CT在创伤性急腹症的诊断价值

目的：探讨CT对非创伤性急腹症的诊断价值以及怎样合理选用CT检查，方法：回顾分析非创伤性急腹症，首选腹部CT扫描检查319例的诊断情况及相关的CT征象。结果：CT适用于不同年龄，不同性别，不同部位的非创伤性急腹症患，其诊断价值对于性别及部位无显差异，且随着年龄的增长发现疾病的阳性率越高，结论：随着CT技术的日趋完善，CT能广泛用于确定非创伤性急腹症的病因，将成为当今非创伤性急腹症影像学诊断中迅速，敏感而有效的手段。     

64层螺旋CT同像素冠状位重建在非创伤性急腹症诊断中的价值分析

目的：探讨64层螺旋CT同像素冠状位重建在非创伤性急腹症诊断中的应用价值。方法：从2009年2月～2010年6月本院以急腹症就诊的患者中选取90例非创伤性急腹症患者,分析其影像与临床资料,全部患者均行腹部平扫加增强扫描。结果：本组90例患者经CT扫描均能发现病变所在的区域,其中诊断与临床手术及病理诊断一致的87例,诊断准确率为96.7%。结论：64层螺旋CT同像素冠状位重建在非创伤性的诊断中,诊断准确率、敏感性、特异性很高,冠状位重建图像在诊断急腹症方面具有较高的辅助价值,值得临床应用。     

109例急腹症的CT初步诊断价值研究

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)在非创伤性急腹症诊断中的应用价值.方法 对109例诊断明确、临床资料完整的急腹症病例的CT图像进行回顾性分析.结果 109例急腹症患者经MSCT检查,绝大多数做出准确诊断,正确诊断率达96.3%.结论 MSCI对急腹症的诊断具有重要的临床价值,它能使急腹症患者得到及时、准确、有效的治疗,可作为急腹症患者的首选检查方法.     

多层螺旋CT在非创伤性急腹症中的诊断应用

目的探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）在非创伤性急腹症病因中的诊断应用。方法对本院2005年3月～2009年9月96例经MSCT检查的非创伤性急腹症患者的影像学表现进行了回顾性分析。结果MSCT对非创伤性急腹症诊断的准确性很高。96例患者经MSCT扫描均能发现病变所在的区域,其中查出急腹症临床病因83例,病因诊断符合率为86.5%。结论MSCT以其快速、简便、诊断的准确性高而成为急腹症最有效的影像诊断方法,它能及时提供正确的诊断。     

腹腔镜在非创伤性急腹症中的临床应用价值探讨

目的探讨腹腔镜在非创伤性急腹症诊断和治疗中的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析我院2004年3月至2011年12月386例非创伤性急腹症患者行腹腔镜探查及治疗的临床资料。结果全部患者经腹腔镜检查及病理学检查均获得明确诊断,行腹腔镜手术治疗365例,中转开腹21例,无手术并发症,术后平均住院5d。结论腹腔镜技术在急腹症中的应用具有独特优势既可以明确诊断又可同时进行治疗。治疗效果可靠,并发症少,创伤小,患者恢复快,住院时间短等优点,有推广应用价值。     

螺旋CT在常见急腹症病因诊断和处理中的价值

目的：探讨螺旋CT在常见急腹症病因诊断和处理中的价值。方法：回顾性分析经手术或临床证实的120例常见急腹症的螺旋CT征象,比较螺旋CT检查前后的诊断、治疗方案、手术符合率。结果：120例常见急腹症的病因中,急性胰腺炎20例,肠梗阻24例,消化道穿孔10例,胆系疾病15例,泌尿系结石13例,急性阑尾炎8例,妇科疾病7例,创伤性疾病23例。在CT检查前,病因诊断正确70例（58.3%）,经螺旋CT检查后病因诊断正确112例（93.3%）,经CT确诊后,使临床治疗方案发生改变25例（20.8%）。结论：螺旋CT是一种快捷、简便、有效的影像学检查方法,对常见急腹症的病因诊断具有重要价值,可提高临床正确处理急腹症的能力。     

多层螺旋CT平扫在小儿急腹症中的应用

目的探讨多层螺旋CT平扫在小儿急腹症诊断中的价值。方法对32例经多层螺旋CT平扫检查的急腹症患儿的影像学表现进行了回顾性分析与总结。结果多层螺旋CT平扫对小儿急腹症诊断的准确性很高,经多层螺旋CT平扫发现病变所在区域,其中查出急腹症临床病因28例,病因诊断符合率为87.5%。结论多层螺旋CT平扫扫描速度快,对病变的原因、部位、性质均有较直观的显示,以其快速、简便、诊断的准确性高而成为小儿急腹症最有效的影像诊断方法。     

急腹症的诊断与处理

1 急腹症的诊断 主要靠病史、体检、化验及其他辅助检查,其中病史最为重要。进行客观、科学的分析,运用鉴别诊断,加之必要的会诊,正确诊断率可达80％。1.1 病史 腹痛发作至就诊时间应以小时计算,注意以下诸点:(1)性别与年龄:不少疾病的发病率在男女比例及年龄分布上有明显差异,有助于诊断。(2)发病诱因:如暴饮暴食,突然的体位变化、腹部外伤、腹部压力的突然增加,饮食不洁等是不同急腹症的诱因。(3)病情特点:腹痛部位一般讲是病变器官     

多层螺旋CT在急腹症诊断中的临床应用研究

目的探讨多层螺旋CT对临床急腹症诊断的应用价值。方法回顾分析132例经手术或临床证实的急腹症患者的病例资料,分析各种急腹症病变平扫及动态增强影象特点,主要采用MPR技术,必要实行CPR、MIP及VRT,对图象进行二维或三维重建并与临床及病例结果进行对照,计算影象诊断的准确率。结果 132例患者中,CT正确诊断125例,总的临床符合率93.9%。其中梗阻性病变及肠穿孔的正确诊断率达100%,炎症病变、出血性病变,分别94.1%、92.3%,缺血性病变由于2例未行增强扫描致使准确率降低为66.7%。结论多层螺旋CT是临床诊断急腹症疾病十分可靠的影像学方法,对疾病的定性诊断、部位及病因诊断及指导外科手术具有较大价值,可作为急腹症患者的首选检查方法。     

螺旋CT对于急性阑尾炎的诊断价值

<正>近年来,临床治疗急腹症的过程中开始普及运用螺旋CT,进而在诊断急性阑尾炎病症的过程中提供了信息更加准确和完整的医学影像~([1])。此外,螺旋CT具有较强的特异性以及灵敏度,可以更加清晰细致地表现出阑尾炎部位的特点和结构,避免了带有创伤性的开腹检查~([2])。本次分析急性阑尾炎使用螺旋CT进行诊断的效果和价值,报告如下。1资料和方法1.1一般资料:选取本院2014年5月至2016年2     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.