金砖国家卫生外交政策及其参与全球卫生治理的经验

全球化进程使各国将全球卫生治理作为重要战略关切,作为新兴国家代表的巴西、俄罗斯、印度、中国、南非这五个金砖国家(BRICS)在全球卫生治理领域发挥着日益重要的作用。本文比较和分析了金砖国家的卫生外交政策及其参与全球卫生治理的行动,总结了金砖国家参与全球卫生治理的特点及可供中国借鉴的经验,同时提出了作为多边合作机制的金砖国家在全球卫生领域中所面临的挑战。     

全球健康领域的国际合作者分析——以在中国开展卫生合作的机构为例

在全球化背景下,健康影响因素与公共卫生治理已超越国界,而促进全球健康目标的实现需要多方协调和努力。在全球健康这一相对新兴的领域内,有越来越多的国际参与者,包括国家政府、联合国、其他国际组织、双边机构以及非国际组织、基金会等。本文主要通过查阅我国卫生合作项目的相关资料,对在中国开展合作的主要国际卫生机构及合作项目、重点合作领域进行总结,并对其特点进行比较分析,认为应完善以世界卫生组织为主导,其他国际组织、双边机构、非国际组织等为行动主体的多重治理,并提出加强顶层协调、促进非卫生领域参与卫生治理,以及建设多方沟通机制等建议,以促进国际合作者进一步参与中国全球健康领域国际合作。     

全球卫生治理机制及中国参与的建议

随着全球化的纵深发展,全球卫生逐渐取代国际卫生,成为学界关注热点.全球卫生领域存在诸多亟需解决的问题,而这些问题的解决需要良好的全球卫生治理,实现全球卫生治理的五大功能,即达成价值观念的共识、制定相应的规则、实现治理的多元化、动员和分配资金、提供领导和协调等.针对全球卫生领域的不同趋势,建议确立以世界卫生组织为中心的全球卫生治理体系、在世界卫生组织框架内实现治理的多元化以及加强全球卫生立法等.中国作为新兴经济力量,在全球卫生治理中占有重要地位,应更为活跃地参与全球卫生治理.首先,建议中国制定国家层面的全球卫生战略;其次,积极参与全球行动网络和治理平台;最后,培养全球卫生研究和实践人才.     

国际利益相关者视角下中国参与全球卫生安全治理的作用研究

卫生安全治理是全球治理的重要方面。中国参与全球性突发公共卫生事件的应对,需要明确全球卫生治理的重要国际伙伴,才能制定有针对性的合作策略,更好地实现全球卫生安全的维持与治理。文章从利益相关者的角度,运用米切尔评分法,确定了与中国参与全球卫生安全治理相关的前10个主要国际利益相关者,分析了其利益诉求、合作态度,并依据其重要性进行分类,为完善中国参与全球卫生安全治理策略提供参考。     

用SWOT分析法探讨中国公共卫生援助的优先领域

目的:探讨中国开展公共卫生援助的优先合作领域以及优势、劣势、机遇和挑战。方法:根据SWOT分析框架,以中国对外开展公共卫生援助的优先合作领域、内部的优势和劣势、外部的机遇和挑战为主题,对105名来自国家级和省市级疾控中心的专家与学者进行问卷调查。结果:“人才培养”、“疾病监测与检测”是选择人次最多的优先合作领域。“我国提出‘一带一路’倡议”和“我国在某些疾病防控领域取得了较大的成效”被认为是排在优势选项的前两项。劣势中排在前两项的分别是“援助协调机制与平台有待完善”和“全球卫生人才建设有待加强”。外部机遇分析中“全球卫生治理在国际上发展迅速”以及“开展对外公共卫生援助是展现我国大国形象的重要领域”排在机遇选项的前列。威胁分析中,“当前国际形势复杂多变”成为了最受被调查者关注的选项。结论:现阶段我国开展对外公共卫生援助应当优先考虑人才培养和疾病监测与检测,充分利用“一带一路”倡议和疾病防控经验的优势,在全球卫生发展的浪潮中积极参与对外公共卫生援助,展现大国形象,但同时应注重卫生援助协调机制与平台的完善,加强中国全球卫生人才队伍建设与储备。     

传染病问题的全球治理机制及其完善

为了应对新发传染病带来的全球卫生危机,国际社会发展和完善了现代国际卫生合作机制,初步形成了传染病的全球治理机制。由于受到全球经济发展不平衡、国际民主失衡与冲突频发、多个并存的国际组织公共卫生职能重叠、非政府组织参与全球卫生治理的有效性有待提高等因素的影响,初具雏形的传染病全球治理机制还比较粗糙,有待在传染病治理的实践中接受检验并不断完善。建议加强世界卫生组织的领导地位、增加全球卫生投入、改善全球经济治理机构、推动国际政治民主化、协调伙伴关系、明确非政府组织的法律地位、重视健康的决定因素。     

