异氟醚、七氟醚和地氟醚预处理对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠海马CBS/H2S、iNOS/NO和HO-1/CO的影响

目的 研究异氟醚、七氟醚和地氟醚预处理对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠海马CBS／H，S、iNOS／NO和HO-1／CO的影响，探讨吸入麻醉药脑保护作用的机制。方法30只Wistar大鼠随机分为5组（n=6）：对照组（C组）、脑缺血再灌注组（I／R组）、异氟醚组（I组）、七氟醚组（S组）和地氟醚组（D组）。采用四动脉阻断法建立大鼠全脑缺血再灌注模型。Ⅰ组、S组和D组夹闭两侧颈总动脉前分别吸入氧气＋0．65MAC的异氟醚、七氟醚和地氟醚30min，C组和I／R组吸入氧气。缺血20min，再灌注12h后处死大鼠，取海马，测定大鼠海马组织中HS、NO、CO、cAMP和cGMP含量和CBS，iNOS和HO活性以及CBS—mRNA、iNOS，mRNA和HO—1-mRNA的表达水平；电镜下观察海马线粒体的变化。结果与C组相比，I／R组海马组织CO、H2S、NO、cAMP、cGMP含量和HO、CBS、iNOS活性升高，CBS—mRNA、iNOS-mRNA和HO-1-mRNA表达升高，海马神经细胞线粒体变性率升高（P〈0．01）；与I／R组相比，Ⅰ组、D组和S组CO含量和HO活性升高，H2S、NO、cAMP含量和CBS、iNOS活性降低，CBS—mRNA和iNOS-mRNA表达降低而HO-1-mRNA表达升高，线粒体变性率降低（P〈0．05或0．01）。结论 异氟醚、七氟醚和地氟醚预处理可通过抑制CBS／142S、iNOS／NO，激活HO-1／CO，减轻了大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤。     

外源性一氧化氮对脑缺血-再灌注损伤大鼠海马气体信号分子的影响

目的 研究外源性一氧化氮(NO)对脑缺血-再灌注(I-R)损伤大鼠海马气体信号分子的影响.方法 24只Wistar大鼠随机均分为四组:脑I-R对照组(Ⅰ组),脑I-R+低浓度硝普钠(SNP)组(Ⅱ组)和脑I-R+高浓度SNP组(Ⅲ组),对照组(Ⅳ组).夹闭两侧颈总动脉制作大鼠全脑I-R模型.颈总动脉夹闭前30 min分别腹腔注射SNP 2 mg/kg(Ⅱ组)或4 mg/kg(Ⅲ组).脑缺血20 min,再灌注6 h后处死大鼠,取脑海马组织,检测硫化氢(H_2S)、NO和CO的量和胱硫醚β-合酶(CBS)、血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)活性,以及CKS mRNA、iNOS mRNA和HO-1-mRNA表达水平.结果 Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组大鼠海马中H_2S、NO和CO的含量和CBS、HO和iNOS的活性均高于Ⅳ组;CBS mRNA、iNOS mRNA和HO-1 mRNA表达增高(P<0.05或P<0.01);Ⅱ、Ⅲ组大鼠海马中的上述指标均高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 外源性NO能诱导脑I-R后大鼠海马CBS mRNA和HO-1 mRNA表达,激活CBS和HO.在脑I-R损伤过程中存在N0对CBS/H2S和HO-1/CO系统的调节.     

胱硫醚β-合酶/硫化氢和血红素氧合酶-1/一氧化碳体系在大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

