比较.结果 (1)HT组血浆抵抗素水平明显高于对照组(P＜0.01).(2)相关分析显示:在HT组中,抵抗素与年龄、收缩压(SBP)、WC、BMI、WHR、BF%、FPG、FINS、HOMA-IR、TG呈显著正相关;在对照组中,抵抗素与年龄、SBP、BMI、BF%、FPG、FINS、HOMA-IR、TG呈显著正相关.(3)回归分析显示:在HT组中,HOMA-IR、FPG和BMI是影响血浆抵抗素的独立因素;在对照组中,HOMA-IR、BMI和BF%是影响血浆抵抗素的独立因素.结论 哈族HT患者血浆抵抗素浓度升高,其血浆抵抗素与肥胖、血糖及IR关系密切,与血压可能存在间接关系.     

T2DM糖耐量正常一级亲属脂代谢紊乱与胰岛素抵抗

检测FDRs61例和健康对照39例的腰围（W）、臀围（H）、腰臀比（WHR）、收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、空腹血糖（FPG）、血脂、空腹胰岛素（FINS）。结果：FDRs组的FINS、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）、总胆固醇（TC）、WHR显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。多元逐步回归分析显示TG、WHR、FINS是影响FDRs的重要因素。结论：FDRs情况下,已经存在高胰岛素血症和IR,且IR与升高的FINS、中心性肥胖及TG升高密切相关。     

体脂含量与分布对胰岛素抵抗影响的相关研究

目的 研究不同体脂含量与分布对胰岛素抵抗(IR)的影响。方法 874例受试者根据体重指数(BMl)和腰臀比值(WHR)分成4组：1组(腹旗型肥胖)：BMI≥25且WHR≥0．9；2组(外周型肥胖)：BMI≥25且WHR＜0．9；3组(正常体重代谢性肥胖)：BMI＜25且WHR≥0．9；4组(正常对照)：BMI＜25且WHR＜0．9。观察指标包括血压、空腹血糖、餐后2小时血糖、血浆甘油三酯、总胆固醇、空腹胰岛素、餐后2小时胰岛素和尿微量白蛋白排泄率，并计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)。结果(1）HOMA-IR与以上多变量显著正相关，其中WHR和BMI是互相独立的两个IR危险因素，且WHR对IR的影响程度超过BMI；(2)HOMA-IR在4个组之间差异显著，从高到低依次为排列1组、3组、2组、4组。(3)决定HOMA-IR的主要变量是甘油三酯、BMI。(4)正常体重代谢性肥胖与肥胖组间比较，以上各指标比较差异均无显著性。结论 无论是脂肪组织增加或脂肪组织的中心型分布，都可引起胰岛素抵抗，其中以脂肪中心型分布的作用更加显著。     

哈萨克族高血压病人的血浆抵抗素

目的分析新疆哈萨克族(哈族)HT高血压(HT)患者血浆抵抗素水平及其与胰岛素抵抗(IR)、血糖、血脂、血压及肥胖度指标的关系。方法以新疆哈族HT患者67例及哈族健康人60例为研究对象。均测量血压、身高、体质量、腰围(WC)及臀围,抽取空腹静脉血,检测血浆抵抗素、胰岛素(FINS)、血糖(FPG)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、载脂蛋白A1(Apo-A1)、载脂蛋白B(Apo-B)。计算体质量指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR)、体内脂肪百分比(BF%)、HOMA胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)等进行比较。结果(1)HT组血浆抵抗素水平明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。(2)相关分析显示:在HT组中,抵抗素与年龄、收缩压(SBP)、WC、BMI、WHR、BF%、FPG、FINS、HOMA-IR、TG呈显著正相关;在对照组中,抵抗素与年龄、SBP、BMI、BF%、FPG、FINS、HOMA-IR、TG呈显著正相关。(3)回归分析显示:在HT组中,HOMA-IR、FPG和BMI是影响血浆抵抗素的独立因素;在对照组中,HOMA-IR、BMI和BF%是影响血浆抵抗素的独立因素。结论哈族HT患者血浆抵抗素浓度升高,其血浆抵抗素与肥胖、血糖及IR关系密切,与血压可能存在间接关系。     

2型糖尿病并发冠心病相关因素的分析

将已确诊为2型糖尿病(DM)的68例患者,根据其是否并发CHD分为2组,其中单纯DM38例,DM并发CHD30例。2组病例均了解性别、年龄、体重、病程及吸烟状况,计算体重指数(BMI),并检测血压(SBP,DBP)、血糖(FBG,PBG)、胰岛素(FINS,PINS)、糖化血红蛋白(GhbA_(1c))、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-c)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-c)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)和24h尿白蛋     

