P38信号通路调控帕金森病小鼠黑质NF-κB和iNOS的表达

目的探讨P38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（P38 MAPK）信号通路与核因子NF-κB、一氧化氮合酶（inducible nitricoxide, iNOS）
之间的关系,通过给予P38 MAPK特异性抑制剂SB203580,研究P38 MAPK信号通路在1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶
（MPTP）制备的帕金森病（PD）小鼠模型的作用机制。方法将小鼠随机分为模型组、干预组和对照组。观察小鼠行为学变化,
采用免疫组织化学和免疫蛋白印迹法观察小鼠黑质酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）、磷酸化P38（p-P38）、NF-κB和iNOS的表达变化;以及
给予SB203580后对上述变化的影响。结果与对照组相比,模型组小鼠出现典型PD症状,TH阳性神经元明显丢失、蛋白水平
下降,P38 MAPK信号通路被激活,其磷酸化产物p-P38表达明显增多,NF-κB和iNOS表达也明显增加;经SB203580干预处理
后,上述变化均减轻。结论P38 MAPK信号通路可能参与激活NF-κB、iNOS而诱导PD模型小鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元的损伤,
采用SB203580抑制P38 MAPK信号通路可对PD模型小鼠多巴胺神经元起到保护作用。
     

P38MAPK对帕金森病MPTP模型小鼠NF-κB和COX-2调控的研究

目的 探讨P38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase,P38 MAPK)、核因子NF-κB(nuclear factor kappa B)和环氧合酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)之间的关系,从而研究P38MAPK和NF-κB、COX-2在1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(MPTP)制备的帕金森病(PD)小鼠模型的作用机制,以及人参皂甙Rg1(Ginsenoside Rg1,Rg1)对P38MAPK信号通路的影响和对多巴胺神经元的保护作用.方法 将小鼠随机分为MPTP模型组、Rg1干预剂组和对照组.观察行为学,采用免疫组织化学和免疫蛋白印迹法观察小鼠黑质酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)、磷酸化P38(p-P38)、NF-κB和COX-2的表达变化;并观察给予人参皂甙Rg1后对上述变化的影响.结果 与对照组相比,模型组小鼠出现典型PD症状,TH阳性神经元明显丢失、蛋白水平下降,P38 MAPK信号通路被激活,其磷酸化产物p-P38表达明显增多,NF-κB和COX-2表达也明显增加;经人参皂甙Rg 1处理后,上述变化均减轻.结论 P38 MAPK可能通过激活NF-κB、COX-2而诱导帕金森病MPTP模型小鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元(DA)的损伤,P38 MAPK、NF-κB和COX-2在帕金森病的发病过程中可能起重要作用.同时人参皂甙Rg1可能影响P38 MAPK信号通路、NF-κB及COX-2表达而对小鼠多巴胺神经元起到保护作用.     

磷酸化 ERK1/2 对 MPTP 帕金森病模型小鼠黑质NF-κB p65表达的影响

目的研究磷酸化ERK1/2(p-ERK1/2)对1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(MPTP)所致帕金森病(PD)小鼠模型黑质NF-κB p65的表达调控作用。方法应用MPTP建立PD小鼠模型,观察小鼠行为学变化;采用免疫组织化学和免疫蛋白印迹法观察小鼠黑质抗酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)、NF-κB p65及p-ERK1/2的表达变化;并观察给予ERK特异性抑制剂U0126后对上述变化的影响。结果模型组小鼠于MPTP第3次注射后1h,黑质区p-ERK1/2阳性细胞数多于NF-κB p65阳性细胞,第5次注射后24h,NF-κB阳性细胞增多,p-ERK1/2阳性细胞减少,同时伴有TH阳性神经元丢失;给予ERK特异性抑制剂U0126后,上述变化明显减轻。结论在MPTP所致PD小鼠模型中ERK1/2信号通路可能通过调控NF-κB p65活化从而导致多巴胺能神经元变性丢失。     