目的 研究胱硫醚β-合酶（CBS）／硫化氢（H2S）体系和血红素氧合酶-1（HO-1）／一氧化碳（CO）体系在大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤中的作用。方法 30只Wistar大鼠随机分为5组（n=6）：对照组（C组）、脑缺血再灌注组（I／R组）、脑缺血再灌注＋锌原卟啉（HO-1抑制剂）组（I／R＋Z组）、脑缺血再灌注＋羟氨（CBS抑制剂）组（I／R＋H组）、脑缺血再灌注＋锌原卟啉＋羟氨组（I／R＋Z＋H组）。采用四血管阻断法建立全脑缺血再灌注损伤模型，I／R＋Z组、I／R＋H组和I／R＋Z＋H组夹闭两侧颈总动脉前30min分别腹腔注射锌原卟啉45／zmol／kg、羟氨5mmol／L、羟氨5mmol／L＋锌原卟啉45／maol／kg1ml，C、I／R组给予等量生理盐水。再灌注6h时处死大鼠，取海马，测定海马组织H2S、CO、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）、丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）水平及CBSmRNA和HO-1mRNA的表达；电镜下观察海马线粒体变性情况。结果 与C组比较，I／R组海马组织CO、H2S、CBSmRNA和HO-1mRNA、MDA水平及线粒体变性率均升高，海马组织SOD、GSH水平降低（P〈0．01）；与I／R组比较，I／R＋Z组海马组织CO、HO-1mRNA水平降低，海马组织H2S、CBSmRNA、GSH、MDA水平升高，I／R＋H组海马组织CO、HO-1mRNA、MDA水平升高，H2S、CBSmRNA、GSH水平降低；I／R＋Z＋H组海马组织CO、RS、HO-1mRNA和CBSmRNA、SOD、GSH水平降低，线粒体变性率升高（P〈0．05）。结论 CBS／H1S体系和HO-1／CO体系可拮抗大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤，其作用可相互代偿。     

内源性CO和NO在大鼠脑缺血-再灌注损伤中的作用

目的 研究血红素氧合酶-1(heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)/一氧化碳(CO)体系和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)/一氧化氮(NO)体系在大鼠脑缺血-再灌注损伤中的相互作用,探讨脑保护策略.方法 24只Wistar大鼠随机均分为四组:脑缺血-再灌注+锌原踮啉组(Z组)、脑缺血-再灌注+氨基胍组(A组)、脑缺血-再灌注组(IR组)、假手术组(C组).Z组和A组夹闭两侧颈总动脉前30 min腹腔分别注射锌原卟啉45 μmol/kg或氨基胍500 mg/kg,C组和IR组腹腔注射等量生理盐水.缺血20 min再灌注6h后处死大鼠取海马,检测大鼠海马组织中CO、NO、SOD、MDA量的变化及HO-1-mRNA和iNOS-mRNA表达水平;电镜观察海马线粒体的变化.结果 与C组相比,IR组CO、NO、MDA的含量增高,SOD降低,HO-1-mRNA和iNOS-mRNA表达增高(P<0.01),电镜观察线粒体受损.与IR组相比,Z组CO和SOD的量降低,NO、MDA的量增高,HO-1-mRNA的表达降低(P<0.01),电镜观察线粒体受损加重;A组NO、MDA的量降低,SOD的量增高,iNOS-mRNA表达降低(P<0.01),电镜观察线粒体受损减轻.结论 脑缺血-再灌注损伤过程中,iNOS/NO体系介导了神经细胞的损伤,而HO-1/CO体系具有抗损伤的作用;iNOS抑制剂在脑缺血-再灌注损伤过程中对神经细胞有保护作用.     