高血压与胰岛素抵抗关系的临床研究

目的探讨老年原发性高血压患者与高胰岛素血症、胰岛素抵抗(INSR)、高血脂和肥胖相关因素进行分析。方法对无糖尿病病史的老年原发性高血压患者100例,老年对照组50例的空腹血糖及餐后2 h血糖(FBG)、胰岛素(FINS)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、体重指数(BMI)、胰岛素敏感指数(ISI)和脂肪分布指数(WHR)进行对照分析对比。结果高血压组的BMI,WHR,FBG,FINS,TG水平高于对照组,ISI低于对照组。经多元分析,ISI与TG,BMI,WHR呈负相关,与HDL呈正相关。结论老年高血压患者多伴有糖代谢和脂蛋白代谢异常,胰岛素抵抗所产生的高胰岛素血症为其基本的代谢异常,这是造成高血压病并发冠心病发生的重要原因之一。     

胰岛素抵抗--遗传和环境因素致高血压的共同途径?

目的　探讨胰岛素抵抗是否是遗传和环境因素致高血压的共同途径。方法　大庆地区具有血缘关系的三代内直系亲属 2 86核心家庭成员 858人 ,年龄 1 8～ 74岁。测血压、空腹血糖 (FPG)、胰岛素 (FINS)、胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (HDL C)、纤维蛋白原。计算胰岛素敏感性(ISI) =1 / (FPG×FINS) ,胰岛素抵抗 (IR) =(FPG×FINS) / 2 2 .5。以多因素回归分析探讨遗传和环境因素对血压水平的贡献。结果　原发性高血压组无论其有无阳性高血压家族史 ,胰岛素敏感性都较差。多因素逐步回归分析结果显示 ,胰岛素敏感性是高血压伴高血压家族史者、高血压不伴高血压家族史者及正常血压不伴高血压家族史 (且其配偶血压也正常 )者血压升高最重要的因素 ,能解释平均血压 (MBP)变化的 1 7% ;而空腹血糖、总胆固醇与HDL C 3项只能解释MBP变化的 9%。在分析自变量中加入高血压家族史一项时 ,则阳性高血压家族史成了血压升高最重要的因素 ,仅此一项就可解释MBP变化的 30 % ,而胰岛素敏感性对血压水平的贡献大幅度削弱 ,仅能解释MBP的 7%。对配偶组的分析显示同样趋势。结论　胰岛素抵抗是遗传及环境因素致高血压重要的共同途径 ,遗传因素还通过胰岛素抵抗以外的途径使血压升高     

单纯肥胖症与2型糖尿病的关系

选择正常对照组、单纯肥胖症患者、2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者各300例,检测体质量指数(BMI)、腰围臀围比(WHR)、超敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)、空腹血糖(FPG)和餐后2 h血糖(2hBG)、同步胰岛素(FINS),并计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR).结果 发现,正常组FPG、2hBG、hsCRP、FFA、FINS、HOMA-IR低于肥胖组与糖尿病组;hsCRP、FFA、HOMA-IR、WHR等在肥胖组与糖尿病组无明显差异.BMI、hsCRP、FFA、WHR与FINS、HOMA-IR、FBG、2hPG呈正相关.认为hsCRP、FFA是2型糖尿病的危险因子.     

Ⅱ型糖尿病血清超敏C-反应蛋白与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的探讨血清CRP与胰岛素抵抗之间的相关性及其临床意义。方法Ⅱ型糖尿病患者122例,测定其血清超敏CRP、空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(TCH)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、尿酸(UA)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)等生化指标。并测定每个病人的血压(收缩压SBP,舒张压DBP),体重指数(BMI)。计算胰岛素抵抗(IR)和胰岛素敏感指数(ISI)。结果高CRP组SBP、DBP、TG、BMI均显著高于正常CRP组(P<0.05),而高CRP组的HDL-C则显著低于正常CRP组(P<0.01)。血清超敏C-反应蛋白与各项指标之间的相关性分析表明,糖尿病病人血清hs-CRP与DBP、BMI、FPG、FINS、TG、UAI、R均存在显著正相关(P<0.05或P<0.01),hs-CRP与HDL-CI、SI之间则存在显著负相关(P<0.05)。结论糖尿病病人血清超敏CRP与胰岛素抵抗之间存在较好的相关性,CRP在糖尿病发生及发展中起一定的作用,超敏CRP可作为Ⅱ型糖尿病的一个早期协助诊断指标。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.