新的组织工程种子细胞——内皮祖细胞

内皮祖细胞作为一种在血管领域的干细胞在组织工程中有着广阔的应用前景。内皮祖细胞取材方便，参与新生血管的形成，具有成熟内皮细胞相似的特性。因此，内皮祖细胞可能是组织工程血管、血管植入物再内皮化以及构建组织工程器官血管网络的种子细胞的理想来源。简单介绍了内皮祖细胞的来源、特性以及体外扩增技术，并对其在组织工程中应用的研究进展做一回顾。     

内皮祖细胞在血管组织工程的应用

内皮祖细胞是一群具有游走特性,能进一步增殖分化成为成熟内皮细胞的幼稚内皮细胞.内皮祖细胞参与了出生后缺血组织的血管发生和血管损伤后的修复.内皮祖细胞的发现为血管组织工程种子细胞增添了一个新来源.本文重点介绍成体内皮祖细胞的来源、鉴定、生物学特性、功能以及在血管组织工程中的应用.     

大鼠骨髓与外周血来源内皮祖细胞生物学特性比较

背景：内皮祖细胞不仅参与胚胎血管生成,也参与出生后血管发生和血管内膜损伤后修复,对治疗缺血性疾病意义重大,但目前对内皮祖细胞的分离、培养、鉴定还存在争议。 目的：体外分离、培养大鼠骨髓与外周血来源的内皮祖细胞,并比较其生物学特性。 方法：密度梯度离心法分离SD大鼠骨髓和外周血单个核细胞,接种于纤维连接蛋白铺被的培养瓶中贴壁培养,用加入血管内皮生长因子、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子及表皮生长因子的完全培养基诱导培养,对获得的贴壁细胞进行细胞形态学,免疫细胞化学染色,流式细胞仪,透射电镜,以及Dil-acLDL、FITC-UEA-1双荧光染色法检测。 结果与结论：骨髓来源的内皮祖细胞数量多,集落状生长,增殖能力强;外周血来源的内皮祖细胞数量较少,散在生长,消化后能贴壁但不能传代。两种不同来源的内皮祖细胞免疫细胞化学检测贴壁细胞CD133、CD34、Flk-1、Ⅷ因子在不同时段呈阳性表达;激光共聚焦显微镜观察,Dil-acLDL、FITC-UEA-1均为双染。透射电镜检查外周血来源的内皮祖细胞发现W-P小体。提示大鼠骨髓和外周血均能分离培养出内皮祖细胞,但前者是早期内皮祖细胞,后者为晚期内皮祖细胞,两者生物学特性各不相同。     

正常成人粒细胞集落刺激因子动员外周血内皮祖细胞的生物学特性

背景:内皮祖细胞具有很好的临床应用前景,特别是作为种子细胞参与组织工程血管构建及疾病治疗。目的:观察粒细胞集落刺激因子动员的外周血中内皮祖细胞的生物学特性。方法:获取粒细胞集落刺激因子动员正常人的外周血单个核细胞,同时获取8例正常成人外周血单个核细胞作为对照。将获取的细胞接种在预铺纤维连接蛋白的培养皿中进行体外培养。FACS和免疫组化法检测获取细胞的免疫表型;采用MTT比色法和黏附能力测定实验检测内皮祖细胞的增殖和黏附能力;实时定量PCR检测血管形成相关细胞因子的表达;荧光标记的乙酰化低密度脂蛋白(Dil-acLDL)吞噬实验鉴定内皮功能;将获取的细胞接种在含有血管内皮细胞生长因子和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的基底膜胶中诱导血管生成。结果与结论:动员后外周血和未动员外周血内皮祖细胞具有相似的细胞形态和免疫表型,FACS和免疫组化检测结果显示上述两种内皮祖细胞都表达内皮细胞特异性抗原CD34、CD31、FLK-1、ve-Cadherin、vWF和CD133。内皮细胞生长因子和基质细胞衍生因子1在动员后外周血内皮祖细胞中的表达水平增加;两种来源的内皮祖细胞都具有吞噬Dil-acLDL和在体外诱导血管生成的能力。但是,动员的外周血中内皮祖细胞的数量和增殖能力明显强于未动员外周血中的内皮祖细胞。结果可见动员后的外周血中可以分离出具有内皮祖细胞特性的细胞群体,该群体具有体外诱导血管生成的能力;与未动员的外周血内皮祖细胞相比,动员后外周血内皮祖细胞数量明显增加并具有更好的增殖能力。     

内皮祖细胞与缺血性脑血管疾病的治疗

背景：近年来大量基础研究发现,在成年机体的骨髓及外周血中均能找到内皮祖细胞,其在成体病理条件下对血管再生与新生过程起着重要作用。脑梗死发生后,在缺血部位存在着新血管形成,而此过程同样存在着内皮祖细胞的参与,内皮祖细胞的增加以及最大程度参与到新血管组织中,这些很可能是脑血管疾病治疗的一条重要途径。 目的：以文献资料分析法探讨分析内皮祖细胞的特性和作用,及其在缺血性脑血管疾病中的应用进展。 方法：检索SCI数据库、CNKI数据库2002至2011年有关内皮祖细胞与缺血性脑血管疾病治疗的相关文献,检索词为“内皮祖细胞(endothelial progenitor cells, EPCs);前体细胞(precursor cell);脑卒中(stroke);脑缺血(brain ischemia, cerebral ischemia);脑梗死(cerebral infarction,CI);缺血性脑血管病(ischemic cerebral vascuIar disease)”,以文字和图表形式进行结果的统计和计量分析,描述其分布特征。 结果与结论：内皮祖细胞是成年个体骨髓中的前体细胞,能迁移至外周血并分化为成熟血管内皮细胞,具有良好的增殖潜能,并参与血管内皮修复、缺血器官的新血管形成。根据内皮祖细胞的生物特性与作用,目前国内外研究发现内皮祖细胞能防治脑动脉粥样硬化,参与脑缺血后血管再生,预测评估脑缺血病情,以及对脑出血后具有一定的治疗作用。因此,内皮祖细胞在缺血性脑血管疾病治疗中展现出广泛的应用前景。     

