短期应用单克隆抗体CD3预防肾移植术后早期排斥反应

①目的探讨短期应用单克隆抗体CD3(OKT3)预防肾移植术后早期严重排斥反应的效果和安全性.②方法对照组35例肾移植病人术后常规应用甲基泼尼松龙、环磷酰胺、泼尼松、骁悉和环孢霉素A;实验组33例在上述用药基础上,术后前5d连续应用OKT3 5mg静脉注射.③结果实验组除1例肾小管坏死的病人因发生急性排斥反应、自发性移植肾破裂而切除肾脏,无其他严重并发症.对照组2例发生加速排斥反应,应用OKT3后1例加速排斥反应逆转,1例死亡;4例发生急性排斥反应,应用OKT3后全部逆转.两组排斥反应发生率比较差异有显著性(χ2=4.725,P<0.05).④结论肾移植术后短期应用OKT3能有效地预防早期严重排斥反应,而未引起严重并发症.     

早期移植肾失功后短期内再次肾移植的经验

目的 总结早期移植肾失功后再次肾移植的经验.方法 对23例符合观察标准的病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析.观察标准:初次移植肾1个月内失功,失功后1个月内行再次肾移植.结果 23例患者中22例成功,1例移植术后因合并严重肺部感染经治疗无效后死亡.急性排斥反应5例,4例治疗后逆转.移植肾功能延迟恢复3例,经血液透析过渡后肾功能恢复.术后随访1～5年,血肌酐平均(112.5±20.7)?mol/L(72～168?mol/L).结论 短期内再次肾移植是早期移植肾失功的最佳处理方式.合理应用免疫抑制剂,强调HLA-DR位点的相配程度,高PRA受者选择避开存在致敏抗体的供肾,是再次肾移植成功的关键.     

小剂量OKT3联合他克莫司治疗肾移植术后急性排斥反应的临床观察

目的　探讨小剂量抗CD3+单克隆抗体(OKT3)联合他克莫司(FK506)治疗肾移植术后早期急性排斥反应(AR)的临床疗效。　方法　以28例肾移植早期并发AR患者为研究对象,AR诊断确立后应用小剂量OKT3联合FK506治疗(OKT3~5mg/d,连用3~7d;FK506 0. 1 ~0. 12mg·kg-1·d-1 )。回顾性分析AR的治愈率、血清肌酐(SCr)的恢复时间及全血CD3+细胞百分比的变化,评价该治疗方法的疗效及安全性。　结果　AR治愈率为92. 9% ( 26 /28 );SCr恢复正常的平均时间为6. 9±3. 2d,全血CD3+细胞百分比平均下降27. 8% ±19. 9%;并发移植肾破裂3例,真菌感染2例。　结论　小剂量OKT3联合FK506治疗肾移植术后早期急性排斥反应有较好的临床疗效,肾功能恢复时间短,安全性好。其对人/肾长期存活的影响还需进一步观察。     

糖皮质激素在肾移植术后重症肺炎中的应用

目的对糖皮质激素在治疗肾移植术后重症肺炎中的作用进行经验分享。方法收集该移植中心2012年1月‐2015年6月肾移植术后发生重症肺部感染的30个案例。将其分为A、B两组,其中A组20例,治疗方案为停用免疫抑制剂,应用抗细菌、抗病毒及抗真菌联合抗感染治疗方案;B组10例在A组治疗方案的基础上加用糖皮质激素,静脉应用甲泼尼龙,起始量为每天5 mg/kg,以后每天按总量递减40 mg。结果 A组2例死亡(10%);3例肾移植失功(15%),恢复血液透析治疗;6例治疗过程中应用呼吸机辅助呼吸治疗(30%)。B组1例死亡(10%);1例肾移植失功(10%),恢复血液透析治疗;2例治疗过程中应用呼吸机辅助呼吸治疗(20%)。两组患者死亡率比较差别无统计学意义(P0.05);纠正低氧血症避免应用呼吸机及降低排斥反应方面B组低于A组(P0.05)。结论肾移植术后重症肺炎中适量应用糖皮质激素能减轻患者的临床症状,减少炎性渗出,改善肺功能,同时减少因停用免疫抑制剂诱发的排斥反应,避免移植肾失功,但对降低死亡率无明显作用。     

肾移植术后病人应用抗CD3单克隆抗体的观察与护理

肾移植术后出现排斥反应是导致移植肾功能丧失的主要原因,早期是否出现急性排斥反应更是移植肾长期存活的关键.2006年2月～2007年2月,我科应用抗CD3单克隆抗体(OKT3)预防和治疗肾移植术后早期的排斥反应,取得了较好的临床效果.现将护理体会报告如下.     

