Effect of experimental scotoma size and shape on the binocular and monocular pattern visual evoked potential

A small experimental, central scotoma significantly attenuates the human pattern visual evoked potential. The steady-state pattern visual evoked potential was recorded from seven visually normal adults who viewed a reversing checkerboard with 24 checks and a central scotoma that varied in size and shape. We found that square scotomas had to be at least 3 × 3° to significantly (p < 0.05) attenuate the pattern visual evoked potential. Receptor density has been shown to be greater along the horizontal meridian than the vertical meridian. We hypothesized that this results in greater cortical representation of the horizontal meridian than the vertical meridian and, therefore, the pattern visual evoked potential might be significantly attenuated by a smaller rectangular scotoma oriented along the horizontal meridian than along the vertical meridian. One dimension of the rectangular scotoma was fixed at either 1° or 3°, while the other dimension was varied from 1° to 8°. The threshold scotoma size that significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated the pattern visual evoked potential was a horizontal scotoma subtending 1 × 4° and a vertical scotoma subtending 5 × 1° (vertical × horizontal). Meridional differences in cortical representation were not apparent to the larger scotoma series in which the fixed dimension subtended 3° (3 × 2° and 2 × 3°). Further analysis of the data revealed that the apparent meridional difference for the 1° scotoma series was a function of data variability. The determinant of the PVEP amplitude was scotoma area, not orientation. Monocular and binocular threshold scotoma sizes were the same, which could be due to the level of binocular summation demonstrated by our subjects.     

铅接触工人图形视诱发电位改变的研究

目的 探讨视诱发电位检查对慢性铅中毒早期诊断的意义。方法 观察33例(66眼)铅接触工人图形视诱发电位改变特征,与30例(60眼)非铅接触工人的图形视诱发电位检测结果对比,并进行心理物理学检查分析。结果 铅接触工人与非铅接触工人之间图形视诱发电位的差异有显著性(P<0.01),表现为N_(75),P_(100),N_(145)潜伏期延长。多因素相关逐步回归分析结果表明,P_(100)潜伏期延长与铅接触工人尿中δ-氨基-γ酮戊酸呈显著正相关。结论 铅接触可致祝诱发电位的改变,图形视诱发电位可作为铅对视神经功能损害程度的非损伤筛选方法,也可作为铅中毒早期诊断的参考工具。     

扫描图形视觉诱发电位在视觉发育期儿童中的应用

背景 扫描图形视觉诱发电位(SPVEP)作为一种客观视功能检测技术,可被用于婴幼儿及合作度较差的成年人的客观视力测定.已有研究显示,振幅-视角对数( A-LogVA)回归方法可提高SPVEP推算视力的准确性. 目的 研究SPVEP在视觉发育期儿童中的应用,并比较两种不同的视力推断方法,即振幅-空间频率(A-SP)回归方法和A-LogVA回归方法在儿童,尤其是弱视儿童客观视力评估中的有效性和准确性.方法 选取3～12岁各种原因所致弱视儿童26例26眼为弱视组,同时选取与弱视组儿童年龄相匹配的正常儿童31人为正常组.检测其最佳矫正LogMAR视力,并使用视觉电生理仪检测SPVEP,选用0.99～12.89 cpd的10个不同空间频率正弦调制水平光栅连续刺激视网膜,结果经离散傅里叶分析后采用A-SP回归方法和A-LogVA回归方法计算SPVEP视力,对检测结果行相关性分析. 结果 在正常组,由A-SP回归方法和A-LogVA回归方法计算所得的SPVEP视力与LogMAR视力的相关系数分别为0.600 (P＜0.01)和0.733(P＜0.01),均数差异有统计学意义(F=113.173,P＜0.01).由A-SP回归方法所测得的SPVEP视力(A-SP视力)与LogMAR视力均数差值的绝对值为0.40±0.02,由A-LogVA回归方法所测得的SPVEP视力(A-LogVA视力)与LogMAR视力均数差值的绝对值为0.26±0.02,A-SP视力与A-LogVA视力均数差值的绝对值为0.14±0.02.在弱视组,由A-SP回归方法和A-LogVA回归方法计算所得的SPVEP视力与LogMAR视力的相关系数分别为0.134(P=0.515)和0.456(P＜0.05),均数差异有统计学意义(F=3.433,P＜0.05).A-SP视力与LogMAR视力均数差值的绝对值为0.07±0.05,A-LogVA视力与LogMAR视力均数差值的绝对值为0.12±0.05,A-SP视力与A-LogVA视力均数差值的绝对值为0.05±0.01.在不同视力段,SPVEP视力存在高估或低估现象. 结论 SPVEP可对正常视力及弱视儿童的客观视力进行评估,且A-LogVA回归方法推断所得客观视力更为准确.     