全球卫生治理面临的挑战及其应对策略

人人享有健康是一项基本人权。全球卫生治理的使命就是要在全世界范围内促进“人人享有健康”。目前,全球卫生治理面临诸多重大挑战,如治理主体众多但目标不一致导致领导权威难以确立,以国家为中心的国际体制使跨国集体行动的达成存在一定困难,各国对公共卫生事项设置的优先顺序存在分歧,全球卫生资金投入不足且分配不均,全球卫生治理严重缺乏国际协调,全球卫生治理基本框架尚未完全形成等。为了应对挑战,建议深化全球卫生改革,提高全球卫生治理的能力与效率;国际社会与各国政府必须审思与重构自身卫生法律与政策,把重点放在促进卫生公平而非提高经济竞争力上;各国政府必须重点关注民生和民权,重视非卫生领域政策与卫生政策的协调,从根本上改善健康的决定因素;增加全球卫生治理的透明度、建立新型问责制,增强世界卫生组织的权威性;在全球层面构建全球卫生治理基本框架,增强全球卫生治理的有序性。     

泰国参与全球和区域卫生安全治理的经验和启示

泰国通过参与全球和区域卫生安全治理不仅改善了本国的卫生和经济状况，而且提高了泰国在东亚地区乃至全球范围内卫生安全领域的影响力和话语权。中国和泰国同属东亚地区发展中国家，泰国参与全球和区域卫生安全治理的经验和途径对中国具有借鉴价值。本文分析泰国在宏观、中观和微观层面如何主动参与全球和区域卫生安全治理，对于提高中国在卫生安全治理领域的参与度和影响力有重要启发，同时为中国加强与联合国系统机构和东南亚国家的卫生安全合作提供案例。     

抗生素耐药性全球治理的发展历程及对中国的启示

目的:归纳总结抗生素耐药性全球治理的发展历程和每个阶段的特点,并为中国参与抗生素耐药性的全球治理提供启示。方法:采用范围综述的方法在ISI Web of Science、Pubmed、Medline等外文期刊数据库中搜索并筛选有关抗生素耐药性全球治理的相关文献,同时收集世界卫生组织、联合国、联合国粮农组织以及世界动物卫生组织等发布的相关资料。结果:抗生素耐药性全球治理的发展历程大致可分为三个阶段:以临床监测为主要策略、由发达国家主导的萌芽阶段;从卫生领域到卫生、农业、环境等多领域共同治理的快速发展阶段;多国家参与并且多领域共同治理的全面覆盖阶段。结论:全世界对于抗生素耐药性全球治理的关注度日益提升,我国应借鉴世界各国采取的有效行动,鼓励多领域协同治理抗生素耐药性问题,以更加积极主动的姿态参与全球治理,并逐步提高社会公众对抗生素耐药性的重视。     

全球卫生与医学卫生国际合作

全球卫生是国际上迅速发展的新兴学科和研究领域,其定义显示出其跨学科和多学科的特点;该学科研究范畴包括健康决定因素与卫生公平、全球卫生治理格局、卫生合作模式等热点问题。了解全球卫生研究的热点问题对我国医学与卫生界,特别是教育和研究机构应对全球卫生变化所带来的机遇与挑战,探讨新的合作模式,积极参与全球医学与卫生合作,具有指导意义     

企业职工高尿酸血症与血压、血脂、血糖的相关性研究

目的探讨企业职工高尿酸血症（HUA）与血压、血脂、血糖的相关性,为企业进行健康管理提供依据。方法以中国石油长庆油田公司各下属企业为抽样单位,整群随机抽取2个单位,每个单位中所有的HUA者作为HUA组,共720人;同时在尿酸水平正常者中随机选取620人为正常组。通过Logistic回归分析HUA与年龄、性别、血压、血脂、血糖的关系。结果HUA合并高血压、高血脂、空腹m糖受损任意一项、两项、三项的比例均远高于正常组（OR值分别为：4．036,2．562,4．174）。多因素Logistic回归发现：男性、收缩压、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇是HUA的危险因素（OR值分别为7．736,2．309,1．721,2．761,1．411）;高密度脂蛋白胆固醇为HUA的保护因素（OR值为0．211）。结论HUA存在性别差异,且与血压、血脂密切相关。企业对职工的健康管理应充分考虑多危险因素的综合作用,全面的进行健康教育及干预。     

癌缺氧病因及预防和治疗

目的 探讨癌及安阳林州市食管癌高发原因及癌病因预防和治疗措施.方法 对林州市食管癌等疾病现场进行调查,在进行10余年统计分析基础上,综合分析了全国156篇文献成果.结果 提出癌缺氧病因学说,使用制氧机、按摩器、饮用纯净水治疗恶性肿瘤,取得良好效果,改水能够大幅降低林州市居民食管癌发病率、死亡率.结论 癌可能是由于机体长...     

Recruitment and retention challenges and successes

Objective: Addressing health disparities requires well designed, culturally adapted research. However, recruiting/retaining minority participants has often been challenging. We present strategies used to successfully recruit and retain rural Hispanic women during a breastfeeding education intervention.

Design: This study involved a two-group repeated measures quasi-experimental design with assessments at seven intervals between enrollment and 6 months postpartum. Participants (Hispanic women?≥?15 years old) were recruited through a regional hospital.