移植肾自发性破裂的护理

目的：提高移植肾自发性破裂的护理水平。方法：总结我院同种异体肾移植发生移植肾自发性破裂的病例，分析其病因及护理要点。结果：自1986～2002年12月共行同种异体肾移植1100例，其中发生移植肾自发性破裂30例，占2．8％。经及时手术抗排斥治疗，严密的观察及护理，24例保留，6例切除，全部康复出院。结论：早期诊治急性排斥反应是预防移植肾自发性破裂的重点，及时发现生命体征、尿量、移植肾情况的变化是关键。     

肾移植术后早期少尿的护理

肾移植术后尿量多少是肾移植成功与否的直观指标 ,临床上常根据每小时尿量初步判断移植肾功能。我院1995年 1月～ 2 0 0 2年 12月行肾移植术2 4 2例 ,其中术后少尿 5 5例 ,现将术后少尿患者的护理体会报道如下。1　临床资料本组 5 5例中男 35例 ,女 2 0例 ;年龄 2 4～ 5 8岁。肾移植术后发生超急性排斥反应 (HAR) 2例 ,均于 36h内切肾 ;加速性排斥 (ACR) 3例 ,经激素、抗CD3单克隆抗体 (OKT3 )、抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)等治疗后未逆转 ,均切肾 ;急性排斥反应 (AR) 2 8例 ,经激素、OKT3 、ATG等治疗后 ,2 6例逆转 ,2例肾切除 ;急性肾…     

Simulect和OKT3诱导治疗应用于肾移植临床的疗效比较

目的评价Simulect和OKT3作为肾移植诱导治疗的有效性和安全性.方法将170例首次肾移植受者随机分为两组:Simulect组62,OKT3组108例.所有患者免疫抑制维持治疗均用环孢素A(CsA)/他克莫司(FK506) 霉酚酸酯(MMF) 泼尼松(Pred)三联.Simulect组:分别于术前2 h和术后4 d使用20mg Simulect:OKT3组:OKT3每天5 mg静滴,从术后第1天开始,连用7～10 d.观察两组在肾移植术后1年内急性排斥反应(AR)、移植肾功能延迟恢复(DGF)、毒副作用和人/肾存活情况.结果有34例发生AR,Sinulect组6例,OKT3组28例(P＜0.05),其中OKT3组5例出现2次或2次以上AR,7例AR需要ATG治疗逆转.移植肾功能延迟恢复(DGF)、细胞因子释放综合征、过敏反应等方面,Simulect组发生率明显低于OKT3组(6vs32,0vs49,0vs31,P＜0.01).Simulect组感染发生率低于OKT3组(16vs45;P＜0.05).OKT3组有2例移植肾切除,1例死于严重肺部感染.结论Simulect在肾移植免疫诱导治疗中疗效显著,副作用少,是一种强效安全的免疫抑制剂.     

完全逆转的急性排斥对移植肾长期生存率的影响

目的　回顾性分析 946例肾移植患者急性排斥发生的时间、次数、治疗效果对移植肾长期存活的影响。方法　通过lifetable分别计算和比较无排斥组、一次排斥组、二次以上排斥组、早期排斥 (肾移植术后 90d内 )组、后期排斥 (术后 90d以后 )以及完全逆转组、部分逆转组患者肾生存率 ,并通过Cox回归分析相关危险因素。结果　急性排斥患者 ( 172例 )移植肾生存率要明显低于无急性排斥患者 ( 774例 ) ,5年和 10年生存率分别为 70 9%、2 9 8%和 93 3 %、83 3 % (P <0 0 0 0 1)。发生 2次以上急性排斥患者的肾长期生存率比无排斥和 1次排斥组要低得多 (P <0 0 0 0 1和P =0 0 0 3)。完全逆转组和部分逆转组患者的 5年、8年肾生存率分别为 93 9%、89 2和 6 3 1%、41 4% (P <0 0 0 0 1) ,前者和无排斥组患者肾生存率无明显差异 (P =0 96 )。排斥发生时间并不是影响移植肾生存的因素。结论　发生急性排斥反应的患者有较差的移植肾长期生存率 ,发生 1次且抗排斥治疗能完全逆转的患者其移植肾长期生存率与无排斥患者的肾生存率无明显差异。     