核因子NF-κB对帕金森病MPTP模型小鼠黑质COX-2表达的影响

目的:研究核因子(NF-κB)在1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(MPTP)所致小鼠帕金森病(PD)模型中的影响和对环氧合酶-2(COX-2)的表达调控作用以及人参皂甙Rgl对其的影响,探讨导致多巴胺(DA)能神经元变性失活的可能机制.方法:采用MPTP制备亚急性PD小鼠模型,用免疫组织化学法和免疫蛋白印迹法观察小鼠黑质区酪氨酸羟化酶(TH),COX-2,前列腺素E2(prostaglandine2,PGE2)以及NF-κB的表达变化;并观察给予人参皂甙Rgl对上述变化的影响.结果:与对照组小鼠相比,模型组小鼠出现典型PD症状,在MPTP第5次注射后24 h,黑质区NF-κB(34.6±5.6),COX-2(28.2±5.1),PGE2(36.1±4.2)阳性细胞较对照组NF-κB(2.5±0.8),COX-2(1.0±0.3),PC-E2(3.2±0.4)阳性细胞显著增加(P<0.01),TH阳性神经元显著丢失60%(P<0.01);经人参皂甙Rgl处理后,模型组小鼠PD症状减轻,与模型组比较,黑质区NF-κB(4.9±2.1),COX-2(1.9±0.7),PGE2(4.6±0.3)阳性细胞明显减少(P<0.01),TH阳性细胞数较对照组仅下降32%.结论:核因子NF-κB在亚急性PD模型早期对黑质COX-2表达中可能起莺要调控作用;人参皂甙Rg1可能影响NF-κB及COX-2表达而对小鼠多巴胺神经元起一定保护作用.     

白藜芦醇对帕金森病大鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元损伤的保护作用

 目的 观察白藜芦醇(Res)对脂多糖（LPS）所致大鼠黑质多巴胺能（DA）神经元损伤的保护作用。方法 黑质内注射LPS制作帕金森病（PD）大鼠模型。应用Res对实验动物进行处理。通过行为学、酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）、核因子κB（NF-κB）等免疫组化及免疫印迹技术观察Res对DA能神经元损伤的作用。结果 对照组大鼠无行为学变化,PD组大鼠平均旋转圈数为（196.90±9.52）圈,Res组为（106.57±7.89）圈,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。TH免疫组化结果表明,对照组大鼠黑质TH阳性神经元数量较多,胞体较大,突起明显;PD组神经元数量明显减少（P<0.01）,甚至消失,神经元胞体萎缩,突起亦不清晰。Res组TH阳性神经元数量与PD组相比明显增加（P<0.01）,神经元形态变化亦不明显。NF-κB免疫组化结果表明,对照组黑质仅见少数NF-κB阳性细胞,无明显核转位现象;PD组黑质NF-κB阳性细胞较多,胞质呈黄褐色,部分细胞核也着色,有明显核转位现象;与PD组相比,Res组NF-κB阳性细胞数明显减少（P<0.01）。小胶质细胞特异性抗体（OX-42）免疫组化结果表明,对照组大鼠黑质小胶质细胞多呈静止的“分枝样”状态,PD组多为激活状态,呈典型的“阿米巴样”;Res组激活状态的小胶质细胞与PD组相比明显减少,形态介于静止和激活状态之间。Western blot分析结果显示,与对照组相比,PD组TH蛋白表达减少,NF-κB P65蛋白表达明显增高（P<0.01）;与PD组相比,Res组TH蛋白表达增加,NF-κB P65蛋白表达显著下降（P<0.01）。结论 Res可对LPS所致黑质DA能神经元损伤起防护作用,具有抗炎及神经保护作用。     

磷酸化ERK1/2对MPTP帕金森病模型小鼠黑质NF-κB p65表达的影响

目的 研究磷酸化ERK1/2(p-ERK1/2)对1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(MPTP)所致帕金森病(PD)小鼠模型黑质NF-κB p65的表达调控作用.方法 应用MPTP建立PD小鼠模型,观察小鼠行为学变化;采用免疫组织化学和免疫蛋白印迹法观察小鼠黑质抗酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)、NF-κB p65及p-...     

