部分19岁以下正常人心向量图QRS环均值分析

目的探讨不同年龄和性别的QRS环均值参数的变化规律,为应用VCG上QRS环的有关指标,诊断该组人群心脏疾患提供较准确的参考指标.方法在城市随机选择无自觉症状的1个月至19岁不同年龄和性别的正常人群1 950名进行了VCG描记,在VCG上分析QRS环最大方位、电压及总运行时间,得出不同性别及年龄的有关QRS环的均值参数. 结果性别及年龄不同,其QRS环的均值参数也不尽相同.结论在该组人群应用QRS环指标诊断心脏疾患时,最好是根据不同年龄和性别所得出的QRS环指标,从而使诊断才能较为准确.     

一个月至19岁正常人群心向量图的T环研究

目的：通过对19岁以下正常男女T环的研究，提供对心脏疾患有诊断意义的指标。方法：应用VA-GR型自动VGG随机检查城市1个月至19岁无自觉症状的人群，分析该组人群不同性别及年龄的T环方位、电压及ST向量。结果：性别和年龄不同其T环的有关参数也不尽相同。结论：本研究结果可对19岁下人群不同性别及年龄心脏疾患的诊断提供有价值的参考指标。     

山东省部分19岁以下人群心向量图监测分析

通过调查分析城市1个月至19岁正常人群T环的W/L，T／QRS，QRS—T角的均值参数，结果显示，年龄和性别不同其T环的W/L，T／QRS，QRS—T角的有关均值参数也不尽相同。因而，提示在应用VCG上T环的W/L，T／QRS，QES—T角的有关参数诊断19岁以下人群缺血性心脏疾患时，应想到不同年龄及性别对这些均值参数的影响，从而增加诊断的准确性。     

农村与城市5岁至19岁正常男女心电向量图对比研究

目的对比研究5岁至19岁生长发育期的农村人群和城市人群有关心电向量图(VCG)均值参数，了解两组人群在VCG上的相同点和不同点有利于准确诊断该组人群的心脏疾患。方法随机选择5岁至19岁无症状的农村人群和城市人群各400名，两组的年龄和性别分布完全一致．两组均进行VCG描记，并埘两组人群所测的VCG项目进行对比。结果P、QRS、T环的转向、P环最大电压及角度、T环的W／L、T／QRS的对比，两组人群无统计学上的差异性．QRS环及T环最大角度和QRS-T角的对比，两组人群虽有统计学上的差异显著性，但无明显的临床意义。P环、QRS环的总运行时间、QRS环及T环最大电压的对比，两组人群之间的差异不仅有统计学上的意义，而且也有其临床意义。结论两组人群在VCG上有些项目的不同，不能用以说明哪一组人群的心脏好与坏，只是提醒人们在应用VCG上的这些指标来诊断该组人群中的心脏疾患时，农村人群和城市人群所用的指标应是有区别和不尽相同的。     

山东省部分19岁以下正常人群VCG上的Q/R,S/R,Rx,Ry,Rz值的监测

目的对19岁以下不同年龄和性别正常人群在VCG上的Q/R,S/R值及最大R振幅在X,Y,Z轴上的投影进行研究,探讨不同年龄和性别有关这些项目均值的变化规律.方法在城市1个月至19岁正常人群中,选择经检查无心脏病者1 950名健康人群进行了VCG描记,在VCG上测量与分析Q/R,S/R比值及最大R振幅在X,Y,Z轴上的投影. 结果 Q/R值在性别上区别不明显,但在年龄上稍有所不同,男女的S/R 值在8岁前无性别上的明显区别,8岁后各年龄组男性高于女性;Rx值男性在10岁前,女性在8岁前随年龄增长而增高.男性在10岁～14岁,女性在8岁～14岁随年龄的增长而降低,男女在14岁后稳定在一定范围;在1岁内男女的Ry较小外,其余年龄组在性别和年龄上无明显的区别;Rz值各年龄组的男性均高于女性,男女各年龄组均随年龄的增长而降低. 结论该组人群的VCG各项指标在年龄和性别有所差异,因而应用这些项目监测心脏大小时,应考虑年龄和性别的差异.     

19岁以下正常人群的QRS环在不同时间的方位及电压的研究

应用心电向量图(VCG)对1个月至19岁的各年龄组正常男女的QRS环在不同时间的方位和电压进行研究，在目前国内尚未报道。为在临床工作中应用VCG诊断该组人群心脏疾病时提供有用的参考资料，为此，作者进行了这方面的研究，现报道如下。     

早期复极变异与临床

早期复极变异（early repolarization variant，ER-PV）系指外观健康和无症状人群出现ST段抬高的心电现象^[1-2]，既包括正常心电图变异，又与某些心脏疾患相关，故其临床意义、发生机制及与众多ST段抬高心电图的鉴别诊断在近年来受到关注刚。     