肾移植术后移植肾功能延迟恢复的原因

目的探讨肾移植术后移植肾功能延迟恢复(DGF)发生的原因及处理方法。方法回顾性总结97例肾移植术后DGF患者的临床资料。结果发生DGF的病因包括急性排斥反应45例(46.4%),急性肾小管坏死39例(40.2%),环孢素A中毒7例(7.2%),髂静脉血栓3例(3.1%),输尿管梗阻3例(3.1%)。76例DGF经治疗后移植肾功能恢复正常,19例血肌酐稳定在200μmol/L左右,1例因应用抗淋巴细胞球蛋白后并发肺部感染死亡,1例应用甲基强的松龙冲击治疗后移植肾功能未好转而恢复血液透析治疗。结论急性排斥反应及急性肾小管坏死是引起肾移植术后DGF的最主要因素。     

OKT3治疗尸肾移植难治性排斥反应15例体会

目的 了解抗CD3单克隆抗体(OKT3)对肾移植难治性排斥反应的治疗效果和副作用。方法采用回顾性分析,对15例肾移植术后难治性排斥反应(其中加速排斥反应1例,急性排斥反应14例)应用OKT3治疗。结果1例加速排斥反应及14例急性排斥反应逆转,总逆转率为100％。应用OKT3后出现副作用：发热5例,寒战2例,呼吸困难2例,头痛4例,腹泻5例,白细胞下降3例。肺部感染5例,其中巨细胞病毒感染2例。结论难治性排斥反应使用OKT3治疗效果显著。细胞因子释放综合征是OKT3治疗的主要副作用,巨细胞病毒感染是OKT3治疗的严重并发症。     

Simulect 和 Zenapax 应用于肾移植诱导治疗的5年临床观察

目的评价2剂Simulect和5剂Zenapax在肾移植中诱导治疗预防急性排斥反应(AR)的有效性、安全性以及对近、远期人/肾存活的影响。方法选择1999年4月~2001年4月首次肾移植患者102例,分成Simulect组(54例)和Zenapax组(48例),在三联免疫抑制剂基础上(环孢素A/FK506、骁悉、皮质激素)加用Simulect(术前2h和术后第4天分别予20mg静滴)或Zenapax(1mg.kg-1.d-1,最大剂量100mg,首剂术前2h,此后每2周1剂,共5剂)。观察术后3个月内肾功、AR、移植肾功能延迟恢复(DGF)、急性肾小管坏死情况;术后5年内肾功、排斥反应、并发症及人/肾存活情况。结果术后3个月内AR发生率明显降低(Simulect组:14.8%;Zenapax组:14.6%);首次AR发生时间延迟;激素治疗对大部分AR有效;5年内再次排斥反应发生率为9.3%(Simulect组)和6.3%(Zenapax组)。术后肾功能恢复明显加快,早期及远期肾功能良好。未出现细胞因子释放综合征,仅2例DGF。5年内,感染、糖尿病、高脂血症、恶性肿瘤等未见增加。5年人/肾存活良好,均达95%以上。结论2剂Simulect和5剂Zenapax预防肾移植术后AR的效果好、安全性高,有利于早期肾功能恢复和远期人/肾存活。     