硫化氢联合浅低温对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的 评价硫化氢(H2S)联合浅低温对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的影响.方法 雄性SD大鼠80只,体重250～300 g,月龄3月,随机分为5组(n=16):假手术组(S组)、脑缺血再灌注组(IR组)、浅低温组(M组)、硫氢化钠组(NaHS组)和硫氢化钠+浅低温组(NM组).IR组、M组、NaHS组、和NM组采用四血管阻塞法建立大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型,缺血15 min后恢复灌注.NaHS组和NM组于再灌注即刻腹腔注射NaHS 14μmol/kg,其余组注射等容量生理盐水.同时M组和NM组于15 min内将直肠温降至32～33 ℃,并维持6 h;其余组采用白炽灯维持直肠温36～37 ℃.再灌注6 h时,各组处死12只大鼠,取海马组织,测定H2S的含量,采用Western b1ot法测定磷酸化cAMP反应原件结合蛋白(p-CREB)的表达,采用RT-PCR法测定脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)mRNA的表达.于再灌注72 h时,各组处死4只大鼠,取海马组织,观察CA1区病理学结果.结果 M组、NaHS组和NM组病理学损伤较IR组减轻,其中NM组减轻最明显.与S组比较,IR组、M组、NaHS组和NM组海马H2S含量升高(P＜0.05);与IR组和M组比较,NaHS组和NM组海马H2S含量升高(P＜0.05).与S组比较,IR组、M组、NaHS组和NM组海马p-CREB和BDNF mRNA的表达上调(P＜0.05);与IR组比较,M组、NaHS组和NM组海马p-CREB和BDNF mRNA的表达上调(P＜0.05);与NaHS组和M组比较,NM组海马p-CREB表达差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),BDNF mRNA表达上调(P＜0.05).NahS组和M组各指标比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 H2S联合浅低温可减轻大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤,其机制与上调海马p-CREB和BDNF mRNA的表达有关.     

七氟醚预先给药对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤时胱硫醚β-合酶和血红素氧合酶-1表达的影响

目的 评价七氟醚预先给药对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤时胱硫醚β-合酶(CBS)和血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)表达的影响.方法 健康成年雄性SD大鼠30只,体重180～220 g,采用随机数字表法,将大鼠随机分为3组(n=10):假手术组(S组)、缺血再灌注损伤组(I/R组)和七氟醚组(Sev组).结扎左冠状动脉前降支,缺血30 min,再灌注2h,制备心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型.Sev组于缺血前吸入七氟醚,呼气末浓度1.5％～1.7％,60 min后制备心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型.于再灌注2h时处死大鼠,取心肌组织,测定MDA含量(硫代巴比妥酸法)、SOD活性(黄嘌呤氧化酶法)、GSH含量(荧光法)、H2S含量(分光光度法)、CO含量(分光光度法)、CBS mRNA和HO-1 mRNA表达(RT-PCR法),电镜下观察心肌细胞超微结构.结果 与S组比较,I/R组和Sev组CO、H2S、MDA含量和心肌细胞线粒体变性率升高,CBS mRNA和HO-1 mRNA表达上调,SOD活性及GSH含量降低(P＜0.05);与I/R组比较,Sev组CO、H2S、MDA含量和心肌细胞线粒体变性率降低,CBS mRNA和HO-1 mRNA表达下调,SOD活性和GSH含量升高(P＜0.05).结论 七氟醚预先给药减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤的机制与下调CBS和HO-1的表达有关.     

硫化氢复合浅低温可选择性激活突触内NMDARs及其下游CREB信号通路

目的：观察硫化氢复合浅低温对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注后海马N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体（NMDARs）的亚单位NR2A、NR2B及其环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合蛋白（CREB）信号通路的影响,旨在探讨其是否存在脑复苏作用及发挥作用的潜在机制。方法：雄性SD大鼠随机分为以下五组（n=20）：假手术组（Ⅰ）、模型维（Ⅱ）、浅低温组（Ⅲ）、NaHS组（Ⅳ）,浅低温＋NaHS组（Ⅴ）。采用Pulsinelli-Brierley四血管阻塞法建立大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤模型,缺血15min,再灌注即刻Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组腹腔注射14μmol／kgNaHS。Ⅲ组和Ⅴ组行体表降温至肛温32～33℃。6h后断头取海马,分别采用分光光度计法测H2S的含量．westernblot法测NR2A、NR2B以及p-CREB的表达．RT-PCR法测BDNFmRNA的水平．每组分别职4只于再灌注72h取脑行HE染色观察CA1区锥体细胞病理改变。结果：①与Ⅰ组相比,各组海马组织H2S含量均升高（P〈0．05）;与Ⅱ组相比,Ⅲ组含量略升高（P〉0．05）,Ⅳ和Ⅴ组显著升高（P〈0．05）;②与Ⅰ组相比．各组NR2A、NR2B的灰度值均增高（P〈0．05）．且Ⅱ和Ⅲ组NR2A／NR2B〈1,Ⅳ和Ⅴ组NR2A／NR2B〉1;③与Ⅱ组相比。Ⅲ-Ⅴ组p-CREB及BDNFmRNA的表达均显著升高（P〈0．05）;④与Ⅱ组相比．Ⅲ-Ⅴ组CA1区锥体细胞损伤程度均明显减轻．尤以Ⅴ组效果昂佳。结论：硫化氢复合浅低温可通过选择性作用于突触内的NMDARs．进而激活其下游促存活CREB信号通路．从而发挥脑复苏的作用。     

