电解脱弹簧圈联合机械微弹簧圈治疗硬膜内出血性椎动脉夹层四例报道

目的 初步探讨电解脱弹簧圈联合机械微弹簧圈血管内治疗硬膜内出血性椎动脉夹层的疗效. 方法 选择日照市人民医院自2008年1月至2011年12月连续4例经DSA确诊的硬膜内出血性椎动脉夹层患者,病变均位于小脑下后动脉近端,结合影像学及临床资料评估后经血管内栓塞治疗.选用电解脱弹簧圈致密栓塞夹层段椎动脉,机械弹簧圈栓塞夹层近端椎动脉. 结果 术中未发生死亡、破裂出血及其它严重并发症,术后即刻造影检查4例椎动脉夹层均完全闭塞,随访6～36个月,未发生再出血及缺血等并发症. 结论 采用电解脱弹簧圈联合机械微弹簧圈血管内栓塞夹层段椎动脉治疗硬膜内出血性椎动脉夹层是安全、有效的,不仅有利于降低再出血率,还可降低手术费用.     

颅内动脉夹层与夹层动脉瘤的诊治探讨

目的探讨颅内动脉夹层与夹层动脉瘤的临床特点,评价血管内栓塞疗效及安全性。方法 2003年12月至2011年12月共收治67例颅内动脉夹层与夹层动脉瘤。50例采用血管内治疗,其中单纯支架置入32例,单纯微弹簧圈栓塞3例,支架辅助微弹簧圈栓塞14例,微弹簧圈加真丝线段栓塞1例;17例未行外科治疗。结果 CTA及MRA造影随访28例,DSA造影随访20例,42例病人恢复良好,1例术后3 d再次出血死亡,4例复查见椎动脉闭塞,1例遗留进食呛咳;未治疗17例中,4例住院期间又突然发生出血死亡。结论采用支架置入重建受累血管的真腔、闭塞假腔是血管内治疗颅内动脉夹层与夹层动脉瘤的主要方法。     

椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤的个体化治疗

目的 探讨椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤的个体化治疗策略.方法 分别采用微弹簧圈闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉、支架辅助微弹簧圈栓塞动脉瘤、单纯支架植入、手术直接夹闭动脉瘤,以及枕动脉-小脑后下动脉血管吻合术辅助微弹簧圈闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉等方法 治疗18例椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤患者.结果 18例患者中5例采用微弹簧圈闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉,5例行支架辅助微弹簧圈栓塞动脉瘤(3例基本致密栓塞、2例非致密栓塞),4例行单纯支架植入术(术后3例动脉瘤血流动力学改善),3例经远外侧入路手术直接夹闭动脉瘤,1例行枕动脉.小脑后下动脉血管吻合术辅助微弹簧圈闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉.其中2例术中动脉瘤破裂出血,1例死亡、1例中残;I例闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉患者,术后出现短暂性吞咽困难和偏侧肢体麻木,其余患者术后平稳.17例获得1个月至3年随访,无一例动脉瘤复发或进展.结论 用于治疗椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤的方法 有多种,选择治疗方案时需考虑动脉瘤是否破裂出血或引起脑梗死,以及动脉瘤形态(如局限性偏侧型)、是否位于优势侧、是否累及小脑后下动脉等因素,根据患者具体情况制定个体化治疗方案.     

小脑后下动脉动脉瘤的血管内治疗与手术治疗（附21例报道）

目的 探讨小脑后下动脉（PICA）动脉瘤的血管内治疗与手术治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析21例PICA动脉瘤患者的临床资料,其中近侧段11例行单纯弹簧圈栓塞1例,支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞7例,开颅夹闭术1例,行枕动脉-PICA血管吻合术1例,保守治疗1例;过渡段5例,行单纯弹簧圈栓塞2例,开颅夹闭术2例,开颅动脉瘤包裹术1例;远侧段5例,行弹簧圈闭塞载瘤动脉1例,NBCA闭塞载瘤动脉1例,Gluba胶闭塞载瘤动脉1例,开颅切除动脉瘤2例。结果 术后1周内死亡5例,其余病例随访6~36个月,其中近侧段行单纯弹簧圈栓塞的1例复发,再次行支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞,再随访24个月未见复发;远侧段开颅切除动脉瘤的1例术后出现共济失调,近侧段保守治疗的1例未见动脉瘤增大,其余13例未见复发及明显并发症。结论 确保PICA延髓支通畅是治疗PICA动脉瘤的首要前提,PICA动脉瘤的形态、位置、PICA是否为优势血管是动脉瘤治疗方法选择的主要依据,而血管内治疗与手术相辅相成是治疗PICA动脉瘤的有效途径。     

颈内动脉床突段微小动脉瘤治疗体会

目的 探讨颈内动脉床突段微小动脉瘤的治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析经临床和影像学方法确诊的18例颈内动脉床突段微小动脉瘤患者资料,其中颈内动脉-眼动脉瘤患者4例,3例行血管内治疗,1例行开颅夹闭;颈内动脉后交通动脉瘤患者10例,3例行血管内治疗,7例行开颅夹闭;颈内动脉脉络膜前动脉瘤患者3例,1例行血管内治疗,2例行开颅夹闭;1例颈内动脉分叉部动脉瘤患者行开颅夹闭.结果 1例颈内动脉-眼动脉瘤患者行弹簧圈栓塞治疗后破裂出血,死亡;1例行支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞治疗颈内动脉后交通动脉瘤患者术中破裂,疏松填塞,术后再次破裂出血,死亡;1例行单纯弹簧圈栓塞治疗颈内动脉后交通动脉瘤患者术中弹簧圈逸出,后行开颅夹闭,恢复好;其余病例预后均良好.结论 颈内动脉床突段微小动脉瘤中眼动脉瘤以支架辅助弹簧圈疏松栓塞治疗为宜,开颅夹闭是治疗颈内动脉床突上段微小动脉瘤的首选.     