PVEP在屈光参差性弱视和急性球后视神经炎鉴别诊断中的应用

目的：分析同年龄段屈光参差性弱视和急性球后视神经炎的图形视觉诱发电位（ PVEP）的P100波特征,为诊断弱视和急性球后视神经炎的鉴别提供依据。方法回顾性研究对2013年1月到2015年2月到我院门诊的弱视、急性球后视神经炎和正视眼,对三组PVEP的幅值和峰时进行两两比较。结果 PVEP检查发现：（1）弱视在1°空间频率时幅值（12．82±6．03）μV、峰时为（101．81±5．24） ms;在15′空间频率时幅值（10．31±3．51）μV、峰时为（113．13±5．99）ms。（2）急性球后视神经炎在1°空间频率时幅值（7．63±3．74）μV、峰时为（119．93±15.62）ms;在15′空间频率时幅值（6．19±4．18）μV、峰时为（125．00±11．75）ms。（3）正视眼在1°空间频率时幅值（11．36±2．05）μV、峰时为（97．71±3．77）ms;在15′空间频率时幅值（14．17±3．09）μV、峰时为（104．43±3．50） ms。弱视在1°空间频率时,P100波幅值和峰时同正常眼比较,差异无统计学意义,余各组两两比较差异均有统计学意义（ P ＜0．05）。结论 PVEP的P100波有助于鉴别屈光参差性弱视和急性球后视神经炎：屈光参差性弱视的的P100波幅值降低和峰时延迟主要表现在15′空间频率;急性球后视神经炎的P100波在1°和15′时,均有幅值降低和峰时延迟,且较弱视更严重。     

The pattern visual evoked potential

The peak latency of the pattern-reversal visual evoked potential is a sensitive measure of conduction delay in the optic nerve caused by demyelination. Despite its clinical utility, the pattern-reversal visual evoked potential has not previously been used in multicenter clinical trials, presumably because of difficulty in standardizing conditions between centers. To establish whether the pattern-reversal visual evoked potential could be adequately standardized for use as a measure in multicenter therapeutic trials for optic neuropathy or multiple sclerosis, stimulus and recording variables were equated at four centers and pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials were recorded from 64 normal subjects and 15 patients with resolved optic neuritis. Results showed equivalent latency and amplitude data from all centers, suggesting that stimulus and recording variables can be satisfactorily standardized for multicenter clinical trials. N70 and P100 peak latencies and N70-P100 interocular amplitude difference were sensitive measures of resolved optic neuritis.Abbreviations ANOVA analysis of variance - ON optic neuritis     

弱视患儿双眼视功能训练前后双眼总和VEP反应的变化

目的探讨双眼视功能训练在弱视治疗中的作用。方法对综合治疗后双眼视力≥0.6的69例双眼视功障碍患儿进行双眼视功能训练,并对其中27例患儿作双眼总和VEP反应检测。结果双眼视功能训练后,患儿的弱视眼基本痊愈率、立体视锐度正常率、双眼总和VEP反应结果均明显提高,与训练前有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论双眼总和VEP反应检测能够反映弱视眼双眼视功能的作用。     

