哮喘患儿细胞内IL-4 IFN-γ和血清IgE 测定及临床意义

目的 研究哮喘患儿细胞内ＩＬ－４，ＩＦＮ－γ表达率，ＩＬ－４ ／ＩＦＮ－γ比值及血清ＩｇＥ水平的变化。方法 用流式细胞术分别对哮喘发作期和缓解期患儿进行ＩＬ－４，ＩＦＮ－γ检测，同时用酶联免疫法测定血清中ＩｇＥ含量。结果 细胞内ＩＬ－４表达率，ＩＬ－４／ＩＦＮ－γ比值在发作期明显高于缓解期。两组比较分别为ｔ＝２．１２，５．１６。Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１。而发作期ＩＮＦ－γ表达率则低于缓解期，两组比较ｔ＝５．１６，Ｐ＜０．０１。经直线相关分析显示发作期哮喘患儿ＩＬ－４，ＩＬ－４／ＩＦＮ－γ比值与ＩｇＥ呈正相关（ｒ＝０．９０６４，０．８９５０，均Ｐ＜０．０１）。而ＩＦＮ－γ与ＩｇＥ呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．７８５，ｔ＝６．０７７，Ｐ＜０．０１＝。结论 ＩＬ－４升高，ＩＦＮ－γ降低，ＩＬ－４／ＩＦＮ－γ比值失衡是哮喘发病的重要因素，ＩｇＥ水平与哮喘的发作密切相关。     

毛细支气管炎患儿外周血单个核细胞产生IL-4、IL-6和IL-10水平研究

采用ＥＬＩＳＡ法测定２０例毛细支气管炎（毛支）患儿外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣｓ）产生Ｔｈ２类细胞因子水平。结果表明，毛支组ＩＬ－４、ＩＬ－６和ＩＬ－１０水平明显高于正常对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１，０．０１，０．０５），即Ｔｈ２类细胞因子水平增高。提示毛支患儿可能存在与哮喘相似的免疫功能异常，即Ｔｈ亚群功能失衡，并与发病密切相关。     

支气管哮喘患儿T淋巴细胞及细胞因子的变化

为观察儿童支气管哮喘时Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群分布以及Ｔ细胞活化相关因子及受体的表达状况，应用放射免疫分析等技术，对３４例发作期、２５例缓解期支气管哮喘患儿和１５例正常对照的外周血Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群、血浆及淋巴细胞膜表面白细胞介素－２受体（ＩＬ－２Ｒ）和相关细胞因子等水平进行系统检测。结果：（１）发作期患儿外周血Ｔ细胞亚群ＣＤ３，ＣＤ４及ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８值与缓解期患儿及正常对照比较差异无显著意义，但发作期ＣＤ８高于正常对照（Ｐ＜０．０１）和缓解组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；（２）发作期患儿血浆可溶性ＩＬ－２Ｒ、（ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ）、ＩｇＥ水平明显高于缓解期患儿和正常对照（Ｐ＜０．０１）；（３）免疫电镜观察显示，发作期患儿淋巴细胞膜表面ＩＬ－２Ｒ表达高于正常对照（Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示：（１）哮喘患儿外周Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群的分布发生了变化，哮喘发作期Ｔ淋巴细胞处于激活状态；（２）血浆ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ、ＩｇＥ水平与哮喘病情变化密切相关，可作为临床哮喘病情监测的指标。     

干扰素白介素4在小儿肺炎支原体肺炎合胞病毒性肺炎发病中的作用

目的：探讨干扰素（ＩＦＮ－γ）、白介素４（ＩＬ－４）在小儿肺炎支原体、合胞病毒性肺炎发病中的作用。方法：采用酶联免疫吸附法对４０例肺炎支原体肺炎以及３５例呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎患儿血清γ干扰素（ＩＦＮ－γ）和白细胞介素４（ＩＬ－４）进行检测，并与２０例正常儿童对照。结果：支原体肺炎患儿血清ＩＦＮ－γ和ＩＬ－４水平明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１＝，且二者呈显著的正相关（ｒ１＝０．９５８，Ｐ１＜０．０１＝， ＩＬ－４明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；且二者间呈显著的负相关（ｒ２＝－０．７２９６，Ｐ２＜０．０１）． 结论：细胞免疫紊乱以及免疫损伤在这二种感染的发病机制中起了一定的作用。     

新生儿感染性疾病白细胞介素2受体和IgG_4水平的测定

应用三抗体和双抗体夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ法，测住院新生儿感染性疾病和对照组各２０例的血清可溶性白细胞介素２受体（ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ）和血清、唾液ＩｇＧ_４水平。结果患儿组ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ为３０７±３６ｋＵ／Ｌ，对照组为１９８±３２ｋＵ／Ｌ（Ｐ＜０．０５）；患儿组血清ＩｇＧ_４为３９．２±６．５ｍｇ／Ｌ，对照组为１８．２±２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ（Ｐ＜０．０１）；患儿组唾液ＩｇＧ_４为０．１６７＋０．０３６ｍｇ／Ｌ，对照组０．０５５±０．０１４ｍｇ／Ｌ（Ｐ＜０．０１），患儿组三项指标均高于对照组。提示新生儿时期对感染有一定的免疫反应能力。     