年龄和性别及身材对左心室质量的影响

目的临床上,常根据超声心动图测定的左心室质量,诊断心肌肥厚等与心室质量增大有关的心脏疾患。为排除某些生理因素对左心室质量的可能影响,定量地统计分析了年龄、性别、身材对左心室质量的影响。     

正常人群RR变异变动范围的分析

近年来的文献报道，用动态心电图监测心率变异性对于冠状动脉硬化性心脏病心肌梗塞的诊断、治疗和预后判断具有重要的临床意义。而大样本人群的心率变异正常范围报道甚少，我们对１０９３例不同年龄段、不同性别的正常人群进行２４ｈＲＲ变异变动范围的分析，得出正常值范围，就其意义进行简略的探讨。　　临床资料　选自１９９０～１９９５年在我所进行体检的正常人１０９３例，其中男性６５０例、女性４４３例，年龄１５～８１岁，平均（４９．７±１４．８）岁。均经过询问病史，否认心脏扩大及瓣膜病变。常规体检和心电图、超声心动图及…     

正常人心率变异性的年龄相关性（摘要）

正常人心率变异性的年龄相关性（摘要）刘芳，魏建西，李俊峡，马向荣本研究对４１例正常人心率变异（ＨＲＶ）的年龄相关性及平均心率相关性进行了分析。４１例正常人的年龄３．５～７８岁，平均３６．５岁，均无自觉症状，体检正常，常规心电图及Ｘ线胸片正常，既往无心...     

Scalar, planar, and spatial measurements of the Frank vectorcardiogram in normal infants and children

Frank-lead vectorcardiograms (VCGs) were obtained from 1222 normal infants and children. By means of the Pipberger computer system, 176 different scaler and vector measurements obtained from each VCG were correlated with height, weight, race, sex, torso length, chest circumference, and chest diameters to determine the effect of anthropometric indices on the VCG wave forms. Because 5509 tests of statistical significance were performed, correlation coefficients and tests of statistical significance are reported only with p less than 0.001. Height, weight, torso length, and chest circumference show good correlation with QT interval, but these findings are reflective of the decrease in heart rate with age. The VCG does not show consistent correlations with constitutional variables when stratified by age, sex, or race. There were six instances of VCG parameters significantly greater in black children, and four instances of VCG parameters significantly greater in white children. All racial differences, while statistically significant, are small by clinical, hand measurement standards. There were 22 VCG values in boys which exceeded those in girls and only one VCG value in girls which exceeded those in boys. In the pediatric age group, racial differences in VCG wave forms are small and clinically insignificant. The Frank-lead system adequately corrects for constitutional variables in infants and children. Adequate evaluation of pediatric VCGs requires stratification of data according to age and sex.     

The normal pediatric Frank orthogonal electrocardiogram: influence of weight, height and chest circumference

The influence of body weight, height and chest circumference on the pediatric Frank vectorcardiogram (VCG) was investigated in a population of 1317 normal infants, children and adolescents. Simple linear regression analysis showed that 94, 96 and 57 VCG variables were significantly correlated with weight, height and chest circumference, respectively. These numbers were reduced to 10, 18 and 6 VCG variables after a stepwise multiple correlation analysis. The relationship between the VCG and the somatic variables was also studied in ten different age/sex subgroups. Simple regression analysis showed a residual significant correlation between the VCG and all three somatic variables in each group. The multiple correlation analysis allowed us to define a minimum set of VCG variables, from one to six, which could explain all the variation produced by the somatic variables. The coefficient of multiple correlation between VCG and weight was the highest in babies 0 to 6 months old (R = 0.73). For height, the strongest correlation was found in females two to five years old (R = 0.76). In subjects older than two years of age, the correlation between chest circumference and VCG (R = 0.30 to 0.69) was weaker than between VCG and pediatric VCG after stratification for age and sex, especially in the youngest groups.     

Prediction of hemodynamic data in atrial septal defects of secundum type from simple and combined vectorcardiographic data

A search for simple and combined VCG data which could optimally predict right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) or shunt size was made in 50 patients with atrial septal defects of the secundum type. VCG was recorded by means of the axial lead system and a multiple regression computer program was applied. Fifty-four VCG data, age, sex, and systolic blood pressure were tested as independent predictors.Seventeen VCG data were significantly correlated with RVSP and six with flow. The best individual variable was the simple maximal negative deflection in Lead X (r = 0.64, p < 0.001). The correlations with flow were poorer, but of theoretical interest. Distinctive differences in the VCG-RVSP relationships were found in atrial septal defects compared with those in pulmonary stenosis, indicating that the increased flow sensitizes the right ventricle to the effect of pressure.Through multiple regression analysis, an equation based on four vectorcardiographic variables was derived. This equation improved the RVSP-VCG correlations significantly (p < 0.05, r = 0.80). The study confirms that vectorcardiogram is a reasonably reliable method for estimating RVSP in patients with atrial septal defects and that the use of combined VCG data may improve the method considerably.     