A comparison of multifocal and conventional visual evoked potential techniques in patients with optic neuritis/multiple sclerosis

Purpose To compare conventional visual evoked potential (cVEP) and multifocal visual evoked potential (mfVEP) methods in patients with optic neuritis/multiple sclerosis (ON/MS). Methods mfVEPs and cVEPs were obtained from eyes of the 19 patients with multiple sclerosis confirmed on MRI scans, and from eyes of 40 normal controls. For the mfVEP, the display was a pattern-reversal dartboard array, 48 degrees in diameter, which contained 60 sectors. Monocular cVEPs were obtained using a checkerboard stimulus with check sizes of 15' and 60'. For the cVEP, the latency of P100 for both check sizes were measured, while for the mfVEP, the mean latency, percent of locations with abnormal latency, and clusters of contiguous abnormal locations were obtained. Results For a specificity of 95%, the mfVEP(interocular cluster criterion) showed the highest sensitivity (89.5%) of the 5 monocular or interocular tests. Similarly, when a combined monocular/interocular criterion was employed, the mfVEP(cluster criterion) had the highest sensitivity (94.7%)/specificity (90%), missing only one patient. The combined monocular/interocular cVEP(60') test had a sensitivity (84.2%)/specificity (90%), missing 3 patients, 2 more than did the monocular/interocular mfVEP(cluster) test. Conclusion As the cVEP is more readily available and currently a shorter test, it should be used to screen patients for ON/MS with mfVEP testing added when the cVEP test is negative and the damage is local.     

Comparative effects of luminance and scatter on the pattern visual evoked potential and eye-hand reaction time

We investigated the effect of reduced luminance and increased scatter on the pattern visual evoked potential and eye-hand reaction time evoked to a check size of 0.5° in 10 normal subjects. Data analysis indicated that a reduction in luminance as well as an increase in scatter caused a statistically significant increase in the peak time of the pattern visual evoked potential P₁₀₀ wave. The reaction time, however, was not significantly affected by the initial 0.9-log unit attenuation of the stimulus luminance or the 0.3 scatter filter. Further attenuation of luminance or increase of scatter also yielded statistically significant increases. Our results suggest that the reaction time is less affected by a reduction in luminance or an increase in scatter of a 0.5° stimulus than the pattern visual evoked potential is and therefore represents a more reliable test to assess visual function, especially in the presence of medial opacities, which are known to reduce luminance and produce scatter.     

图形视觉诱发电位最佳刺激模式的探讨

目的 在各种刺激模式的视觉诱发电位记录中,寻找一种能获取最大反应的刺激参数的组合。方法 记录5例正常人10眼不同时间频率、不同棋盘格大小和不同颜色光刺激的瞬态及稳态P-VEP,分析比较不同刺激方式组合的P100波幅值及峰潜时,找出所有组合中获得波幅值最大,峰潜时最接近100ms的一组。结果 瞬态记录,时间频率为2Hz、棋盘格大小16×12、刺激颜色为黑-白转换时所获得的P100波幅值最大,并且峰潜时最接近100ms。稳态记录时,时间频率8.5Hz、棋盘格大小16×12、刺激颜色为黑-白转换时P100波幅值最高,而时间频率8.5Hz、棋盘格大小32×24、刺激颜色为黑-白转换时峰潜时最接近100ms。结论 瞬态P-VEP记录时,时间频率2Hz、棋盘格大小16×12、刺激颜色为黑-白转换为最佳刺激模式的组合。因记录稳态P-VEP时,主要的临床指标为其P波幅值。因此,时间频率8.5Hz、棋盘格大小16×12、刺激颜色为黑-白转换为最佳刺激模式的组合。     