Daclizumab prevents acute renal allograft rejection. 1 year analysis

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of Daclizumab on preventing acute rejection in renal transplant recipients.Methods71 patients were randomly divided into two groupsDaclizumab group (n =26) and control group (n = 45). Baseline regimen of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), cyclosporin (CsA), methylprednisolone (MPD) and prednisone (Pred) were administered to all patients. The treatment of Daclizumab was based on baseline regimen. The Daclizumab group received Daclizumab twice before and after renal transplant. The occurrence of post-transplantation acute rejection, renal function and T lymphocyte subtypes were sequentially monitored; meanwhile adverse events, infection episode, and patient and graft survival were observed.All of patients received a follow-up of 12 months at least. Results The occurrence of acute rejection in Daclizumab group in 1,3, 6 and 12 months after renal transplantation was 7.7%, 19.2%, 23.1% and 30.8%, respectively,while it was 15.6% ,28.9%,35.6% and 46.7% in the control group. There was significant difference between the two group(P ＜ 0.05). There was no difference in infection episodes and adverse events between the Daclizumab group and control group. One year patient survival was 92.3% in Daclizumab group, 91.1% in control group (P ＞ 0.05), compared with graft survival of 96.2 % and 93.3 % for Daclizumab and control group, respectively (P ＞ 0. 05). The renal function in Daclizumab group in 1, 6 and 12 months after renal transplantation was better than that in control group (P ＜ 0.05). The CD3 and CD4 subtypes decreased in both two groups after operation but no significant difference (P ＞ 0.05). ConclusionDaclizumab combined with MMF, CsA, MPD and Pred therapeutic regimen was effective to reduce the occurrence of acute rejection in renal transplant recipients and have no influence on T lymphocyte subtypes.     

单剂半量赛尼哌预防移植肾急性排斥的临床观察

目的观察单剂半量赛尼哌对肾移植急性排斥(AR)的预防作用及安全性评估。方法选择同期肾移植病人187例,根据术后肾功能恢复情况及术前是否使用赛尼哌分为A/90例、B/73例、C/11例、D/13例4组,其中A、B组移植后肾功能恢复良好,即术后1周血肌酐<176.6μmol/L,C、D组术后出现移植肾功能延迟恢复,术后1周血血肌酐>353μmol/L。A、C两组术前2h静滴赛尼哌25mg(0.5mg/kg)和口服霉酚酸酯0.75g,B、D组仅口服霉酚酸酯0.75g;术后四组病人均予甲基强的松龙500mg×3d冲击,常规强的松、环孢霉素A和霉酚酸酯三联抗排斥治疗。观察术后6个月内AR发生率、发生时间、强度及排斥逆转率,同时观察胃肠道反应、感染及血液系统损害等副作用。结果A组13例(14.4%)发生AR,B组18例(24.6%),C组6例(54.5%),D组7例(53.8%),A组AR发生率明显低于B、C、D三组(P均<0.01);B组AR发生率显著低于C、D组(P<0.01),C、D组差异不显著(P>0.05),A组排斥开始时间3-9d(6.2±3.2d)较B组2-8d(4.5±3.1d)、C组2-7d(4.3±4.2d)、D组2-9d(3.9±3.5d)明显延迟(P均<0.05)。但B、C、D三组排斥开始时间无明显差异(P>0.05)。A组AR经强化治疗均逆转,B组16例逆转,另2例失败,C组5例逆转,1例因移植肾排斥破裂出血切除,D组5例逆转,2例失败;C、D组各2例于术后13-32d再次排斥,经甲基强的松龙强化治疗逆转。感染、胃肠道反应及血液系统损害四组差异不显著(P均>0.05)。结论移植后肾功能恢复良好病人,术前25mg赛尼哌可显著降低AR发生率,且安全性好。但对于移植肾功能延迟恢复病人,术前25mg赛尼哌并不能有效预防排斥发生。     

Effect of pre-transplantation hemoglobin concentration on prognosis of renal transplant recipients

Background  For the renal transplant recipients, anemia is one of the common complications and becomes a major medical issue before transplantation. Haemoglobin (Hb) is used as a prognostic indicator, although the optimal pre-transplantation Hb concentration associated with positive prognosis is still controversial. The aim of this study was to detect the optimal Hb concentration on predicting the graft survival and function.

Methods  A retrospective cohort study was conducted by reviewing the medical records of the patients who received renal transplantations at our center from January 2004 to June 2008. Patients were divided into two groups: high Hb group (≥100 g/L, n=79) and low Hb group (<100 g/L, n=63). There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding sex, age, blood type and tissue types. Renal function among the two groups was measured and compared. Panel reacting antigens (PRA) of all the recipients were negative. The effect of preoperative hemoglobin concentration on the postoperative renal function recovery in both groups was further analyzed.