抑制p38MAPK通路对帕金森病模型小鼠黑质BAD和caspase-3表达的影响

目的 研究p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)通路对亚急性帕金森病(PD)模型小鼠中脑黑质Bcl-xl/Bcl-2死亡相关因子(BAD)和半胱氨酸蛋白酶3(easpase-3)的表达调控作用,探讨PD中脑黑质多巴胺(DA)能神经元进行性变性丢失的可能机制.方法 健康雄性C57BL/6N小鼠45只,随机分为3组,(1)1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(MPTP)模型组:腹腔注射MPTP(30 mg/kg,溶于生理盐水),1次/d,连续5 d;(2)抑制剂组:在每次MPTP注射前1h腹腔注射SB203580(10 mg/kg,溶于5mg/ml DMSO)1次/d,连续5 d;(3)对照组:注射与模型组和抑制剂组等量的生理盐水和DMSO.观察模型小鼠行为学变化,中脑黑质酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)、BAD、caspase-3和磷酸化p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p-p38MAPK)的表达变化,及给予p38MAPK通路特异性抑制剂SB203580对上述表达变化的影响.结果 模型小鼠出现典型的PD行为学症状,中脑黑质区TH阳性神经元和蛋白水平分别下降约60%和65%(P<001).p-p381APK、BAD和caspase-3阳性细胞数及蛋白水平显著增加(P<0.01);经p38MAPK特异性抑制剂SB203580处理后,PD小鼠行为学症状改善,TH阳性神经元和蛋白水平下降程度明显减轻;中脑黑质BAD、caspase-3和p-p38NAPK阳性细胞数显著减少,蛋白水平下降明显(P<0.01).结论 p38MAPK通路在亚急性PD模型小鼠黑质BAD和caspase-3表达中可能有重要调控作用,p38MAPK通路特异性抑制剂SB203580对PD小鼠具有一定的神经保护作用.     

人参皂苷Rg1对帕金森病模型小鼠黑质区FADD和FLIP表达的影响及其意义

目的：探讨人参皂苷Rg1对帕金森病（PD）模型小鼠黑质区凋亡信号蛋白Fas死亡结构域蛋白(FADD)、FADD样白细胞介素1-转化酶样抑制蛋白(FLIP)及Caspase-3表达的影响,阐明FADD和FLIP在PD发病机制中的作用及人参皂苷Rg1对多巴胺（DA）能神经元的保护作用。方法： 45只C57BL/6N小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和人参皂苷Rg1组,每组15只。模型组小鼠腹腔注射1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶（MPTP),人参皂苷Rg1组小鼠注射MPTP前先注射人参皂苷Rg1,对照组小鼠腹腔注射生理盐水。观察各组小鼠行为学变化;采用免疫组织化学法和免疫蛋白印迹法检测各组小鼠中脑黑质区酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）、FLIP、FADD及Caspase-3的表达。结果：与对照组比较,模型组小鼠出现典型PD症状,黑质区TH阳性细胞数明显减少(P<0.01),FADD、FLIP及Caspase-3阳性细胞数明显增加(P<0.01),胞浆染色深;FADD、FLIP及Caspase-3蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,人参皂苷Rg1组小鼠PD症状减轻,黑质区TH阳性细胞数明显增多(P<0.01),FADD、FLIP及Caspase-3阳性细胞数明显减少(P<0.01),胞浆染色浅;FADD、FLIP和Caspase-3蛋白表达水平降低 (P<0.01)。FADD与Caspase-3阳性细胞数呈正相关关系(r= 0.791,P< 0.05)。结论：人参皂苷Rg1可通过影响PD模型小鼠黑质区FADD和FLIP的表达对DA能神经元起到一定的保护作用。     