白内障手术前后波前像差和电生理的分析

目的 探讨波前像差和电生理对白内障患者视觉质量评估的临床意义.方法 选取46～ 84岁的年龄相关性白内障22例(30眼).术前矫正视力为0.5 ～0.8,行晶状体超声乳化+可折叠球面IOL植入术.利用Allegretto波前像差仪及Roland图形电生理测试仪在术前及术后1个月测试,评价其像差和电生理的变化,用SPSS 13.0软件对数据进行统计学分析.结果 术后波前像差第4阶像差总体均方根较术前降低(t =4.479,P＜0.01),总体高阶像差均方根也较术前降低(t=5.267,P＜0.01).术后图形视觉诱发电位PVEP 60’方格检查P100潜伏时间较术前缩短(t=3.323,P＜0.01),15’方格检查P100潜伏时间也较术前缩短(t=2.567,P＜0.05).结论 波前像差和图形视觉诱发电位可以客观评估未熟期年龄相关性白内障患者手术前后的视觉质量.     

共同性斜视矫正术后双眼总和图形视觉诱发电位的对比分析

目的：通过分析共同性斜视矫正手术前后双眼总和图形视觉诱发电位的变化,探讨共同性斜视手术时机及其在斜视性弱视治疗中的作用。 方法：回顾性分析18岁以内在院接受共同性斜视矫正术治疗,且术后斜视矫正正位（斜视度≤±10△）的病历资料67例。按手术前斜视类型、接受手术时年龄、弱视程度分组,对各组术前、术后1,3 mo分别进行双眼总和P-VEP检测。结果以双眼反应/单眼反应（ B/M）比值作为评价指标。 结果：所有病例术后1 mo B/M值均升高,差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0.01）。其中（1）内斜视组术后3mo的B/M值升高较外斜视组明显（P〈0.05）;（2）≤6岁组,术后3mo B/M值升高较〉12岁组明显（P〈0.05）。（3）重度弱视组术后1mo的B/M值升高较轻度弱视组明显（P〈0.05）;术后3mo,重度弱视组B/M值升高较轻度、中度弱视组明显（P〈0.01）。 结论：经过弱视治疗后视力仍难以提高的共同性斜视患者建议6岁前行斜视矫正手术,特别是重度弱视及内斜视患儿（调节性内斜视除外）。早期手术有利于弱视的进一步治疗及双眼视功能的恢复。     

Optic nerve functions and visual evoked potential after acute optic neuritis

目的:比较视神经炎患者和正常人的视神经功能与视觉诱发电位.方法:本研究为2011年9月至2013年2月在马来西亚大学眼科医院进行的横断面研究.研究包含在检查前3mo至2y间发生特发性神经炎一次的视神经炎患者20例和10例正常人.眼科检查包括视力、色觉、视觉灵敏度、视野和视觉诱发电位.独立t检验用于比较视神经炎组与对照组视神经功能和VEP参数的差异.在参数非正态分布时,Mann-Whitney试验用于比较两组间的中位数.结果:视神经炎组的平均年龄为30.8岁.在视神经炎发作至评估期间的平均持续时间为6.6个月.视神经炎组视力较差,平均LogMAR值(0.52)明显高于对照组(P=0.001).色觉下降,视神经炎组的平均值为63%(P=0.001).视神经炎患者的对比敏感度在四个空间频率上均有所下降 [3CPD(P=0.029),6CPD(P=0.026),12CPD(P=0.002)、18CPD(P=0.006)].视神经炎组的视野下降有统计学意义(P<0.001).与对照组相比,视神经炎组的VEP P100潜伏期有轻微延长.但使用棋盘格模式1或2时,VEP潜伏期的差异不显著.视神经炎患者的VEP振幅较高,但两组差异无统计学意义.结论:视神经炎急性发作,平均6mo后视神经功能(即视力、色觉、对比敏感度和视野)显著下降.视神经炎组和对照组的VEP振幅和潜伏期无显著差异.VEP可能不是理想的诊断视神经炎既往发作史的试验,尽管VEP参数在浮动后趋于正常.     