Results  A total of 14 acute rejection episodes occurred, including 5 patients in the high Hb group (7.9%) and 9 in the low Hb group (11.4%, P >0.05). The serum creatinine level at one-year post-transplantation of the low Hb group was significantly higher than that of the high Hb group ((117.8±36.3) μmol/L vs. (103.1±35.5) μmol/L, P <0.05). For one-year actuarial patient and graft survival, incidence of delayed graft function (DGF), serum creatinine concentrations at 1, 3, 6 months post-transplantation, the incidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, post-transplantation anemia (PTA) and post-transplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM) of both groups, there were no statistically significant differences.

Conclusion  Pre-transplantation Hb concentration has significant effect on one-year creatinine concentration, but can not significantly affect acute rejection episodes, DGF, PTA, CMV infection and PTDM.

     

54例乙型肝炎病毒相关性肝病患者肝移植术后合并症的临床病理研究

目的:研究乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)相关性肝病患者肝移植术后合并症的发生率,以及不同合并症发生的危险因素.方法:回顾性观察北京大学第三医院2000年8月至2004年8月期间54例HBV相关性肝病患者肝移植术后所有肝活检切片,并分析临床病例资料,研究肝移植术后不同合并症的发生率和发生时间,重点研究乙型病毒性肝炎(乙肝)复发与急性排斥反应的关系,肝癌再发/转移与急性排斥反应、肝癌大小及术前门静脉是否有癌栓之间的关系.结果:4例HBV相关性肝病患者术后合并急性排斥反应38例(70.4%;发生时间:-365 d)、慢性排斥反应1例(1.9%;发生时间:0.7个月)、胆道合并症24例(44.4%;发生时间:～940 d)、乙肝复发7例(13.O%;发生时间:～540 d)、丙型肝炎病毒感染3例(5.6%;发生时间:0 d、60 d和33个月)、巨细胞病毒感染8例(14.8%;发生时间:7～90 d)和移植肝肝癌再发/转移17例(31.5%;发生时间:～41个月).乙肝后肝硬化患者肝移植术后1年存活率为95%,术后3年存活率为85%;乙肝后肝癌患者肝移植术后1年存活率为67.6%,术后3年存活率为50%.乙肝复发病例和无乙肝复发病例中,急性排斥反应的人均发生次数分别为(0.86±1.46)次/人和(1.07±O.90)次/人,其中急性排斥反应活动指数(rejection activity index,RAI)≥4分的急性排斥反应人均发生次数分别为(O.29±O.49)次/人和(O.5±O.63)次/人,发生过≥3次急性排斥反应的患者分别占14.3%和10.6%,两者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).移植肝肝癌再发/转移病例和无肝癌再发/转移病例中,急性排斥反应的人均发生次数分别为(1.12±O.93)次/人和(1.06±1.39)次/人,RAI>4分的急性排斥反应人均发生次数分别为(0.65±0.79)次/人和(O.65±1.06)次/人,发生过≥3次急性排斥反应的患者分别占5.9%和17.6%,两者差异无统计学意义.移植肝肝癌再发/转移病例和无肝癌再发/转移病例的术前肝癌直径为(6.72±3.40)cm和(3.55±2.17)cm(P=0.004 7),术前门静脉癌栓的发生率为68.75%和33.3%(P=0.006).结论:HBV相关性肝病患者肝移植术后乙肝复发和移植肝肝癌再发/转移与急性排斥反应无关,但移植肝肝癌再发/转移与术前癌肿较大和存在门静脉癌栓直接相关.     

PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF REJECTION AFTER SIMULTANEOUS PANCREAS-KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION

Objective To explore methods of preventing and reversing rejection after simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) tran splantation. Methods Seventeen patients underwent SPK transplantation from September 1999 to September 2003 were reviewed retrospectively. Immunosuppression was achieved by a triple drug regimen consisting of cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofteil (MMF), and steroids. Three patients were treated with anti-CD3 monoclone antibody (OKT3, 5 mg· d-1) for induction therapy for a mean period of 5-7 days. One patients received IL-2 receptor antibodies (daclizumab) in a dose of 1 mg· kg-1 on the day of transplant and the 5th day posttransplant. One patient was treated with both OKT3 and daclizumab for induction. Results No primary non-functionality of either kidney or pancreas occurred in this series of transplantations. Function of all the kidney grafts recovered within 2 to 4 days after transplantation. The level of serum creatinine was 94 ± 11 μmol/L on the 7th day posttransplant. One patient experienced the accelerated rejection, resulting in the resection of the pancreas and kidney grafts because of the failure of conservative therapy. The incidence of the first rejection episodes at 3 months was 47.1% (8/17). Only the kidney was involved in 35.3% (6/17); and both the pancreas and kidney were involved in 11.8% (2/17). All these patients received a high-dose pulse of methylprednisone (0.5 g·d-1) for 3 days. OKT3 (0.5 mg·d-1) was administered for 7-10 days in two patients with both renal and pancreas rejection. All the grafts were successfully rescued. Conclusion Rejection, particularly acute rejection, is the major cause influencing graft function in SPK transplantation. Monitoring renal function and pancreas exocrine secretion, and reasonable application of immunosuppressants play important roles in the diagnosis and treatment of rejection.     

肾移植受者应用西罗莫司的临床疗效

目的评价肾移植术后应用西罗莫司(SRL)的疗效和安全性。方法60例同种尸体供肾移植患者分为两组。①实验组(n=20):免疫抑制方案为环孢菌素A(CsA) SRL 强的松(Pred);②对照组(n=40):免疫抑制方案为CsA 霉酚酸酯(MMF) Pred。随访二组在术后6月内的疗效、并发症及药物不良反应情况,同时监测血脂水平、肝肾功能等生化指标;采用Kap lan-M e ier法分析两种免疫抑制方案对移植肾无急性排斥存活率的影响。结果对照组中1例患者术后3月时因肺部感染死亡,两组其他患者6个月内均带功能存活。除血脂水平外,两组其他实验室指标未出现统计学差异;但两组患者急性排斥发生率、并发症及药物的不良反应明显不同。实验组发生急性排斥2例(10%);移植肾功能延迟恢复1例(5%);肺部感染5例(25.0%);血脂异常11例(55.0%)。对照组中急性排斥8例(20%);移植肾功能延迟1例(2.5%);肺部感染6例(15.0%);血脂异常13例(32.5%);肝功能异常2例(5.0%);腹泻12例(30%),白细胞减少1例。结论肾移植术后应用CsA SRL Pred三联免疫抑制治疗方案,会产生更强的免疫抑制效果,其主要副作用是血脂升高。     

群体反应性抗体技术及HLA配型在1700例肾移植中的应用研究

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of panel reactive antibody (PRA) screening and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing in renal transplantation. METHODS: PRA screening and HLA typing were performed in 1 700 patients eligible for the first group of renal transplantation who had 3 to 6 HLA matches in HLA-A, B and DR with the donor, and in cases positive for PRA, plasma exchange was conducted. Another 423 patients who did not receive PRA screening or HLA typing constituted the second group. The changes of immune variables, incidences of acute rejection and the effect of HLA-A, B, DR matching on long-term graft survival were observed. RESULTS: In 1 700 cases of group 1, post-transplantation CsA dose was reduced to 5 to 7 mg*kg(-1)*d(-1) and the graft function recovery time ranged from 2 to 16 d, averaging 5 d. Acute graft rejection occurred in 252 (14.8%) cases, but no hyper-acute rejection was observed. The 1-, 3- and 5-year patient/graft survival rates were 98.6%/96.7%, 93.1%/87.3% and 88.1%/83.6% respectively. In group 2, CsA dose ranged from 8 to 12 mg*kg(-1)*d(-1) and the graft function recovery time was 4 to 30 d, averaging 13 d. Hyper-acute rejection occurred in 9 (2.1%) and acute rejection in 198 (46.8%) cases, and the 1-, 3- and 5-year patient/graft survival rates were 86.7%/76.3%, 72.5%/67.9% and 69.5%/59.3% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Negative PRA and good HLA matching can eliminate the incidences of hyper-acute rejection, decrease the rate of acute rejection and improve both patient and graft survival rates.