人疱疹病毒6型感染对细胞免疫功能的影响

为探讨人疱疹病毒６型（ＨＨＶ－６）对细胞免疫功能的影响，采用淋巴细胞增殖实验、定量逆转录－聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）进行了研究。结果ＨＨＶ－６感染可明显抑制植物血凝（ＰＨＡ）诱导的淋巴细胞增殖反应（ＰＨＡ＋ＨＨＶ组与ＰＨＡ组相比，Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ显示，ＨＨＶ－６诱导单核／巨噬细胞表达内源性白细胞介素（ＩＬ－１０）、ＩＬ－１２及Ｂ７ｍＲＮＡ，尤以ＩＬ－１０表达为著。用抗人ＩＬ－１０单克隆抗体阻断ＨＨＶ－６诱导的ＩＬ－１０产生，ＨＨＶ－６感染所抑制的淋巴细胞增殖反应被明显逆转（ＰＨＡ组与ＰＨＡ＋ＨＨＶ－６＋抗人ＩＬ－１０单克隆抗体组相比，Ｐ＞０．０５），ＩＬ－１２和Ｂ７基因表达也明显增加（ＨＨＶ－６组与ＨＨＶ－６＋抗人ＩＬ－１０单克隆抗体组相比，Ｐ值分别＜０．０１和＜０．０５）。提示，ＨＨＶ－６导致的细胞免疫功能紊乱，可能与其诱导的内源性ＩＬ－１０抑制单核／巨噬细胞表达ＩＬ－１２和Ｂ７基因有关。     

高危哮喘儿血清中IL-4、IFN-γ及总IgE的测定及其临床意义

为了解高危哮喘儿体内免疫失衡情况采用双抗夹心酶联免疫吸附试验（ＥＬＩＳＡ）酶联免疫分析法及微粒子酶标免疫分析法（ＭＥＬＡ）检测５０例高危哮喘儿血清中ＩＬ－４、ＩＦＮ－γ和剖ＩｇＥ的水平，并进行了相关性研究。结果：高危哮喘儿血清中ＩＬ－４和ＩｇＥ明显高于健康对照组（ｔ＝５．７００７、７．２１１１，Ｐ均〈０．００１），而ＩＦＮ－γ比值分别与血清ＩｇＥ含量呈高度正相关（ｒ分别为０．９０６４、０．７１３９     

哮喘患儿白细胞介素2,6的检测及其意义

采用克隆化小鼠细胞毒性Ｔ淋巴细胞系（ＣＴＬＬ）及ＥＢ病毒转化的Ｂ淋巴母细胞样细胞株（ＣＥＳＳ）生物学活性法，分别测定了正常儿及哮喘患儿外周血淋巴细胞产生白细胞介素２，６（ＩＬ－２，６）的水平，以及其他多项免疫学指标，并在动物模型上进行验证，以探讨ＩＬ－２，６在哮喘免疫发病机理中的作用。结果表明：轻中症哮喘患儿ＩＬ－２，６的活性水平高于对照组（ＩＬ－２：２１２８８±６１８１；１６１５２±３４１１，Ｐ＜０．０５；ＩＬ－６：１７３．１８±５０．７８；１２０．５３±３５．０９，Ｐ＜０．０１），而哮喘持续状态时显著低于对照组（ＩＬ－２：１００５２±４０１５，Ｐ＜０．０１；ＩＬ－６：６６．８２±１１．１８，Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示ＩＬ－２，６可能是哮喘气道高反应性的重要介质，在哮喘的免疫发病机制中占有重要地位。     

毛细支气管炎后反复喘息的免疫机理研究

为了解毛细支气管炎（毛支）后反复喘息患儿的细胞因子分泌水平,采用ＥＬＩＳ列毛支随访外因单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）培养上清液中细胞因子及血清ＩｇＥ含量。结果表明：（１０反复喘息组中特应症阳性率（７３．３％）明显高于非喘息组（２５．０％,Ｐ〈０．０５）;（２）与非喘息组比较,喘息组ＩＮＦ－γ水平降低,而ＩＬ０４、ＩＬ－１０,ＩｇＥ水平增高（Ｐ均〈０．０５）;（３）喘息组ＩＬ－４／ＩＦＮ－γ比值及ＩＬ０１     

哮喘豚鼠血红素氧合酶-1与内源性一氧化碳的相关性

目的　探讨血红素氧合酶１（ＨＯ１） 和内源性一氧化碳（ＣＯ） 在哮喘发病机制中的作用及相互关系。方法　利用哮喘豚鼠模型及药物预防,用分光光度法检测豚鼠血一氧化碳血红蛋白（ＣＯＨｂ） 和血清及肺组织匀浆上清液ＨＯ１ 活性水平,放射免疫竞争抑制法检测血浆ｃＧＭＰ。结果　哮喘组全血ＣＯＨｂ （９．２ ±１．４） ％ ;ＨＯ１ 活性：血清（１１３．３±１７．７） ｎｍｏｌ／（Ｌ·ｈ）、肺组织（５５．５±５．６） ｎｍｏｌ／（ｍｇ·ｈ） ;血清ｃＧＭＰ（１．５９ ±０．３０） ｐｍｏｌ／ｍｇ,分别与地塞米松预防组和正常组比较差异有非常显著意义（ｔ＝ １１．５１ ～２２．４７,Ｐ＜ ０．０１）。地塞米松预防组与正常组比较,差异亦有非常显著意义（ 除ｃＧＭＰ外,Ｐ＜０．０１） 。血清与肺组织的ＨＯ１ 活性水平呈正相关,且分别与血ＣＯＨｂ 和ｃＧＭＰ 含量亦呈正相关（ｒ＝０．８６～０．９７, Ｐ＜０．０１） 。结论　哮喘时豚鼠体内ＨＯ１ 活性、内源性ＣＯ 和ｃＧＭＰ水平同时升高,三者在哮喘发病机制中具有重要的作用和必然的联系。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

�¶�֢��ϵ�ϰ���ע��ȱ�ݶද�ϰ������ڵ�ת��

孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.