视觉诱发电位在视神经病变诊断中的作用

目的 探讨视觉诱发电位在初诊为视神经炎的急性视力下降患者病因诊断中的应用价值。设计 回顾性病例系 列。研究对象 66例(115眼)初诊为视神经炎的急性视力下降患者。方法 比较66例不同病因急性视力下降患者的图形翻转 视觉诱发电位(P-VEP)异常。主要指标 视觉诱发电位P100潜伏期和振幅。结果 P-VEP在特发性脱髓鞘性视神经炎 (IDON)、其他类型视神经炎、缺血性视神经病和压迫性视神经病中异常率分别为89．7％、93．7％、100．0％和60．0％;颅内疾病导 致的视盘水肿、心因性视力下降和原田氏病未发现VEP异常。P-VEP潜伏期延长在IDON、其他类型视神经炎、缺血性视神经病 分别为64．1％、62．5％和16．7％。P-VEP振幅下降在该三组则分别为30．7％、68．7％和83．3％。IDON组P-VEP潜伏期(152．0ms± 18．5ms)与其他类型视神经炎组(136．0ms±20．2ms)相比有显著性差异(t=3．603,P=0．01)。结论 P-VEP有助于急性视力下降 患者的病因诊断,并对鉴别不同病因的视神经病变有一定帮助。     

视觉诱发电位对多发性硬化的诊断价值

目的 探讨视觉诱发电位(VEP)对多发性硬化(MS)的诊断价值。方法 将148例MS患者分为临床确诊型(80例)、临床拟诊型(42例)和临床可能型(26例)三组,用模式翻转视觉诱发电位(PRVEP)进行检查。结果 各临床类型MS的P_(100)潜伏期均较对照组显著延长(P<0.01)。各临床类型的VEP异常率分别为80.0％、52.4％和42.3％。有视神经炎病史和视神经萎缩的患者,其VEP异常率显著高于无视神经受累者(P<0.01)。随着病程的延长,VEP异常率有升高的趋势,但未见二者间有显著相关性。VEP异常以P_(100)潜伏期延长和两眼间P_(100)潜伏期不对称性异常多见,分别占44.3％和45.6％。结论 VEP作为一种电生理检查可客观地反映MS患者视觉通路病变所致的电生理变化,为早期发现临床下病灶提供依据,对MS的早期诊断具有重要意义。     

Normalisation of visual evoked potentials after optic neuritis

Normalisation of the visual evoked potential (VEP) in patients with optic neuritis (ON) appears to be a rare phenomenon. However, although several workers have indicated that it can happen, they have not followed up with subsequent VEP tests to confirm how long the VEP latency of the affected eye remains in the normal range. To resolve this, 18 patients with a clinical diagnosis of acute unilateral ON were followed for 5 years with repeated VEP tests to determine if the latency of the P₂ wave from affected eye could return to the normal range. Furthermore, in cases where the latency returned to normal, the length of time that it remained so was also assessed. The normal range for the latency of the P₂ wave was determined by measuring VEPs from a group of 18 healthy control subjects with a similar age distribution to the patients. This established an upper limit of 115.9 ms. At presentation the mean P₂ latency of the affected eyes of the patients was 140 ms with a standard deviation of 16 ms. In general, the VEP latencies remained constant over the period of the investigation. However two patients demonstrated a return to normal latencies but this was only temporary. Their latencies become prolonged again within 2 years. These results provide evidence that the delayed P₂ latency observed in patients with ON can return to the normal range in a small percentage of cases. However, this improvement may spontaneously deteriorate once more as a result of further episodes of subacute demyelination.     