Vectorcardiographic evaluation of diabetic cardiomyopathy and of its contributing factors

Summary In order to investigate the prevalence of vectorcardiographic bites, expression of small areas of fibrosis, atrophy or degeneration of the myocardium, we studied, using the vectorcardiograms (VCG) of 101 diabetic patients (35 with insulin-dependent and 66 with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, aged from 25 to 60 years, without hypertension, coronary artery disease, or intraventricular conduction defects) and 228 normal control subjects, matched for age and sex. The prevalence of bites was 38.6% in diabetic patients and 10.0% in the control group (p<0.001). Diabetic patients were also subdivided into groups according to age, sex, metabolic control, risk factors for coronary heart disease, type of diabetes, duration of diabetes and diabetic microangiopathy. No correlation was found between any of the variables investigated nor of a combination of these, and the presence of bites. We conclude that VCG is a sensitive test for cardiac involvement in diabetic patients but that it cannot be used to identify any specific factor able to influence the onset and evolution of this involvement.     

Computer interpretation of Frank vectorcardiogram in normal infant: Longitudinal and cross-sectional observations from birth to 2 years of age.

The evolution of the Frank vectorcardiogram (VCG) was studied from longitudinal observations (60 normal infants) and from cross-sectional observations (231 normal infants) from birth to two years of age. Age specific normal values for the Cartesian coordinates of 14 vectors including maximal QRS-T and timed vectors in the horizontal and frontal plane were determined with both methods of analysis. In longitudinally followed infants the most significant involution of right ventricular forces occurred between the newborn period and 7-14 weeks of age. These changes included disappearance of clockwise horizontal loop rotation and a leftward shift of maximal and terminal forces as well as a rightward shift of initial vectors. Longitudinal observations were useful for prediction of the normal Frank VCG in the 7 to 14-week-old infant from values observed in the newborn period and for prediction of the horizontal loop rotation throughout infancy. Cross-sectional data showed a wider range of normal values than longitudinal data in the same 7 to 14-week-old infants, but age specific normal values were well reflected between 4 and 24 months of age from cross-sectional data.     

心电向量T环在心肌供血不足诊断时的特点

目的了解心电向量(VCG)T环变化在早期冠心病心肌供血不足时的特点、诊断价值、特异性及敏感性。方法观察102例临床诊断为冠心病的VCG T环变化特点,并对比VCG T环变化阳性检出率与同时检查的心电图(ECG)T波改变阳性检出率。结果对早期冠心病心肌供血不足的诊断,需要对VCG T环的各项异常指标综合判断。VCG的T环改变比ECG的T波改变的阳性符合率高,VCG较ECG对心肌供血不足的检出率敏感性高,有关T环的变化常常是冠心病早期特征性改变。结论 VCG的T向量环改变对早期冠心病的临床诊断有重要价值。     

The normal pediatric Frank orthogonal electrocardiogram: variations according to age and sex

Quantitative computerized analysis of QRS and ST-T parameters of the Frank orthogonal electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram was undertaken in a large series of 1317 normal infants, children and adolescents stratified according to age and sex. This study confirms the influence of these two constitutional variables, age and sex, over the normal VCG in the whole time span between birth and late adolescence. As children mature, the mid-portion of the spatial QRS loop shifts leftward and posteriorly with relatively little change in the initial and terminal vectors. The spatial T loop shifts anteriorly but at a different rate in males and in females. Unidirectional changes in many amplitude parameters are observed until age 19 in males whereas in females these changes stop earlier or even show a reverse trend around puberty, leading to more important differences between adolescent males and females. Sex-related differences are the most marked for parameters representing the repolarization process. Infants under six months of age form a distinct group with larger dispersions and more disparate variations in the values of vectorcardiographic parameters than in older children. In the newborn period larger sample size might be necessary in order to reduce the normal ranges of vectorcardiographic parameters.     

Quantitative electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic study on newly-diagnosed non-insulin-dependent diabetic and non-diabetic control subjects

Quantitative electrocardiographic (ECG) and vectorcardiographic (VCG) analysis was carried out in 113 newly diagnosed, middle-aged, non-insulin-dependent diabetics (61 men, 52 women) and 125 non-diabetic control subjects (56 men, 69 women) in order to explore changes attributable to non-coronary heart disease (diabetic cardiomyopathy) in diabetics. Diabetic men had a prolonged PQ interval and women a more negative P-terminal force and a more leftward frontal QRS axis than their non-diabetic counterparts, but no other significant differences we found between diabetic and non-diabetic subjects in various quantitative ECG and VCG variables when the effect of confounding factors (age, obesity, coronary heart disease, hypertension, drugs) was taken into account. The more negative P-terminal force and left axis deviation in diabetic women could be explained by a concomitant left ventricular hypertrophy among them. Non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes, which is commonly preceded by a long duration of asymptomatic hyperglycaemia, is not associated, early in its clinical course, with major ECG and VCG abnormalities suggestive of diabetic cardiomyopathy.