基于Nrf2/RAGE/NF-κB信号通路探究丙泊酚对帕金森病大鼠认知障碍的影响

目的 探讨丙泊酚对帕金森病（PD）大鼠认知障碍及核因子E2相关因子2（Nrf2）通路与糖基化终末产物受体/核因子-κB（RAGE/NF-κB）信号通路的影响。方法 腹腔注射MPTP制备PD大鼠模型。按照随机数字表法将60只SPF级雄性SD大鼠分为对照组（Control组）、模型组（PD组）、丙泊酚低、高剂量治疗组（Propofol-L组、Propofol-H组,分别用25、50 mg/kg丙泊酚腹腔注射）。Morris水迷宫实验与Y迷宫实验检测大鼠认知功能,HE染色观察脑黑质区病理变化,试剂盒检测脑黑质区氧化应激因子(SOD、CAT、MDA)、炎症因子水平（TNF-α、IL-1β）,免疫荧光染色检测脑黑质区酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）,Western blot检测RAGE、p-NF-κB p65、Nrf2、HO-1蛋白表达。结果 与Control组比较,PD组大鼠逃避潜伏期增加,目标象限滞留时间百分比、穿过目标象限的次数、自发交替率明显减少（P<0.05）,脑组织病理改变,脑黑质区MDA活性及TNF-α、IL-1β水平、RAGE、p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达水平显著增加,CAT、SOD活性及TH、Nrf2、HO-1蛋白表达水平显著降低（P<0.05）;与PD组比较,Propofol-L组与Propofol-H组大鼠逃避潜伏期减少,目标象限滞留时间百分比、穿过目标象限的次数、自发交替率明显增加（P<0.05）,脑组织病变减轻,脑黑质区MDA活性及TNF-α、IL-1β水平、RAGE、p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达显著降低,CAT、SOD活性及TH、Nrf2、HO-1蛋白表达显著升高,且呈剂量依赖性（P<0.05）。结论 丙泊酚可改善PD大鼠认知障碍,其机制可能与激活Nrf2信号通路,抑制RAGE/NF-κB信号通路有关     

丹参酮ⅡA可激活Nrf2/ARE通路对帕金森病MPTP模型小鼠多巴胺能神经元起保护作用

目的:研究Nrf2/ARE通路在1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine,MPTP)所致帕金森病(PD)动物模型发病机制中可能的作用,探讨导致多巴胺(DA)能神经元变性坏死的可能机制,以及丹参酮ⅡA对Nrf2/ARE通路的影响和对多巴胺能神经元的保护作用。方法:将60只C57BL/6N小鼠随机分为对照组、PD模型组和丹参酮ⅡA组,每组20只。PD模型组和丹参酮ⅡA组小鼠采用MPTP制备PD小鼠模型,丹参酮ⅡA组制备PD模型后腹腔注射丹参酮ⅡA。观察各组小鼠行为学表现,采用免疫组织化学、免疫蛋白印迹和免疫荧光双标法检测各组小鼠中脑黑质区酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)、核转录因子(Nrf2)、醌氧化还原酶(NQO1)和胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)阳性细胞数和蛋白表达水平。结果:与对照组比较,PD模型组小鼠出现典型的PD样症状。在MPTP最后一次注射后48小时,黑质区TH阳性神经元数量和蛋白表达水平明显下降,Nrf2、NQO1和GFAP阳性细胞数量和蛋白表达水平明显增加(P<0.01),在MPTP最后一次注射后7天,黑质区TH阳性神经元数量和蛋白表达水平较对照组减少约45%和50%(P<0.01)。与PD模型组比较,丹参酮ⅡA组小鼠PD样症状减轻,在MPTP最后一次注射后48小时,中脑黑质区Nrf2、NQO1和GFAP阳性细胞数量和蛋白表达水平进一步升高(P<0.01),在MPTP最后一次注射后7天,黑质区TH阳性神经元数量和蛋白表达水平明显升高(P<0.01)。结论:Nrf2/ARE通路在急性PD模型DA能神经元内可能被激活,其可能通过上调NQO1的表达对黑质DA能神经元起到保护作用,丹参酮ⅡA可能通过激活Nrf2/ARE通路对小鼠多巴胺能神经元起到一定保护作用。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.