硝普钠对内毒素致大鼠急性肺损伤保护作用的机制

目的 研究外源性一氧化氮（NO）供体一硝普钠对内毒索（LPS）致大鼠急性肺损伤（Au）保护作用的机制。方法 32只Wistar大鼠随机分为4组（n=8），假手术组（S组）、内毒素组（LPS组）、HO-1诱导剂氯化高铁血红素预处理组（HM组）和硝普钠治疗组（SNP组）。采用气管内滴入750μg／kg（溶于300ml生理盐水中）LPS建立大鼠ALI模型，HM组在给LPS前12h腹腔注射氯化高铁血红素40μmol／kg，SNP组将LPS与硝普钠（25μg／kg）同时滴入气管。滴人LPS后8h处死大鼠，测定肺组织湿／干重比（W／D）、丙二醛（MDA）含量、诱导型血红素加氧酶（HO-1）、诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）蛋白表达及支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）蛋白浓度，并观察肺组织病理变化。结果 与S组比较，LPS组、HM组、SNP组肺组织iNOS、HO-1蛋白表达均增强，LPS组、HM组肺组织W／D及MDA含量增加，LPS组BALF蛋白浓度增加；与LPS组比较，HM组和SNP组肺组织iNOS蛋白表达减弱，肺组织HO-1蛋白表达增强，肺组织W／D、MDA含量及BALF蛋白浓度降低（P〈0．05或0．01）。SNP及HM组肺组织病理损伤程度明显轻于LPS组。结论 硝普钠可通过诱导HO-1进而抑制iNOS／NO，减轻LPS所致ALI．     

硫化氢对大鼠海马神经元氧-糖缺失/恢复损伤的影响

目的研究硫化氢（H2S）对大鼠海马神经元氧-糖缺失/恢复损伤的影响。方法新生（24～48h内）Wistar大鼠断头,迅速取出海马,应用0．125%胰酶消化,海马神经元在96孔和6孔培养板上培养10d后随机分为5组：正常培养组（Ⅰ组）、氧-糖缺失/恢复组（Ⅱ组）、氧-糖缺失/恢复＋50μmol/L NaHS组（Ⅲ组）、氧-糖缺失/恢复＋100μmol/L NaHS组（Ⅳ组）和氧-糖缺失/恢复＋200μmol/L NaHS组（Ⅴ组）。Ⅱ组神经元进行氧-糖缺失45min后换回原来的培养液,然后放回原培养箱培养24 h,Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组在氧-糖缺失时加入NaHS,使其终浓度分别为50、100、200μmol/L,余处理同Ⅱ组,Ⅰ组按正常培养方法培养。检测96孔培养板神经元活力。鉴定6孔培养板的神经元纯度并进行细胞色素C水平、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）、丙二醛（MDA）浓度和神经元凋亡的检测。结果与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组MDA浓度、细胞色素C水平和神经元凋亡率升高,GSH浓度和神经元活力降低（P＜0．05）；与Ⅱ组比较,Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组MDA浓度、细胞色素C水平和神经元凋亡率降低,GSH浓度和神经元活力升高（P＜0．05）；与Ⅲ组比较,Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组MDA浓度、细胞色素C水平和神经元凋亡率降低,GSH浓度和神经元活力升高（P＜0．05）；与Ⅳ组比较,Ⅴ组MDA浓度、细胞色素C水平和神经元凋亡率降低,GSH浓度和神经元活力升高（P＜0．05）。结论外源性H2S可减轻大鼠海马神经元氧-糖缺失/恢复损伤,其机制可能与其提高机体的抗氧化能力、减少神经元的凋亡有关。     