Results: We successfully met our recruitment goals, most women contacted were enrolled (46 of 58), and 100% completed the study.

Discussion: Research staff with ties within the community helped establish trust. Using bilingual study materials, simple language, and an interpreter addressed language/literacy concerns. Phone assessments facilitated participation as transportation was an issue. Accommodating requests to deliver or mail study materials and providing incentives were important. Extra effort was needed to maintain contact when phone service was disrupted or participants moved. Keys to success were persistence, flexibility, and alleviating barriers to participation.     

初产妇与经产妇焦虑抑郁状态分析及干预

目的：分析初产妇、经产妇心理状态特点,以便采取更有效的干预措施。方法筛选2014年6月至2015年1月在咸阳市旬邑县妇幼保健院产科门诊产前检查的健康初产和经产妇各60名,孕周为28~40周。入组时用焦虑自评量表( SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)对两组孕妇进行心理评定,并给1次支持性心理干预(40~60分钟),1周后再次用SAS、SDS对两组孕妇进行评定分析。结果经产妇干预前SAS(50.73±3.45)、SDS(49.13±3.86)评分明显高于初产妇SAS(42.45±2.08)、SDS(41.77±2.21),差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-15.921、-12.817,均P<0.01);干预后两组SAS、SDS评分均比干预前明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为14.999、15.413;15.724、15.832,均P<0.01);干预后经产妇 SAS(38.61±5.02)、SDS(39.10±3.03)评分明显高于初产妇SAS(34.88±3.31)、SDS(32.01±4.27),差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-4.805、-10.489,均P<0.01)。结论初产妇和经产妇均伴有焦虑、抑郁情绪,干预前后经产妇抑郁、焦虑情绪均较初产妇明显,支持性心理干预能有效改善孕妇的不良情绪。     

Continuity and change in neighborhood disadvantage and adolescent depression and anxiety

We used data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study which includes a sample of adolescents of age 15 at the most recent wave (between 2014 and 2017) from mainly low-income urban families in the United States, to examine the association between neighborhood poverty entries and exits and adolescent depression and anxiety. In addition, we examined whether these associations differed by gender. Adolescents who consistently lived in disadvantaged neighborhoods had the highest level of depression and anxiety. Those who entered poor neighborhoods were more depressed than those who never lived in poor neighborhoods. Those who exited poor neighborhoods showed no significant difference in depression and anxiety compared to those never lived in poor neighborhoods. Furthermore, these associations applied to adolescent girls only and were not statistically significant for boys. The results suggest that neighborhood poverty has cumulative negative impacts on adolescent mental health and disproportionally affects adolescent girls. Reducing neighborhood poverty would substantially improve the health of adolescents, especially girls, which would reduce health disparities.     

Enabling positive change: Progress and setbacks in HIV and sexual and reproductive health and rights

At a point in history when the future of sexual and reproductive health including HIV looks particularly uncertain, it is helpful to recognise that many of the challenges currently faced are neither new nor insurmountable. Reflecting on past achievements and lessons learned helps us to have confidence that positive change is feasible. This paper reflects on some of the changes observed in countries like India and Mozambique and identifies a range of factors which need to coalesce to enable these developments, along with specific contextual factors. It is the combination of these influences rather than any one of them alone that brought about the change in the three instances described – fostering a positive political response to HIV in its early years in India; bringing about policy reform on abortion in Mozambique; and increasing contraceptive prevalence and age at marriage in some districts in Bihar, India. Change is always fragile and susceptible to setbacks, but change-seekers can learn in the process and gain renewed hope that progress can and often does take place if they persevere.     

儿童青少年超重肥胖评价方法及SPSS和SAS实现

超重肥胖已成为世界各国儿童青少年面临的重大公共卫生问题之一。现行的儿童青少年超重肥胖筛查标准不统一,逐条评价或自行编写程序容易出错且效率较低。本研究以中国学龄儿童青少年超重与肥胖筛查标准为例,详细介绍了国际和中国共四种评价儿童青少年超重肥胖的方法和步骤,结合具体案例详细介绍其应用方法,同时编制SPSS和SAS程序包和解...     

Car ownership and the association between fruit and vegetable availability and diet

Objective

Nearly all research on the food environment and diet has not accounted for car ownership — a potential key modifying factor. This study examined the modifying effect of car ownership on the relationship between neighborhood fruit and vegetable availability and intake.

Methods

Data on respondents' (n = 760) fruit and vegetable intake, car ownership, and demographics came from the 2008 New Orleans Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Shelf space data on fresh, frozen, and canned fruits and vegetables were collected in 2008 from a random sample of New Orleans stores (n = 114). Availability measures were constructed by summing the amount of fruit and vegetable shelf space in all stores within defined distances from respondent households. Regression analyses controlled for demographics and were run separately for respondents with and without a car.

Results

Fruit and vegetable availability was positively associated with intake among non-car owners. An additional 100 m of shelf space within 2 km of a residence was predictive of a half-serving/day increase in fruit and vegetable intake. Availability was not associated with intake among car owners.

Conclusions

Future research and interventions to increase neighborhood healthy food options should consider car ownership rates in their target areas as an important modifying factor.