Incremental binocular amplitude of the pattern visual evoked potential during the first five months of life: electrophysiological evidence of the development of binocularity

The amplitude of the pattern visual evoked potential (VEP) of a binocular stimulus has been shown to be generally larger than the VEP obtained monocularly. There is evidence that this effect can be considered an electrophysiological index of fusion.To study how binocular vision develops in infancy we evaluated the incremental binocular amplitude (IBA) in three infants in a longitudinal investigation during the first five months of life. The stimuli were phase-alternating square-wave gratings with spatial and temporal parameters chosen to be appropriate for neonates. IBA was defined as the percentage increment of the largest binocular response compared with the monocular response. In the first two months of life IBA values were near zero, that is, no summation occurred. Between the second and third month IBA values rose markedly and after the third month its value was greater than 100%, demonstrating binocular facilitation. Thus in the first two months of life the eyes do not seem to cooperate as in adults. By the second and third month the binocular pattern VEP reflects an increasing binocular interaction. Other studies of the development of stereopsis have also found evidence of binocularity at similar ages.     

弱视儿童双眼总和视觉诱发电位变化的研究

目的探讨弱视儿童双眼视功能及总和图形视觉诱发电位（P-VEP）反应的特点,评估总和P-VEP反应对双眼视觉功能检测的意义。方法选取80名正常儿童和在南昌大学附属第二医院儿童眼科确诊的远视性弱视儿童151例,进行双眼总和P-VEP检查,分析总和P-VEP反应的特点。正常儿童与弱视儿童的人口基线学特征经统计学分析差异无统计学意义。P-VEP检查方法和刺激条件的选择参照吴乐正等的方法,记录电极的放置按照视觉电生理国际标准化的要求。视力检查采用国际标准视力表,双眼视觉功能检查采用Titmus立体图、同视机三级画片。P-VEP检测结果以双眼反应/单眼反应（B/M）比值作为评价指标。结果弱视组儿童总和P-VEP反应低于正常对照组（t=10.75,P〈0.01）;不同程度弱视组的B/M值随弱视的严重程度明显减低（F=10.93,P〈0.01）;无同时视者总和P-VEP与有同时视者比较,差异有统计学意义（t=7.835,P〈0.01）。结论总和P-VEP反应作为一种客观指标,可以反映弱视儿童的双眼视功能状况,对其双眼视功能的评价具有一定的价值。     

两种回归方法推算扫描视觉诱发电位客观推断视力的比较

背景扫描视觉诱发电位（SVEP）是一种客观视力的检测方法,虽然SVEP客观推断视力与主观视力之间存在着明显的相关性,但是两者之间并不完全吻合。研究显示,改进SVEP客观推断视力的推算方法可以提高推断视力的准确性。目的研究SVEP客观推断视力两种推算方法,即振幅-空间频率（A—SP）回归方法与振幅一视角对数（A-logVA）回归方法在客观视力评估中的准确性,探讨影响SVEP客观推断视力准确性的因素。方法对64例具有不同视力的113眼进行SVEP检测、主观小数视力和LogMAR视力检测,分别计算A—SP回归方法推算出的小数视力和LogMAR视力及A．10gVA回归方法推算出的小数视力和LogMAR视力,并对检测结果行相关性分析。使用重庆国特公司GT-2000n型视觉电生理仪检测SVEP,选用0．99～12．89cpd的10个空间频率水平正弦光栅连续刺激视网膜,经离散傅里叶分析获得A—SP回归曲线和A—logVA回归曲线,并将相关直线外推至0振幅处,获得SVEP客观推断视力。结果在小数视力评价系统中,A—SP回归方法和A-logVA回归方法推算出的回归线相关指数分别为0．663和0．705,主观小数视力与由A-SP回归方法推算所得的小数视力间呈正相关（r=0．620,P〈0．01）,主观小数视力与由A—logVA回归方法推算所得的小数视力间呈正相关（r=0．540,P〈0．01）。SP小数视力与VA小数视力间差异有统计学意义（Z=-8．688,P〈0．01）;在LogMAR视力评价系统中,A-SP回归方法和A—logVA回归方法推算出的回归线相关指数分别为0．733和0．715,主观LogMAR视力与由A-SP回归方法推算所得的LogMAR视力间呈正相关（r=0．710,P〈0．01）,主观LogMAR视力与由A-logVA回归方法推算所得的LogMAR视力间呈正相关（r=0．700,P〈0．01）。两种推算方法获得的LogMAR视力间差异有统计学意义（Z=-8．748,P〈0．01）。不同性别、眼别、病种以及年龄段中VALogMAR视力测试值的偏差差异均无统计学意义（χ2=2．171,P=0．338;χ2=0．976,P=0．614;χ2=6．032,P=0．420;χ2=14．720,P=0．257）。结论SVEP是检测客观视力较为有效的方法。但SVEP变异较大,就目前检测技术的稳定性与准确性而言,A—logVA回归方法推算出的客观视力较A—SP回归方法准确。     