小脑后下动脉远端动脉瘤破裂的血管内治疗

目的总结小脑后下动脉(posterior inferior cerebellar artery,PICA)远端动脉瘤破裂的临床特征及血管内治疗方法。方法回顾性分析11例破裂PICA远端动脉瘤病人的临床资料。术前Hunt-Hess分级:Ⅰ级1例,Ⅱ级5例,Ⅲ级4例,Ⅳ级1例。全部以单纯弹簧圈行血管内治疗。结果单纯闭塞动脉瘤7例,同时闭塞动脉瘤及载瘤动脉4例。所有病人随访1~4年,术后2年复发1例,再次行血管内治疗;术后1年载瘤动脉再通1例,但仍未见动脉瘤复发;余9例动脉瘤均栓塞完全。术后1年改良rankin评分(modified rankin scale,MRS):0分2例,1分8例,2分1例。结论对于PICA远端动脉瘤,以单纯弹簧圈闭塞动脉瘤或者同时闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉均可行、且安全,能有效预防短、中期再出血,但需定期DSA随访以防复发。     

小脑动脉远端动脉瘤的介入治疗

目的总结小脑动脉远端动脉瘤的临床和影像学特征,探讨血管内介入治疗方法的安全性及有效性。方法回顾性分析8例小脑动脉远端动脉瘤病人的临床资料,动脉瘤位于小脑上动脉(SCA)2例,小脑前下动脉(AICA)3例,小脑后下动脉(PICA)3例;其中伴小脑动静脉畸形(AVM)4例。单纯弹簧圈栓塞动脉瘤3例,弹簧圈同时闭塞动脉瘤及载瘤动脉5例;生物胶栓塞AVM 3例,伽玛刀治疗AVM 1例。结果动脉瘤均达到完全栓塞,术后出现小脑梗死2例。出院时改良Rankin评分:0分2例,1分5例,2分1例。随访2~40个月,均无动脉瘤再次出血、复发及死亡病例。结论小脑动脉远端动脉瘤血管内介入治疗安全可行,能有效预防短、中期再出血,但需定期血管造影随访以防止复发。     

颅内动脉瘤的介入栓塞治疗及随访

目的 总结血管内介入治疗颅内动脉瘤治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析149例颅内动脉瘤病人的临床资料,均行DSA检查,发现动脉瘤155个.采用单纯弹簧圈栓塞138例,支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞11例.结果 动脉瘤腔完全闭塞139个,95％闭塞7个,90％闭塞5个,80％闭塞4个.术中动脉瘤破裂出血2例.术后疗效:优102例,良35例,差7例,死亡5例.106例随访3～50个月,仅遗留轻度神经功能障碍9例.结论 血管内栓塞是治疗颅内动脉瘤的一种微创、安全、有效的方法.     

后循环动脉瘤的血管内介入治疗

目的探讨后循环动脉瘤血管内介入治疗的临床应用。方法 14例后循环动脉瘤患者Hunt&Hess分级分为Ⅱ级11例,Ⅲ级2例,Ⅳ级1例;数字减影血管造影(DSA)显示椎动脉瘤2例,小脑后下动脉远端动脉瘤5例,基底动脉尖动脉瘤2例,基底动脉末端动脉瘤1例,小脑前下动脉瘤2例,大脑后动脉瘤2例。入组者均给予血管内介入治疗,其中7例囊性动脉瘤采用单纯弹簧圈栓塞术,5例采用Onxy胶载瘤动脉局部栓塞术,分别有1例应用支架辅助微弹簧圈栓塞术及支架塑形术。结果术后DSA显示动脉瘤完全栓塞10例,近全栓塞3例。1例支架塑形术后梭形膨出明显好转。格拉斯哥预后量表评分为5分12例,3分1例,2分1例。随访3个月～5年,8例恢复正常,1例左侧偏瘫,1例死亡,4例失访。结论颅内后循环动脉瘤多为复杂动脉瘤,个体化血管内介入治疗是安全、有效的方法。     

远侧大脑前动脉动脉瘤的血管内栓塞治疗

目的探讨远侧大脑前动脉动脉瘤的临床与影像学特征及其血管内栓塞治疗的安全性与疗效。方法回顾性分析29例远侧大脑前动脉动脉瘤的血管内治疗经验。采用载瘤动脉闭塞3例,支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞2例,单纯瘤内弹簧圈栓塞23例,单纯弹簧圈治疗失败后改行开颅手术1例。结果28例血管内栓塞治疗获得成功。25例采用弹簧圈瘤内填塞病人中,致密栓塞22例（88．0％）．大部栓塞2例（8．0％）,部分栓塞1例（4．0％）。术后死亡2例（6．9％）,重残2例（6．9％）,轻残2例（6．9％）,余病人恢复良好。采用DSA随访14例,MRA随访5例;显示复发2例（10．5％）,其中1例为术后3年发生再出血病例,行再次栓塞治疗。结论血管内栓塞治疗远侧大脑前动脉动脉瘤安全有效,但具有一定的复发率,需长期密切随访。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.