外源性硫化氢在大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤中的保护作用

目的 观察不同剂量外源性硫化氢(H2S)供体硫氢化钠对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤( IRI)的保护作用.方法 健康雄性Wistar大鼠28只随机分为4组,即假手术组( Sham)、肾缺血再灌注(IR)组、硫氢化钠(NaHS)高剂量组、硫氢化钠低剂量组.大鼠右肾切除后,以NaHS作为硫化氢的供体,NaHS高、低剂量组分别经左肾动脉插管,按照1.5 μmol/min、300 nmol/min的剂量连续15 min给药,假手术组及IR组给予同体积生理盐水.停药5 min 后,NaHS组和IR组用无损伤微动脉夹夹闭左侧肾蒂45 min后解除阻断,建立大鼠急性IRI模型,假手术组不夹闭左肾动脉,其他操作同模型组.于肾脏恢复血流24h时留取血和肾组织标本,检测血清尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Scr);半定量分析肾脏病理损伤;检测肾组织H2S生成率;采用实时定量PCR法检测胱硫醚-β-合成酶(CBS)、胱硫醚-γ-裂解酶(CSE )mRNA表达.结果 与假手术组相比,IR组H2S生成率显著降低(P＜0.01);CBS、CSE mRNA表达显著下降(P＜0.01 );Scr、BUN显著升高(P＜0.01);肾脏病理表现为急性肾小管坏死,且最严重.与IR组相比,NaHS预处理组H2S生成率升高(P＜0.05);CBS、CSE mRNA表达升高(P＜0.01 );Scr、BUN降低(P＜0.01);病理损伤明显减轻.NaHS两个剂量组之间差异无统计学意义.结论 外源性H2S对大鼠IRI具有保护作用.     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Smoking-Attributable mortality in Spain in 2016

IntroductionSmoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is a valuable indicator that can be used to characterize the course and health burden of the smoking epidemic. The aim of this paper was to estimate SAM in Spain in 2016 in the population aged 35 and over, using the best available evidence.MethodsA smoking prevalence-dependent analysis based on the estimation of population-attributable fractions was performed. Smoking prevalence (never, former, and current smokers) was calculated from a combination of the Spanish Health Survey (2016) and the European Health Survey (2014); the relative risk of death among current and former smokers was taken from the follow-up of various cohorts; and mortality rates were obtained from National Center for Statistics data. SAM estimates are presented globally, and by sex, age groups, and major disease categories: cancer, cardiometabolic diseases and respiratory diseases.ResultsIn 2016, 56,124 deaths were attributed to tobacco consumption, 84% in men (47,000), and 50% in the population aged over 74 (27,795). Overall, 50% of SAM was due to cancer (28,281), 65% of which was lung cancer. One in 4 attributable deaths (13,849) occurred before the age of 65.ConclusionsOne in 7 deaths in Spain in 2016 were attributable to smoking. This estimation of SAM clearly highlights the great impact of smoking on mortality in Spain, mainly due to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.     

MicroRNAs in hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes

MicroRNAs(miRNAs or miRs) are small approximately 22 nucleotide RNA species that are believed to regulate diverse metabolic and physiological processes.In the recent past,several reports have surfaced that demonstrate the role of miRNAs in various biological processes and numerous disease states.For a disease as complex as diabetes,the emergence of miRNAs as key regulators leading to the disease phenotype has added a novel dimension to the area of diabetes research.On the other hand,the liver,a metabolic hub,contributes in a major way towards maintaining normal glucose levels in the body as it can both stimulate and inhibit hepatic glucose output.This equilibrium is frequently disturbed in diabetes and hence,the liver assumes special significance considering the correlation between altered hepatic physiology and diabetes.While the understanding of the mechanisms behind this altered hepatic behavior is not yet completely understood,recent reports on the status and role of miRNAs in the diabetic liver have further added to the complexities of the knowledge of hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes.Here,we bring together the various miRNAs that play a role in the altered hepatic behavior during diabetes.     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.