内皮祖细胞与动脉瘤的发生与发展

背景：内皮祖细胞具有修复血管损伤及预测早期血管损伤程度的功能。这一生物学特性被引入到动脉瘤的研究之中,为动脉瘤的发生、发展、早期诊断及治疗提供新的思路。 目的：从内皮祖细胞的生物学特性(增殖、迁移、黏附、衰老)及其在外周循环血中的数量和内皮祖细胞用于动脉瘤的相关临床实验资料进行总结分析。 方法：以“内皮祖细胞、前体细胞、动脉瘤、干细胞”,“ endothelial progenitor cells、precursor、aneurysm、stem cell”为检索词,应用计算机检索期刊万方数据库、中国知网(CNKI)数据库及Pubmed数据库、Springer数据库,Sciencedirect数据库、Ovid数据库。排除与动脉瘤研究无关或内容重复的文献,对纳入文献做进一步分析。 结果与结论：动脉瘤患者的外周循环血中内皮祖细胞数量减少并伴有功能受损。在接受动脉瘤的相关治疗后内皮祖细胞数量上升。内皮祖细胞可早期预测动脉瘤的发生、发展和破裂,也可作为一种治疗方法去阻止动脉瘤的发生。如何将内皮祖细胞广泛的应用到临床当中去预防和防止动脉瘤的发生发展是亟待解决的问题。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程全文链接：     

糖尿病对内皮祖细胞移植促血管新生作用的影响

背景：内皮祖细胞为血管新生的前体细胞,通过促血管新生作用治疗糖尿病血管病变有着良好的前景。 目的：探讨糖尿病对内皮祖细胞移植治疗缺血性疾病过程中促血管新生作用的影响。 方法：制备糖尿病大鼠模型,提取糖尿病和正常大鼠供体骨髓单个核细胞体外定向培养为内皮祖细胞。同时建立糖尿病及正常大鼠下肢缺血模型,并于缺血病变部位局部移植糖尿病或正常大鼠内皮祖细胞或PBS进行对照。移植后定期应用ELISA方法检测病变部位血管内皮生长因子含量,应用免疫组化方法计数病变部位微血管密度。 结果与结论：①受体相同,移植物不同时：移植糖尿病大鼠来源或正常大鼠来源内皮组细胞后,下肢缺血组织中血管内皮生长因子水平及微血管密度比较,差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。②移植物相同,受体不同时：正常大鼠移植内皮祖细胞后下肢缺血组织中血管内皮细胞生长因子含量和微血管密度均高于糖尿病组。说明在体外定向培养和病变部位局部注射条件下,糖尿病对骨髓来源内皮祖细胞移植促血管新生作用无明显影响,而对血管新生所处的病变部位微环境有明显影响。     

内皮祖细胞生物学特征及其临床应用

背景：内皮祖细胞已经广泛用于研究缺血性疾病,能促进内皮再生、血管修复及组织中新生血管形成。 目的：综述内皮祖细胞生物学特征及其临床应用的研究进展。 方法：应用计算机检索1997-01/2010-12 PubMed数据库相关文章,检索词为“endothelial progenitor cells,ischemic cerebrovascular disease,early endothelial progenitor cells,late endothelial progenitor cells”,共检索到文献219篇,最终纳入符合标准的文献28篇。 结果与结论：内皮祖细胞定居于成体骨髓,现已证实胎肝、人脐血、成人外周血及骨髓中均存在,且人脐血、外周血中的内皮祖细胞均来源于骨髓。此外在心脏、血管、脂肪组织和骨骼肌等外周组织中也发现内皮祖细胞的存在。内皮祖细胞具有促进内皮再生及血管修复的功能,能促进组织中新生血管形成,在防治血管成形术后再狭窄等血管性疾病中发挥重要作用,其中晚期内皮祖细胞比早期内皮祖细胞更易形成毛细血管,在干细胞移植临床应用于缺血性脑卒中具有广泛的前景。     

CRTER杂志“软组织工程”栏目关于“组织工程皮肤”研究的组稿内容

<正>○生肌中药对组织工程皮肤移植后血管内皮生长因子的表达影响○组织工程皮肤在经皮吸收中的应用○组织工程化皮肤低温保存的研究○血管内皮祖细胞在组织工程皮肤中的构建     

干细胞分化来源血管内皮细胞研究进展

种子细胞是细胞治疗和组织工程化组织构建的基础,在缺血性疾病细胞治疗和组织工程血管构建中,内皮细胞的来源一直是亟待解决的问题之一.自体血管壁分离获得的内皮细胞由于数量少、体外培养困难、增殖能力有限.应用受到限制.随着干细胞研究的兴起,干细胞逐渐成为内皮细胞来源的研究焦点.就具有向成熟血管内皮细胞分化潜能的干细胞(内皮祖细胞,造血干细胞,骨髓基质干细胞,脂肪来源基质干细胞,胚胎干细胞)来源、分布、特点、诱导分化、动物实验或临床应用及近期相关研究予以综述,并比较各自的优缺点.为内皮细胞来源的选择提供参考.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.