正常儿童彩色图形视觉诱发电位的研究

目的　检测正常儿童彩色图形视觉诱发电位 (CP VEP)的特征 ,以探讨其正常参考值及CP VEP方法学特点。方法　用计算机软件技术 ,PR 65 0分光测色计严格控制亮度和颜色因素 ,采用保留颜色对比、降低亮度对比的方法 ,设置了黑 白、灰 白、红 白、绿 白、红 灰、绿 灰、红 绿七种棋盘格视觉刺激条件 ,对 45例 (90眼 )正常儿童进行CP VEP检测。结果　 (1)正常儿童七种刺激条件下均能记录到稳定的NPN复合波 ,左、右眼P1波潜伏期和振幅比较无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。 (2 )亮度对比联合色觉对比的三种刺激 ,按红 白格、灰 白格、绿 白格顺序 :P1波潜伏期依次为 110 4± 3 9ms、 111 8± 4 8ms、 111 7± 4 2ms ,差异无显著性 ,P1波振幅的比较无统计学差异。(3 )单纯色觉对比的三种刺激 ,按红 灰格、红 绿格、绿 灰格顺序P1波潜伏期依次为 116 1± 5 4ms、119 0± 9 2ms、 13 2 5± 14 9ms ,绿 灰格比红 绿和红 灰格分别延长 12 6ms和 16 4ms ,差异有显著性 ,红 绿格与红 灰格比较无统计学差异 ,P1波振幅的比较无统计学差异。结论　我们的研究将为临床提供正常参考值及方法学参考     

Pattern electroretinogram,visual evoked potential and psychophysical functions in maculopathy

To compare pattern electroretinograms and visual evoked potentials with psychophysical examinations, such as visual acuity, static (automated) perimetry and color vision in unilateral maculopathies of various origins, 20 patients with unilateral retinal diseases within the macula and the posterior pole were tested. Pattern electroretinography, visual evoked potential testing and static perimetry (Octopus program M1) were performed with three different test field sizes (20° × 20°, 10° × 10° and 6° × 6°). The best correlation in all three test field sizes was found between visual acuity, static perimetry and visual evoked potential. This result is surprising, since central area defined functions (visual evoked potentials, visual acuity) correlated well with a total area integrating function (mean defect in static perimetry). The pattern electroretinogram, which seems to reflect an area-related function as well, showed a correlation to static perimetry only in the smaller 10° × 10° and 6° × 6° fields and not a significant correlation in the 20° × 20° field. Smaller stimulation fields may therefore produce sharper results in pattern electroretinographic testing. There was no correlation between pattern electroretinograms and visual evoked potentials or visual acuity. The pattern electroretinogram was recorded under monocular and binocular viewing conditions. In 60% of the patients, the amplitude of the affected eye was more reduced in the monocular than the binocular viewing condition; the healthy fellow eye controlled stable fixation of the affected eye more readily during binocular pattern electroretinogram registration. The degree of the color vision disturbance (C-index, desaturated panel D-15 test) did not correlate to any of the other examinations.Abbreviations C-index confusion index - MAR minimal angle of resolution - RCT retino-cortical time